52-586: The Rourke Art Gallery + Museum is a fine arts museum in Moorhead, Minnesota , United States, founded by James O'Rourke. The art museum can be found at 521 Main Avenue in a historic Federal Courthouse and Post Office , erected in 1915. The building was included in a study of historic properties in Clay County , which said the building "shows the influence of Federal government function in most towns." It
104-614: A printing process. It has been an important artistic medium for several centuries, in the West and East Asia. Major historic techniques include engraving , woodcut and etching in the West, and woodblock printing in East Asia, where the Japanese ukiyo-e style is the most important. The 19th-century invention of lithography and then photographic techniques have partly replaced the historic techniques. Older prints can be divided into
156-708: A book or album are called "miniatures", whether for a Western illuminated manuscript or in Persian miniature and its Turkish equivalent, or Indian paintings of various types. Watercolour is the western version of painting in paper; forms using gouache , chalk, and similar mediums without brushes are really forms of drawing. Drawing is one of the major forms of the visual arts, and painters need drawing skills as well. Common instruments include: graphite pencils , pen and ink , inked brushes , wax color pencils , crayons , charcoals , chalk , pastels , markers , stylus , or various metals like silverpoint . There are
208-445: A different medium – for instance, a painting – but rather an image designed from inception as a print. An individual print is also referred to as an impression. Prints are created from a single original surface, known technically as a matrix . Common types of matrices include: plates of metal, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etching ; stone, used for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and fabric in
260-420: A double standard of judgment for works of art and for useful objects". This was among theoreticians; it has taken far longer for the art trade and popular opinion to catch up. However, over the same period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the movement of prices in the art market was in the opposite direction, with works from the fine arts drawing much further ahead of those from the decorative arts. In
312-612: A lesser extent the carvers of engraved gems . Several individuals in these groups were very famous, and copied and remembered for centuries after their deaths. The cult of the individual artistic genius, which was an important part of the Renaissance theoretical basis for the distinction between "fine" and other art, drew on classical precedent, especially as recorded by Pliny the Elder . Some other types of object, in particular Ancient Greek pottery , are often signed by their makers or
364-413: A number of subcategories of drawing, including cartooning and creating comics . Mosaics are images formed with small pieces of stone or glass, called tesserae . They can be decorative or functional. An artist who designs and makes mosaics is called a mosaic artist or a mosaicist. Ancient Greeks and Romans created realistic mosaics. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of
416-689: A similar system.) In that system, an artist or artisan was a skilled maker or practitioner, a work of art was the useful product of skilled work, and the appreciation of the arts was integrally connected with their role in the rest of life. "Art", in other words, meant approximately the same thing as the Greek word "techne", or in English "skill", a sense that has survived in phrases like "the art of war", "the art of love", and "the art of medicine". Similar ideas have been expressed by Paul Oskar Kristeller , Pierre Bourdieu , and Terry Eagleton (e.g. The Ideology of
468-594: A true judge, an individual with "strong sense, united to delicate sentiment, improved by practice, perfected by comparison, and cleared of all prejudice." The combined opinions of these rare individuals form the standard of taste, existing within them. This standard is not to be confused with contemporary art critics ; the true judge does not apply a standard to objects but possesses ideal perception, enhancing their ability to appreciate beauty. Hume suggests that improving perception leads to better taste. For Immanuel Kant , as discussed in his Critique of Judgment , beauty
520-408: A valid technical term, especially in archaeology . "Fine wares" are high-quality pottery, often painted, moulded or otherwise decorated, and in many periods distinguished from "coarse wares", which are basic utilitarian pots used by the mass of the population, or in the kitchen rather than for more formal purposes. Even when, as with porcelain figurines, a piece of pottery has no practical purpose,
572-410: Is "no quality in things themselves: It exists merely in the mind which contemplates them; and each mind perceives a different beauty". This, according to Hume, makes judgments of beauty and taste sentiments rather than determinations. Hume argues that beauty lies in the mind, not the object, and opinions about beauty are influenced by cultural conventions, subject to change. He introduces the concept of
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#1732772937285624-507: Is "the art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful manner". Modern calligraphy ranges from functional hand-lettered inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the abstract expression of the handwritten mark may or may not compromise the legibility of the letters. Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; characters are historically disciplined yet fluid and spontaneous, improvised at
676-475: Is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for educating – or indoctrinating – citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue. Cinematography is the discipline of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for
728-407: Is generally used to deride individuals with 'poor' aesthetic judgment. Bad taste can become a respected and cultivated (if perhaps defiant and belligerent) aesthetic, for example in the works of filmmaker John Waters , sculptor Jeff Koons , or the popular McMansion style of architecture. A contemporary view—a retrospective review of literature—is that "a good deal of dramatic verse written during
780-480: Is made primarily for aesthetics or creative expression , distinguishing it from popular art , decorative art or applied art , which also has to serve some practical function, such as pottery or most metalwork. In the aesthetic theories developed in the Italian Renaissance , the highest art was that which allowed the full expression and display of the artist's imagination, unrestricted by any of
832-466: Is not a property of any object, but an aesthetic judgement based on a subjective feeling. He claims that a genuine good taste does exist, though it could not be empirically identified. The validity of a judgement is not to be ascertained by means of the general view of the majority or some specific social group because taste is both personal and beyond reasoning. Nonetheless, Kant stresses that our preferences, even on generally liked things, do not justify
884-570: The Bachelor of Arts in Fine Art, or a Bachelor of Fine Arts , and/or a Master of Fine Arts degree – traditionally the terminal degree in the field. Doctor of Fine Arts degrees —earned, as opposed to honorary degrees — have begun to emerge at some US academic institutions, however. Major schools of art in the US: Taste (sociology) In aesthetics , the concept of taste has been
936-688: The Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s, its popular usage, particularly in the UK , developed as a synonym for all contemporary art that does not practice the traditional skills of painting and sculpture . Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and
988-885: The art trade the term retains some currency for objects from before roughly 1900 and may be used to define the scope of auctions or auction house departments and the like. The term also remains in use in tertiary education , appearing in the names of colleges, faculties, and courses. In the English-speaking world this is mostly in North America, but the same is true of the equivalent terms in other European languages, such as beaux-arts in French or bellas artes in Spanish. The conceptual separation of arts and decorative arts or crafts that have often dominated in Europe and
1040-474: The cinema . It is closely related to the art of still photography , though many additional issues arise when both the camera and elements of the scene may be in motion. Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood , or other major studio systems . An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio . Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to
1092-492: The pyramids of Egypt and the Roman Colosseum are cultural symbols, and are important links in public consciousness, even when scholars have discovered much about past civilizations through other means. Cities, regions, and cultures continue to identify themselves with, and are known by, their architectural monuments. With some modern exceptions, pottery is not considered as fine art, but "fine pottery" remains
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#17327729372851144-570: The Aesthetic ), though the point of invention is often placed earlier, in the Italian Renaissance ; Anthony Blunt notes that the term arti di disegno , a similar concept, emerged in Italy in the mid-16th century. But it can be argued that the classical world , from which very little theoretical writing on art survives, in practice had similar distinctions. The names of artists preserved in literary sources are Greek painters and sculptors, and to
1196-474: The Americas Art of Oceania According to some writers, the concept of a distinct category of fine art is an invention of the early modern period in the West. Larry Shiner in his The Invention of Art: A Cultural History (2003) locates the invention in the 18th century: "There was a traditional "system of the arts" in the West before the eighteenth century. (Other traditional cultures still have
1248-508: The Muses"). Dance is an art form that generally refers to movement of the body, usually rhythmic, and to music, used as a form of expression , social interaction or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. Dance is also used to describe methods of nonverbal communication (see body language ) between humans or animals ( bee dance , patterns of behaviour such as a mating dance), motion in inanimate objects ("the leaves danced in
1300-585: The Standard of Taste”, one of four essays published in his Four Dissertations in 1757. "Of the Standard of Taste" is highly regarded for its insights into aesthetics. While Hume is generally seen as an empiricist , in matters of taste, he can be classified as an ideal observer theorist, allowing for individual and cultural preferences. Hume distinguishes between sentiments, always correct as they reference only themselves, and determinations, which can be incorrect as they refer to something beyond. Beauty, for Hume,
1352-578: The US is not shared by all other cultures. But traditional Chinese art had comparable distinctions, distinguishing within Chinese painting between the mostly landscape literati painting of scholar gentlemen and the artisans of the schools of court painting and sculpture. Although high status was also given to many things that would be seen as craft objects in the West, in particular ceramics, jade carving , weaving, and embroidery, this by no means extended to
1404-503: The West, although with less frequency. Fine arts film is a term that encompasses motion pictures and the field of film as a fine art form. A fine arts movie theater is a venue, usually a building, for viewing such movies. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras , or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects . Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures , which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film
1456-542: The art of the Chinese, the art of the Yoruba is also often composed of what would ordinarily be considered in the West to be craft production. Some of its most admired manifestations, such as textiles, fall in this category. Painting as a fine art means applying paint to a flat surface (as opposed for example to painting a sculpture, or a piece of pottery), typically using several colours. Prehistoric painting that has survived
1508-609: The artist is given primacy, regardless of the means through which it is expressed. The term is typically only used for Western art from the Renaissance onwards, although similar genre distinctions can apply to the art of other cultures, especially those of East Asia . The set of "fine arts" are sometimes also called the "major arts", with "minor arts" equating to the decorative arts. This would typically be for medieval and ancient art. Art of Central Asia Art of East Asia Art of South Asia Art of Southeast Asia Art of Europe Art of Africa Art of
1560-570: The best Persian carpets , architectural tiling and other decorative media, more consistently than happened in the West. Latin American art was dominated by European colonialism until the 20th-century, when indigenous art began to reassert itself inspired by the Constructivist Movement , which reunited arts with crafts based upon socialist principles. In Africa, Yoruba art often has a political and spiritual function. As with
1612-430: The case of screen-printing . But there are many other kinds. Multiple nearly identical prints can be called an edition . In modern times each print is often signed and numbered forming a "limited edition". Prints may also be published in book form, as artist's books . A single print could be the product of one or multiple techniques. Calligraphy is a type of visual art. A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice
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1664-441: The dominating themes in fine-art photography. Architecture is frequently considered a fine art, especially if its aesthetic components are spotlighted – in contrast to structural-engineering or construction-management components. Architectural works are perceived as cultural and political symbols and works of art. Historical civilizations often are known primarily through their architectural achievements. Such buildings as
1716-424: The fine art Old Master print and popular prints , with book illustrations and other practical images such as maps somewhere in the middle. Except in the case of monotyping , the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print is considered an original, as opposed to a copy. The reasoning behind this is that the print is not a reproduction of another work of art in
1768-417: The fine arts and the decorative arts or applied arts (these two terms covering largely the same media). As far as the consumer of the art was concerned, the perception of aesthetic qualities required a refined judgment usually referred to as having good taste , which differentiated fine art from popular art and entertainment. The word "fine" does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question, but
1820-499: The five main fine arts were painting , sculpture , architecture , music , and poetry . Other "minor or subsidiary arts" were also included, especially performing arts such as theatre and dance , which were counted as "among the most ancient and universal." In practice, outside education, the concept is typically only applied to the visual arts . The old master print and drawing were included as related forms to painting, just as prose forms of literature were to poetry. Today,
1872-519: The growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century. Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term ποίησις ( poiesis , "to make") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as sound symbolism, phonaesthetics and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning. In the United States an academic course of study in fine art may include
1924-432: The interest of philosophers such as Plato , Hume , and Kant . It is defined by the ability to make valid judgments about an object's aesthetic value. However, these judgments are deficient in objectivity , creating the ' paradox of taste'. The term 'taste' is used because these judgments are similarly made when one physically tastes food. David Hume addressed the subject of aesthetic taste in an essay entitled “Of
1976-432: The making of it is typically a collaborative and semi-industrial one, involving many participants with different skills. Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping hard or plastic material, commonly stone (either rock or marble ), metal , or wood . Some sculptures are created directly by carving ; others are assembled, built up and fired , welded , molded , or cast . Because sculpture involves
2028-491: The moment of writing. Fine art photography refers to photographs that are created to fulfill the creative vision of the artist. Fine art photography stands in contrast to photojournalism and commercial photography. Photojournalism visually communicates stories and ideas, mainly in print and digital media. Fine art photography is created primarily as an expression of the artist's vision, but has also been important in advancing certain causes. Depiction of nudity has been one of
2080-523: The objectivity of our judgements. Bourdieu argued against the Kantian view of pure aesthetics, stating that the legitimate taste of the society is the taste of the ruling class. This position also rejects the idea of genuine good taste, as the legitimate taste is merely a class taste. This idea was also proposed by Simmel , who noted that the upper classes abandon fashions as they are adopted by lower ones. Bad taste (also poor taste or vulgarity )
2132-437: The owner of the workshop, probably partly to advertise their products. The decline of the concept of "fine art" is dated by George Kubler and others to around 1880. When it "fell out of fashion" as, by about 1900, folk art was also coming to be regarded as significant. Finally, at least in circles interested in art theory , ""fine art" was driven out of use by about 1920 by the exponents of industrial design ... who opposed
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2184-478: The practical considerations involved in, say, making and decorating a teapot . It was also considered important that making the artwork did not involve dividing the work between different individuals with specialized skills, as might be necessary with a piece of furniture, for example. Even within the fine arts, there was a hierarchy of genres based on the amount of creative imagination required, with history painting placed higher than still life . Historically,
2236-407: The purity of the discipline according to traditional European canons. Except in the case of architecture, where a practical utility was accepted, this definition originally excluded the "useful" applied or decorative arts, and the products of what were regarded as crafts . In contemporary practice, these distinctions and restrictions have become essentially meaningless, as the concept or intention of
2288-656: The range of what would be considered fine arts (in so far as the term remains in use) is commonly includes additional modern forms, such as film , photography , and video production / editing , as well as traditional forms made in a fine art setting, such as studio pottery and studio glass , with equivalents in other materials. One definition of fine art is "a visual art considered to have been created primarily for aesthetic and intellectual purposes and judged for its beauty and meaningfulness, specifically, painting, sculpture, drawing, watercolor, graphics, and architecture." In that sense, there are conceptual differences between
2340-523: The sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek μουσική ( mousike , "art of
2392-532: The use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts . The majority of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to as a sculpture garden . Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than pottery ) from ancient cultures; conversely, traditions of sculpture in wood may have vanished almost entirely. However, most ancient sculpture
2444-524: The wealthy, were popular as the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. The most famous Byzantine basilicas decorated with mosaics are the Basilica of San Vitale from Ravenna (Italy) and Hagia Sophia from Istanbul (Turkey). Printmaking covers the making of images on paper that can be reproduced multiple times by
2496-632: The wind"), and certain musical genres. In sports, gymnastics, figure skating and synchronized swimming are dance disciplines while the kata of the martial arts are often compared to dances. Modern Western theatre is dominated by realism , including drama and comedy . Another popular Western form is musical theatre . Classical forms of theatre, including Greek and Roman drama , classic English drama ( Shakespeare and Marlowe included), and French theater ( Molière included), are still performed today. In addition, performances of classic Eastern forms such as Noh and Kabuki can be found in
2548-463: The workers who created these objects, who typically remained even more anonymous than in the West. Similar distinctions were made in Japanese and Korean art . In Islamic art , the highest status was generally given to calligraphy , architects and the painters of Persian miniatures and related traditions, but these were still very often court employees . Typically they also supplied designs for
2600-567: Was applied to natural rock surfaces, and wall painting, especially on wet plaster in the fresco technique was a major form until recently. Portable paintings on wood panel or canvas have been the most important in the Western world for several centuries, mostly in tempera or oil painting . Asian painting has more often used paper, with the monochrome ink and wash painting tradition dominant in East Asia . Paintings that are intended to go in
2652-438: Was brightly painted, and this has been lost. Conceptual art is art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of idea-based art that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text. However, through its association with
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#17327729372852704-895: Was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. The museum's permanent collections contain more than four-thousand works from an array of cultural and artistic traditions including West African, Islamic, Chinese, Japanese, Pre-Columbian, Contemporary and Colonial Mexican, American Indian, contemporary American, Regionalist, and Pop Art. Artists whose work is represented include Andy Warhol , James Rosenquist , Jim Dine , Roy Lichtenstein , Allan D'Arcangelo, Robert Rauschenberg , David Gilhooly , Leonard Baskin , Fritz Scholder , Luis Jiménez , Joan Miró , Salvador Dalí , Marc Chagall , Sir William Nicholson, and Adolf Dehn . [REDACTED] Media related to Rourke Art Museum at Wikimedia Commons Fine arts In European academic traditions, fine art (or, fine arts )
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