The Rotunde ( German: [roˈtʊndə] ) in Vienna 's Leopoldstadt district was a building erected for the 1873 Vienna World's Fair ( German : Weltausstellung 1873 Wien ). The building was a partially covered circular wrought iron construction, 84.1 m (276 ft) tall, with a diameter of 107.83 m (353.8 ft). While the Rotunda stood, its dome was the largest in the world , larger than the Pantheon in Rome . Not until 1957, 20 years after the Rotunda fell, was a larger dome built: the dome of Belgrade Fair – Hall 1 , which is only about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) larger in diameter.
21-550: The Rotunde was designed by the Austrian architect Baron Karl von Hasenauer , and was built by the German entrepreneur and bridge builder Johann Caspar Harkort VI [ de ] and his Duisburg -based company. The Scottish civil engineer John Scott Russell was responsible for the dome, which was built with wrought iron . The German engineer and journalist Wilhelm Heinrich Uhland [ de ] reported that
42-677: A ton typically refers to a short ton of 2,000 lb (907.2 kg) and to a lesser extent to a long ton of 2,240 lb (1,016 kg), with the term tonne rarely used in speech or writing. Both terms are acceptable in Canadian English . Ton and tonne are both derived from a Germanic word in general use in the North Sea area since the Middle Ages (cf. Old English and Old Frisian tunne , Old High German and Medieval Latin tunna , German and French tonne ) to designate
63-707: A conflict with his former business partner Semper he managed the building of the Hofburg alone. The conflict over attribution of their joint projects continues to this day between the supporters of Semper and Hasenauer. However, because the older master Semper is credited with the Semperoper in Dresden , Hasenauer receives more credit for the architecture in the Ringstraße. Tonne The tonne ( / t ʌ n / or / t ɒ n / ; symbol: t )
84-519: A large cask, or tun . A full tun, standing about a metre high, could easily weigh a tonne. See also the common German word de:Mülltonne (literal translation: garbage drum ). The spelling tonne pre-dates the introduction of the SI in 1960; it has been used with this meaning in France since 1842, when there were no metric prefixes for multiples of 10 and above, and is now used as the standard spelling for
105-481: Is a unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms . It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI . It is also referred to as a metric ton in the United States to distinguish it from the non-metric units of the short ton ( United States customary units ) and the long ton ( British imperial units ). It is equivalent to approximately 2,204.6 pounds , 1.102 short tons, and 0.984 long tons. The official SI unit
126-445: Is an established spelling alternative to metric ton . In the United States and United Kingdom, tonne is usually pronounced the same as ton ( / t ʌ n / ), but the final "e" can also be pronounced, i.e. " tunnie " ( / ˈ t ʌ n i / ). In Australia, the common and recommended pronunciation is / t ɒ n / . In the United States, metric ton is the name for this unit used and recommended by NIST; an unqualified mention of
147-438: Is little need to distinguish between metric and other tons, and the unit is spelled either as ton or tonne with the relevant prefix attached. A metric ton unit (mtu) can mean 10 kg (22 lb) within metal trading, particularly within the United States. It traditionally referred to a metric ton of ore containing 1% (i.e. 10 kg) of metal. The following excerpt from a mining geology textbook describes its usage in
168-424: Is significant, and use of other letter combinations can lead to ambiguity. For example, T, MT, mT, are the SI symbols for the tesla , megatesla, and millitesla, respectively, while Mt and mt are SI-compatible symbols for the megatonne (one teragram) and millitonne (one kilogram). If describing TNT equivalent units of energy, one megatonne of TNT is equivalent to approximately 4.184 petajoules . In English, tonne
189-400: Is the joule . One tonne of TNT is approximately equivalent to 4.2 gigajoules. In the petroleum industry the tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy : the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil , approximately 42 GJ. There are several slightly different definitions. This is ten times as much as a tonne of TNT because atmospheric oxygen is used. Like
210-509: Is the megagram ( Mg ), a less common way to express the same amount. The BIPM symbol for the tonne is t, adopted at the same time as the unit in 1879. Its use is also official for the metric ton in the United States, having been adopted by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It is a symbol, not an abbreviation, and should not be followed by a period . Use of lower case
231-481: Is the mass of one cubic metre of pure water at 4 °C (39 °F). As a non-SI unit, the use of SI metric prefixes with the tonne does not fall within the SI standard. For multiples of the tonne, it is more usual to speak of thousands or millions of tonnes. Kilotonne, megatonne, and gigatonne are more usually used for the energy of nuclear explosions and other events in equivalent mass of TNT , often loosely as approximate figures. When used in this context, there
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#1732775542691252-466: Is used as a proxy for energy, usually of explosions (TNT is a common high explosive ). Prefixes are used: kiloton(ne), megaton(ne), gigaton(ne), especially for expressing nuclear weapon yield , based on a specific combustion energy of TNT of about 4.2 MJ / kg (or one thermochemical calorie per milligram ). Hence, 1 t TNT = approx. 4.2 GJ , 1 kt TNT = approx. 4.2 TJ , 1 Mt TNT = approx. 4.2 PJ . The SI unit of energy
273-581: The Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau-Fabriks-Gesellschaft (now Tatra ) Präsident . The Rotunde burned down in 1937. Its former site is now occupied by buildings associated with the Vienna University of Economics and Business , and with Messe Wien . Baron Karl von Hasenauer Baron Karl von Hasenauer ( German : Karl Freiherr von Hasenauer [ˈhaːzənaʊɐ] ) (20 July 1833 – 4 January 1894)
294-624: The Rotunde weighed approximately "80,000 hundredweight (Zoll centner), or about 4000 tons", that is, 4,000,000 kg (8,800,000 lb). A centner is a unit of mass equal to 100 of some base unit of mass. The German equivalent of the centner is the Zentner , and its base unit was traditionally the pound ( German : Pfund ), the definition of which varied in Germany. In 1854 the Zollpfund
315-848: The Rotunde. The "Collective Exhibition of Austrian Automobile Builders" ( German : Collektivausstellung österreichischer Automobilbauer ), organized by the Austrian Automobile Club [ de ] ( German : Österreichische Automobil-Club ), was held as part of the Jubilee Exhibition. Four automobiles from manufacturers in Austria-Hungary were shown: the automobile built by Siegfried Marcus in 1888–1889 (the first automobile built in Austria-Hungary), an Egger-Lohner [ de ] electric automobile, an Egger-Lohner petrol automobile, and
336-512: The World's Fair was accepted enthusiastically by the public. After the World's Fair, the Rotunde was used for shows and fairs. Alexander Girardi performed in the Rotunde on 24–25 May 1885, singing Gustav Pick 's new composition, the Fiakerlied , for the first time. In 1898, Emperor Franz Joseph 's Jubilee Exhibition [ de ] ( German : Jubiläumsausstellung ) was held in
357-522: The metric mass measurement in most English -speaking countries. In the United States, the unit was originally referred to using the French words millier or tonneau , but these terms are now obsolete. The British imperial and United States customary units are comparable to the tonne and the spelling of ton in English is the same, though they differ in mass. One tonne is equivalent to: A tonne
378-482: The particular case of tungsten: Tungsten concentrates are usually traded in metric tonne units (originally designating one tonne of ore containing 1% of WO 3 , today used to measure WO 3 quantities in 10 kg units. One metric tonne unit (mtu) of tungsten (VI) contains 7.93 kilograms of tungsten. In the case of uranium , MTU is sometimes used in the sense of metric ton of uranium (1,000 kg [2,200 lb]). The tonne of trinitrotoluene (TNT)
399-576: Was an important Austrian architect and key representative of the Historismus school. He created several Neo-Baroque monuments, many around near the Ringstraße in Vienna . He was also a student of August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Nüll . For his outstanding work, he was ennobled by Emperor Franz Joseph I in 1873, and made Freiherr , the equivalent of baron. Hasenauer
420-2046: Was defined by the German Customs Union ( German : Zollverein ) as being equal to 500 grams . The "Zoll[ ]zentner" or "Zoll[ ]centner" is a Zentner /centner with the Zollpfund as its base unit: the Zollzentner is equal to 100 Zollpfund . Accordingly, the weight of the Rotunde reported by Uhland can be converted into metric units: 80 , 000 Zollzentner ⋅ 100 Zollpfund 1 Zollzentner = 8 , 000 , 000 Zollpfund {\displaystyle 80,000\ {\text{Zollzentner}}\cdot {\frac {100\ {\text{Zollpfund}}}{1\ {\text{Zollzentner}}}}=8,000,000\ {\text{Zollpfund}}} 8 , 000 , 000 Zollpfund ⋅ 500 g 1 Zollpfund = 4 , 000 , 000 , 000 g {\displaystyle 8,000,000\ {\text{Zollpfund}}\cdot {\frac {500\ {\text{g}}}{1\ {\text{Zollpfund}}}}=4,000,000,000\ {\text{g}}} 4 , 000 , 000 , 000 g ⋅ 1 kg 1000 g = 4 , 000 , 000 kg {\displaystyle 4,000,000,000\ {\text{g}}\cdot {\frac {1\ {\text{kg}}}{1000\ {\text{g}}}}=4,000,000\ {\text{kg}}} 4 , 000 , 000 kg ⋅ 1 t 1000 kg = 4 , 000 t {\displaystyle 4,000,000\ {\text{kg}}\cdot {\frac {1\ {\text{t}}}{1000\ {\text{kg}}}}=4,000\ {\text{t}}} So, by "4000 tons", Uhland presumably meant 4,000 tonnes/metric tons ( SI symbol t), not short or long tons. The central building of
441-848: Was the chief architect for the Vienna World's Fair in 1873. Together with Gottfried Semper he designed the complex with the Maria-Theresia Memorial (1874-1888), Kunsthistorisches Museum (the Museum of Art History) and the Naturhistorisches Museum (Natural History Museum) (1871–1891), the Burgtheater (1874–1888), the Hermesvilla and the Neue Hofburg (1881–1894, completed in 1913). After
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