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35-626: [REDACTED] Look up rood in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Roode means red in Dutch and may refer to Roode Els Berg Dam in South Africa De Roode Duivel , Dutch weekly magazine Bobby Roode (born 1977), Canadian professional wrestler Dewald Roode (1940–2009), South African academic v t e Surnames derived from

70-430: A change of location, whereas the anchorites were bound to one place of enclosure, generally a cell connected to a church. Ancrene Wisse was originally composed for three sisters who chose to enter the contemplative life. In the early twentieth century, it was thought that this might be Kilburn Priory near the medieval City of London , and attempts were made to date the work to the early twelfth century and to identify

105-771: A further four are translations into Latin . The shortest extract is the Lanhydrock Fragment, which consists of only one sheet of parchment. The extant manuscripts are listed below. Although none of the manuscripts is believed to be produced by the original author, several date from the first half of the 13th century. The first complete edition edited by Morton in 1853 was based on the British Library manuscript Cotton Nero A.xiv. Recent editors have favoured Corpus Christi College, Cambridge MS 402 of which Bella Millett has written: "Its linguistic consistency and general high textual quality have made it increasingly

140-665: A generation of late twelfth-century English and French scholars at the University of Paris, including Peter the Chanter and Stephen Langton . Shepherd suggested that the author was a scholarly man, though writing in English in the provinces, who was kept up to date with what was said and being written in the centres of learning. EJ Dobson argues that the anchoresses were enclosed near Limebrook in Herefordshire, and that

175-523: A large wooden cross, solidly covered in greenery stands on the early 16th-century rood screen (said by Sherwood and Pevsner to be the finest in Oxfordshire ). The cross is redecorated twice a year, on 1 May and 19 September (the patronal festival , calculated according to the Julian Calendar ), when children from the local primary school, carrying small crosses decorated with flowers, bring

210-445: A long, flower-decorated, rope-like garland. The cross is dressed or redecorated with locally obtained box foliage. The rope-like garland is hung across the rood screen during the "May Garland Service". An engraving from 1822/1823 (Dunkin) shows the dressed rood cross as a more open, foliage-covered framework, similar to certain types of corn dolly , with a smaller attendant figure of similar appearance. Folklorists have commented on

245-651: A rood loft, a narrow gallery or just flat walkway which could be used to clean or decorate the rood or cover it up in Lent , or in larger examples used by singers or musicians. An alternative type of screen is the Pulpitum , as seen in Exeter Cathedral , which is near the main altar of the church. The rood provided a focus for worship, most especially in Holy Week when worship was highly elaborate. During Lent

280-706: A wooden core in the manner of the Golden Madonna of Essen , though figureless jeweled gold crosses are recorded in similar positions in Hagia Sophia in Constantinople in the 5th century. Many figures in precious metal are recorded in Anglo-Saxon monastic records, though none now survive. Notables sometimes gave their crowns ( Cnut the Great at Winchester Cathedral ), necklaces ( Lady Godiva to

315-470: Is a life-sized crucifix displayed on the central axis of a church, normally at the chancel arch. The earliest roods hung from the top of the chancel arch (rood arch), or rested on a plain "rood beam" across it, usually at the level of the capitals of the columns. This original arrangement is still found in many churches in Germany and Scandinavia, although many other surviving crosses now hang on walls. If

350-445: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages rood Rood is an archaic word for pole , from Old English rōd 'pole', specifically ' cross ', from Proto-Germanic  * rodo , cognate to Old Saxon rōda , Old High German ruoda 'rod'. Rood was originally the only Old English word for the instrument of Jesus Christ 's death . The words crúc and in

385-632: Is supplemented by illustrations and anecdotes, many drawn from everyday life. Ancrene Wisse is often grouped by scholars alongside the Katherine Group and the Wooing Group —both collections of early Middle English religious texts written in AB language . There are seventeen surviving medieval manuscripts containing all or part of Ancrene Wisse . Of these, nine are in the original Middle English, four are translations into Anglo-Norman , and

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420-476: Is victorious over death. His feet are parallel to each other on the wooden support ("four-nail type") and not one on top of the other. The perizoma (loincloth) is highly stylized and falls in vertical folds. In the transition to the Gothic style, the triumphant Christ becomes a suffering Christ, the pitiful Man of Sorrows. Instead of the ruler's crown, he wears the crown of thorns , his feet are placed one above

455-460: The Ancrene Riwle / ˌ æ ŋ k r ɛ n ˈ r iː ʊ l i / or Guide for Anchoresses ) is an anonymous monastic rule (or manual) for anchoresses written in the early 13th century. The work consists of eight parts: divine service, keeping the heart, moral lessons and examples, temptation, confession, penance, love, and domestic matters. Parts 1 and 8 deal with what is called

490-737: The Council of Trent , and most were removed or drastically cut down in areas controlled by Calvinists and Anglicans . The best medieval examples are now mostly in the Lutheran countries such as Germany and Scandinavia, where they were often left undisturbed in country churches. Rood screens are the Western equivalent of the Byzantine templon beam, which developed into the Eastern Orthodox iconostasis . Some rood screens incorporate

525-587: The English Civil War , when many rood screens were also removed. Today, in many British churches, the "rood stair" that gave access to the gallery is often the only remaining sign of the former rood screen and rood loft. In the 19th century, under the influence of the Oxford Movement , roods and screens were again added to many Anglican churches. A unique rood exists at St Mary's parish church, Charlton-on-Otmoor , near Oxford , England, where

560-514: The Virgin and Saint John often flank the cross, and cherubim and other figures are sometimes seen. A gilt rood in the 10th-century Mainz Cathedral was only placed on a beam on special feast days . In the Romanesque era the crucified Christ was presented as ruler and judge. Instead of a crown of thorns he wears a crown or a halo ; on his feet he wears "shoes" as a sign of the ruler. He

595-473: The "Outer Rule" (relating to the anchoresses' exterior life), while Parts 2–7 deal with the "Inner Rule" (relating to the anchoresses' interior life). The adoption of an anchorite life was widespread all over medieval Europe, and was especially popular in England. By the early thirteenth century, the lives of anchorites or anchoresses were considered distinct from that of hermits . The hermit vocation permitted

630-524: The AB language, described by J. R. R. Tolkien as "a faithful transcript of some dialect...or a 'standard' language based on one' in use in the West Midlands in the 13th century." The word Ancrene itself still exhibits a feminine plural genitive inflection descended from the old Germanic weak noun declension; this was practically unknown by the time of Chaucer . The didactic and devotional material

665-527: The Ancrene Wisse. Day advised on several editions and she worked on the Nero MS version which had been transcribed by J. A. Herbert. The principles which she established are said to have governed all the later editors. Geoffrey Shepherd in the production of his edition of parts six and seven of the work showed that the author's reading was extensive. Shepherd linked the author's interests with those of

700-755: The North cros (from either Old Irish or Old Norse ) appeared by late Old English; crucifix is first recorded in English in the Ancrene Wisse of about 1225. More precisely, the Rood or Holyrood was the True Cross , the specific wooden cross used in Christ's crucifixion. The word remains in use in some names, such as Holyrood Palace and the Old English poem The Dream of the Rood . The phrase "by

735-589: The Reformation). Meanwhile, the women of the village used to carry the smaller garland cross through Charlton, though it seems that this ceased some time between 1823 and 1840, when an illustration in J.H. Parker's A Glossary of Terms Used in Grecian, Roman, Italian, and Gothic Architecture shows only one garland cross, centrally positioned on the rood screen. Ancrene Wisse Ancrene Wisse ( / ˌ æ ŋ k r ɛ n ˈ w ɪ s / ; also known as

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770-589: The Virgin accompanying the rood at Evesham Abbey ), or swords ( Tovi the Proud , Waltham Abbey ) to decorate them. The original location and support for the surviving figures is often unclear but a number of northern European churches preserve the original setting in full – they are known as a Triumphkreuz in German, from the "triumphal arch" (or "chancel arch") of Early Christian architecture. As in later examples

805-608: The author as a Godwyn, who led the house until 1130. More recent works have criticised this view, most notably because the dialect of English in which the work is written clearly originates from somewhere in the English West Midlands, not far from the Welsh border. In 1935 the Early English Text Society which was led by Sir Israel Gollancz and managed by Mabel Day decided to publish editions of

840-477: The author was an Augustinian canon at nearby Wigmore Abbey in Herefordshire named Brian of Lingen. Bella Millett has subsequently argued that the author was in fact a Dominican rather than an Augustinian. The revision of the work contained in the manuscript held at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (used by most modern translations) can be dated between 1224 and 1235. The date of the first writing of

875-615: The benefactor. Rood screens developed in the 13th century as wooden or stone screens , usually separating the chancel or choir from the nave , upon which the rood now stood. The screen may be elaborately carved and was often richly painted and gilded . Rood screens were found in Christian churches in most parts of Europe by the end of the Middle Ages, though in Catholic countries the great majority were gradually removed after

910-881: The choir is separated from the church interior by a rood screen , the rood cross is placed on, or more rarely in front of, the screen. Under the rood is usually the altar of the Holy Cross. Numerous near life-size crucifixes survive from the Romanesque period or earlier, with the Gero Cross in Cologne Cathedral (AD 965–970) and the Volto Santo of Lucca the best known. The prototype may have been one known to have been set up in Charlemagne 's Palatine Chapel in Aachen , apparently in gold foil worked over

945-615: The color Red English Read Reed Reid German/Yiddish Roth Rothe Rother Other Germanic Rood Roode De Roode Hungarian Vörös Romance Rojas Rojo Rossi Rosso Roșu Russo Slavic Krasny Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

980-476: The garland crosses' resemblance to human figures, and noted that they replaced statues of St Mary and Saint James the Great which had stood on the rood screen until they were destroyed during the Reformation. Until the 1850s, the larger garland cross was carried in a May Day procession, accompanied by morris dancers , to the former Benedictine Studley priory (as the statue of St Mary had been, until

1015-509: The other and are pierced with a single nail. His facial expression and posture express his pain. The wounds of the body are often dramatically portrayed. The loincloth is no longer so clearly stylized. The attendant figures Mary and John show signs of grief. A triumphal cross may be surrounded by a group of people. These people may include Mary and John, the "beloved disciple" (based on John's Gospel – John 19:25–27 , Matthew 27:25f , Mark 15;40f and Luke 23:49 ), but also apostles, angels and

1050-443: The preferred base manuscript for editions, translations, and studies of Ancrene Wisse." It was used as the base manuscript in the critical edition published as two volumes in 2005–2006. The Corpus manuscript is the only one to include the title Ancrene Wisse . The Ancrene Wisse was partly retranslated from French back into English and reincorporated in the late 15th-century Treatise of Love . The fifteenth-century Treatise of

1085-554: The rood was veiled; on Palm Sunday it was revealed before the procession of palms, and the congregation knelt before it. The whole Passion story would then be read from the rood loft, at the foot of the crucifix , by three ministers. Few original medieval rood crosses have survived in churches of the United Kingdom. Most were deliberately destroyed as acts of iconoclasm during the English Reformation and

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1120-516: The rood" was used in swearing , e.g. "No, by the rood, not so" in Shakespeare 's Hamlet (Act 3, Scene 4). The alternative term triumphal cross ( Latin : crux triumphalis , German : Triumphkreuz ), which is more usual in Europe, signifies the triumph that the resurrected Jesus Christ ( Christus triumphans ) won over death. In church architecture the rood, or rood cross,

1155-530: The text. The version of Ancrene Wisse contained in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge , is known as MS 402. It was written in an early Middle English dialect known as ' AB language ' where 'A' denotes the manuscript Corpus Christi 402, and 'B' the manuscript Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Bodley 34. Manuscript Bodley 34 contains a set of texts that have become known as the "Katherine Group": Seinte Katerine, Seinte Margarete, Seinte Iuliene, Hali Meiðhad and Sawles Warde. Both manuscripts were written in

1190-437: The title Roode . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roode&oldid=1082978161 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Surnames from nicknames Hidden categories: Short description

1225-497: The work tends to depend upon one's view of the influence of the pastoral reforms of the 1215 Fourth Lateran Council . Shepherd believes that the work does not show such influence, and thinks a date shortly after 1200 most likely. Dobson argues for a date between 1215 and 1221, after the council and before the coming of the Dominicans to England. The general contours of this account have found favour in modern textbook assessments of

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