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50-538: The Anhanguera Highway connects the city of São Paulo with the northeastern part of the state of São Paulo going through industrial cities and one of the most productive agricultural areas. It is one of the most important highways in Brazil and one of the busiest, with the highest traffic segment between São Paulo and Campinas, the first to be built. It is duplicated, containing sections with additional tracks and marginal clues. They have heavy traffic, especially of trucks. It

100-616: A symphony orchestra , (considered one of the three best of the country), now under Principal Conductor Parcival Módolo and Karl Martin , classical music ensembles, choral groups, 43 movie screens and over a dozen cinemas, dozens of libraries (including a municipal library), art galleries, museums, etc. Tourist attractions include: Campinas' readers of the Correio Popular newspaper and the Cosmo Website voted in July 2007 for

150-743: A tropical savanna climate ( Aw in Köppen scheme). It was humid subtropical ( Cwa type in the Köppen classification ) before the current climatic table (1981-2010 period). Winters are generally dry and mild (rarely too cold), and summers rainy with warm to hot temperatures. The warmest month is February, with an average temperature of 24 °C, an average maximum of 29.1 °C and average minimum of 19.0 °C. The coldest month, July, sees respective temperatures of 17.8 °C, and 24.2 °C and 11.4 °C average maximum and minimum. Fall and spring are transitional seasons. The average annual rainfall

200-778: A good public education system (with the Escola Normal de Campinas and the Colégio Culto à Ciência ), and hospitals, such as the Santa Casa de Misericórdia (a charity for poor people). And the Casa de Saúde de Campinas (for the Italian community, formerly known as Circolo Italiani Uniti ), and the most important Brazilian research center in agricultural sciences, the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas , which

250-456: A total of 2.8 million inhabitants and a total land area of 3,348 square kilometres (1,293 square miles) (data as of 2010 ), adjacent to the São Paulo metropolitan region (RMSP) and São José dos Campos (RMVale). The Campinas Metropolitan area also comprehends a gross domestic product (GDP) of R$ 70.7 billion (around U$ 42 billion). The Campinas municipality is also the administrative center of

300-520: A total population of 3,656,363 people. Campinas means grass fields in Portuguese and refers to its characteristic landscape, which originally comprised large stretches of dense subtropical forests (mato grosso or thick woods in Portuguese), mainly along the many rivers, interspersed with gently rolling hills covered by low-lying vegetation. Campinas' official crest and flag has a picture of

350-535: Is 1424.5 mm and the driest month in August, when there is only 22.9 mm. In January, the rainiest month, the average is 280.3 mm. In recent years, however, the hot, dry days during the winter have been increasingly frequent, often surpassing 30 °C, especially between July and September. In August 2010, for example, the rainfall in Campinas was only 0 mm. During the dry season and long dry spells in

400-489: Is 788 m. In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia Telefônica Brasileira until 1973, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo . In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable). This geographical article relating to

450-412: Is also heavily represented: General Motors , Mercedes-Benz , Honda , Magneti Marelli , Eaton Corporation , Tenneco , Toyota and many others are present. It also has a sizable pharmaceutical industry sector, with companies like Medley Farma, EMS Farma, Altana , Merck Sharp and Dohme , Cristália , Valeo , etc. In addition the region is home to many research centers and universities , such as

500-401: Is at a distance of 96 kilometres (60 miles) northwest of São Paulo. Its neighboring cities are Paulínia, Jaguariúna and Pedreira, north; Morungaba, Itatiba and Valinhos in the east; Itupeva, Indaiatuba and Monte Mor, south, and Hortolândia in the west. Most of the original vegetation of the city was largely eliminated. Like 13 other municipalities in the metropolitan region of Campinas, the city

550-755: Is considered, together with the Bandeirantes Highway and the Washington Luis Highway, the country's largest financial corridor, since it interconnects some of the state's metropolitan regions such as São Paulo , Campinas and Ribeirão Preto , as well as the Jundiaí Urban Agglomerate and the Central Administrative Region. A route was firstly mentioned in 1774 in a letter written by a lieutenant called José Peixoto da Silva Braga, with

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600-676: Is from mid-October to mid-April, with heavier rains particularly in December, January, February and early March, and the dry season is from mid-May to mid-September. Average rainfall is 24.3 mm in August and 267.8 mm in January. Average humidity ranges from 37% (August) to 56% (January). In the region around Campinas near the state of Minas Gerais there are a number of cities which enjoy an even milder mountain climate, such as Serra Negra , Socorro , Lindóia and Águas de Lindoia , where several water spas are located. According to

650-415: Is home to many national and international high-tech industries and IT companies, including IBM , Dell , Motorola , NXP , Lucent , Nortel , Compaq , Celestica , Samsung , Alcatel , Bosch , 3M , Texas Instruments , CI&T and Daitan . The airline TRIP Linhas Aéreas is headquartered in Campinas. The Viracopos airport is also the operational hub of Azul Airlines . The automotive industry

700-529: Is subject to some environmental stress , and Campinas is considered one of the areas liable to flooding and silting ; it now has less than 5% of vegetation cover in total area. Trying to reverse this situation, several projects have been and are being conducted and planned, such as building corridors, and the regulation of the Management Plan of Environmental Preservation Area (APA) in Campinas. There are also several environmental projects to combat

750-693: Is the 177th best university in the world, and the 2nd best in Latin America (after the University of São Paulo in 176th place). Campinas also boasts the largest number of high-tech business incubators and industrial parks (a total of eight), such as the CIATEC I and II, Softex, TechnoPark, InCamp, Polis, TechTown, Industrial Park of Campinas, and others. The presence of one of the largest oil refineries in Latin America (350,824 barrels (55,776.6 m ) of crude per day), operated by Petrobras in

800-707: Is the now second-largest urban forest of Brazil, behind only the Tijuca Forest , in Rio de Janeiro . The city also has smaller urban forest groves and reserve parks , such as the Bosque dos Jequitibas (installed in 1881 ), the Bosque dos Italianos (transl. Italian's Grove), the Bosque dos Alemães (transl. German's Grove), Guarantã's Park, as well as the larger Parque Portugal (Taquaral Lagoon, transl. Park and Lagoon of Bamboos), "Dom Bosco" Ecological Park and Monsenhor "Emílio José Salim" Ecological Park. The city has

850-480: The Brazilian Silicon Valley . Despite Campinas' position of wealth and social and economic opportunity vis-a-vis the rest of the country, the average per capita income of little more than US$ 17,700 per year clearly indicates that there are problems. If re-evaluated in terms of PPP ( Purchasing Power Parity ), Campinas' average income looks better (roughly US$ 12,300 per year). The responsible for

900-663: The Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory , Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory , National Laboratory of Science and Technology of Bioethanol , Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory , Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Telecomunicações (CPqD), CenPRA , Embrapa , Unicamp , Facamp and Puccamp . According to the Times Higher Education 2007 World University Rankings, the University of Campinas ( Unicamp )

950-790: The Campinas Beltway (SP-083), and near Campinas, it connects to the Rodovia dos Bandeirantes (SP-348) through the Rodovia Santos Dumont (SP-075). Also, in Campinas, the SP-330 connects directly to the Rodovia Dom Pedro I . Beyond Campinas, the second section goes through the cities of Sumaré , Nova Odessa , Americana , Limeira , Araras , Leme , Pirassununga , Porto Ferreira , Luís Antônio , São Simão , Cravinhos and Ribeirão Preto . The third section,

1000-447: The cattle troops and voyagers who explored the backlands for gold , precious stones and slaves , and after transported goods to small villages that were built along the road. The construction of a new road was started in 1914, based on the old Anhanguera's road. A group of 84 forced labor prisoners, paved 32 km of the track between São Paulo and Campinas . After some years, the prisoners were changed by employees to continue

1050-514: The " Bamboo Grove Lagoon" brings together a wide variety of recreational and cultural resources, such as paddleboats , an exact replica of the caravel ship that brought Pedro Álvares Cabral to discover Brazil, picnic groves, bird nurseries; an area with fitness equipment, playgrounds , snack bar, restrooms and a scenic 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) electric tramway that is operated by restored historic tramcars once used for regular transportation in Campinas. Inaugurated in 1925, this building held

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1100-540: The "Seven Wonders of Campinas". The mountain region around Campinas has better travel and stay opportunities, such as in the spa cities of Serra Negra and Águas de Lindóia ; and in Holambra , a rural region which was populated by immigrants from the Netherlands, with an annual flower festival and typical buildings and restaurants. The Seven Wonders of Campinas is a list of the most popular tourism spots in

1150-434: The 16th century, Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva , who impressed them with tricks of setting fire to a plate full of cachaça , a Brazilian alcoholic drink. Anhanguera in the indigenous Tupi language means "old devil". The name of the new and modern highway was given to honor this bandeirante explorer, responsible by creating the old route and extending the territorial limits of Brazil. The Anhanguera Highway (SP-330) connects

1200-574: The 2022 IBGE Census , as of August 2022, Campinas had a population of 1,139,047 and a population density of 1.433,54 (inhabitants / km ²). Infant mortality levels were at up to 1 year (per thousand): 14.05 and life expectancy in the city was 72.22 years. The fertility rate was at 1.78 children per woman. 96.01 of the populace could read. (Source: DATA) Source: 2022 census: Source: 2022 Census Population (IBGE): 1,139,047 As of 2010 , Campinas became an official metropolitan region (RMC — Região Metropolitana de Campinas), with 19 municipalities, with

1250-425: The city between June 1988 and October 2008 was 143.4 mm in 25 days May 2005. Between 1890 and 2004 there were 41 occurrences of frost in Campinas. The most recent was on July 18, 2000, when the minimum temperature reached 2.2 °C. There are also occasional episodes of strong winds, with gusts exceeding 100 km / h, and training records were made in the city day May 4, 2001 and March 9, 2008. The wet season

1300-548: The city concentrates 10% of industrial production of Brazil . The paper highlights the high-tech industries and metallurgical park, considered the capital of Silicon Valley Sterling. The region hosts 17,677 industries , the second largest number in the State of São Paulo . The petrochemical complex is centered in the Southeastern section, a few miles from Campinas, near the refinery of Petrobras Planalto Paulista (Replan),

1350-535: The city of Campinas, as voted for by the readers of Correio Popular newspaper and the Cosmo On-Line web portal . They are: The old train station of Companhia Paulista Railways, a symbol of the city of Campinas and of the development of the State of São Paulo , changed its name, was restored and converted into an important center for recreation and culture for the entire population. Workshops, concerts and other cultural activities are held throughout

1400-417: The city of São Paulo with the northeastern region of the state, going through industrial cities and important agricultural regions. Its busiest section is São Paulo-Campinas, the first section which was inaugurated. It is 86 km long, it serves the cities of Osasco , Cajamar , Jundiaí , Louveira , Vinhedo , Valinhos and Campinas . Near Valinhos, the SP-330 connects to the Rodovia Dom Pedro I through

1450-404: The construction and extend the road to northern regions of the state of São Paulo . A new highway was then officially inaugurated in the 1940s, with different track, between São Paulo and Campinas. It was the first modern, asphalt -paved, four-lane highway in the country, named then as Anhanguera Highway. Anhanguera was the name given by native indigenous people to the bandeirante explorer of

1500-581: The country's Southeast Region . According to the 2020 estimate, the city's population is 1,139,047, making it the fourteenth most populous Brazilian city and the third most populous municipality in São Paulo state , the fifth most populous municipality in Southeast Brazil, and the largest city in Brazil outside the metro region of a state capital. The city's metropolitan area , Metropolitan Region of Campinas , contains twenty municipalities with

1550-521: The cultural sector of Campinas is the City Department of Culture, which aims to plan and implement the cultural policy of the municipality through the development of programs, projects, and activities aimed at cultural development. The city has always been a cultural center in the State of São Paulo. This has increased greatly with the proliferation of universities. Campinas has three theater houses,

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1600-556: The destruction of riparian forests located along the banks of the Atibaia river , which has a high level of pollution . Today, Campinas houses the area of relevant ecological interest (ARIE) Mata de Santa Genebra , 251 acres (1.02 km ), established in 1985 by the city of Campinas' Fundação José Pedro de Oliveira and regulated by the Brazilian Environment and Renewable Natural Resources Institute ( IBAMA ). This

1650-500: The early inventors of photography , photocopying and the mimeograph . The area of the city, according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, is 795.697 square kilometres (307.220 square miles); 238.3230 square kilometres (92.017 square miles) of this is the urban area and 557.334 square kilometres (215.188 square miles) remaining constitute greater Campinas. It is located at 22°54′21″S, 47°03′39″W and

1700-687: The fields. The project, in Spanish colonial style, was designed and conducted by the architect Ernani Do Val Penteado and inaugurated on January 23, 1959. Since 1961 the Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Exército (Preparatory School of the Brazilian Army) of Campinas has become the legitimate custodian of the traditions of the preparatory education of the Brazilian Army . Its one-year course has university level and prepares

1750-418: The first half of the 19th century, Campinas became a growing population center, with many coffee , cotton and sugarcane farms . The construction of a railway linking the city of São Paulo to Santos ' seaport, in 1867, was very important for its growth. In the second half of the 19th century, with the abolition of slavery , farming and industrialization attracted many foreign immigrants to replace

1800-564: The future cadets of the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras . This water tower was built between 1936 and 1940 in the highest altitude point inside the urban area, 735 meters above sea level. From its gazebo on the top, one can enjoy a wide panorama view of the city. Cravinhos Cravinhos is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil . The population is 35,579 (2020 estimate) in an area of 311 km². The elevation

1850-561: The headquarters of the Jockey Club of Campinas. The building has a classic facade and interior inspired by French palaces of the late 18th century. Located in the central region of Campinas, the Ex Municipal Market, better known as "Mercadão", was inaugurated on April 12, 1908, by Mayor Orosimbo Maia . The work of architect Ramos de Azevedo , is still working today, with its colorful stalls full of fresh produce from

1900-486: The installation of security cameras, telephones for emergences, internet , optical fiber and other things to modernize the highway and help the users. The highway is currently managed by four private companies, and therefore is a toll road : Campinas Campinas ( Portuguese pronunciation: [kɐ̃ˈpinɐs] , Plains or Meadows ) is a Brazilian municipality in São Paulo State , part of

1950-539: The largest cargo airport for import/export, Viracopos International Airport , a significant entity in the international transport of cargo. Campinas' main economic activities are agriculture (mainly coffee, sugarcane , and cotton ), industry ( textiles , motorcycles , cars, machinery , agricultural equipment , food and beverages, chemical and petrochemical , pharmaceuticals , paper and cellulose , telecommunications , computers and electronics , etc.), commerce and services. The Campinas Metropolitan Region

2000-539: The largest in Brazil one of the largest in Latin America, and has companies like Dupont , Chevron , Shell , Exxon , Group Ipiranga , Eucatex, Rhodia , and others. It is the hub of companies and Blue Trip. The largest companies have a global turnover of more than $ 80 billion, larger than many Latin American countries. The city has several shopping malls, two of the largest being Iguatemi Campinas and Shopping Parque Dom Pedro. Campinas has, within its metropolitan area,

2050-536: The last to be doubled-laned, goes to Orlândia , São Joaquim da Barra , Guará , Ituverava , Buritizal , Aramina and Igarapava , reaching the border of Minas Gerais state at the Rio Grande , near Uberaba . It is the third longest highway in the state of São Paulo, with 482 km. The Anhanguera is a four-lane highway. It has heavy traffic, especially trucks. This highway has police bases, assistance bases, gas and services stations. Investments have been made with

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2100-425: The lost manpower, mainly from Italy. Coffee became an important export and the city became wealthy. In consequence, a large service sector was established to serve the growing population, and in the first decades of the 20th century, Campinas could already boast of an opera house , theaters, banks, movie theaters, radio stations, a philharmonic orchestra, two newspapers ( Correio Popular and Diário do Povo ),

2150-524: The meso-region of Campinas could be mentioned: Araras , Atibaia , Bragança Paulista , Capivari , Conchal , Iracemápolis , Itu , Itupeva , Jarinu , Jundiai , Limeira , Louveira , Mombuca , Morungaba , Piracicaba , Rafard , Rio das Pedras, Salto and Tuiuti . Campinas is the richest city in the metropolitan region of Campinas and the 10th richest city in Brazil, showing a gross domestic product (GDP) of 36.68 billion reais (2010), which represents almost 1% (0.998%) of all Brazilian GDP. Currently,

2200-857: The micro- and meso-regions of the same name. The micro-region includes the RMC (Metropolitan Region of Campinas) and the municipality of Elias Fausto ; the meso-region also includes the following municipalities: Aguaí , Amparo , Águas da Prata , Águas de Lindóia , Caconde , Casa Branca , Divinolândia , Espírito Santo do Pinhal , Estiva Gerbi , Itapira , Itobi , Lindóia , Mococa , Mogi Guaçu , Moji-Mirim , Monte Alegre do Sul , Pedra Bela , Pinhalzinho , Pirassununga , Porto Ferreira , Santa Cruz das Palmeiras , Santo Antônio do Jardim , São João da Boa Vista , São José do Rio Pardo , São Sebastião da Grama , Serra Negra , Socorro , Tambaú , Tapiratiba , Vargem Grande do Sul and Vinhedo . Other cities which are geographically, historically or economically tied to

2250-453: The middle of the rainy season are also common records of fires in the hills and thickets, especially in rural areas of the city, which contributes to deforestation and the release of pollutants into the atmosphere, further worsening air quality. The lowest temperature recorded in the city was −1.5 °C on June 25, 1918. The highest temperature was 39.0 °C, observed on 17 November 1985. The highest cumulative rainfall recorded in 24 hours in

2300-413: The mythical bird, the phoenix , because it was practically reborn after a devastating epidemic of yellow fever in the 1800s, which killed more than 25% of the city's inhabitants. The city was founded on July 14, 1774, by Barreto Leme. It was initially a simple outpost on the way to Minas Gerais and Goiás serving the " Bandeirantes " who were in search of precious minerals and Indian slaves . In

2350-1107: The neighboring county of Paulínia , has attracted many petrochemical companies to the Campinas area, including DuPont , Rhone-Poulenc, and Royal Dutch Shell . The Brazilian Pró-Álcool Program was developed in Campinas: a whole industry based on the use of ethanol as a combustible for motor vehicles, going from a new sucrose -rich sugarcane , to alcohol refineries, a huge distribution system, and, most recently, an internal combustion engine capable of using either gasoline or ethanol . Other examples of Campinas-bred technologies are fiber optics , lasers for telecommunications and medical applications, integrated circuits design and fabrication, satellite environmental monitoring of natural resources, software for agriculture, digital telephone switches , deep-water oil exploration platforms and technologies, biomedical equipment, medical software , genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technologies for food production and pharmaceutics, and food engineering . Because of this, Campinas has been called

2400-487: The track of the route. In that time, the lieutenant joined to the group of Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva (nicknamed as Anhanguera ), a famous bandeirante who explored the backlands of Brazil to look for precious stones . A dirt road between São Paulo city and Campinas was opened, and afterwards reaching the state of Goiás , receiving the name of "Caminho dos Goyazes" (in English: Goyazes road). This road served

2450-513: The year. The construction of the Cathedral began in October 1807 and extended for more than seventy years until its inauguration in December 1883. The entire structure was made of compressed clay , a construction technique of old tradition in São Paulo. The internal decoration is made of dark jacaranda wood, The four bells in the main tower are a century old. Aimed at leisure and sports,

2500-661: Was founded by Emperor Pedro II . Finally, the construction of the first Brazilian highway in 1938, between Campinas and São Paulo, the Anhanguera Highway , was a turning point in the integration of Campinas into the rest of the state. Campinas was the birthplace of opera composer Carlos Gomes (1836 — 1896) and of the President of the Republic Campos Salles (1841 — 1913). It was home for 49 years to Hércules Florence , reputed as one of

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