The Ray Twinney Complex , formerly known as the Newmarket Recreational Complex , is a multi-purpose recreational facility in the southwest portion of Newmarket , Ontario , built in 1985. The complex was named for former Newmarket mayor Ray Twinney .
75-546: The complex includes two, ice pads, a larger one and a smaller one, a swimming pool, which includes a wading pool and a hot tub , three conference rooms, one lighted outdoor multi-purpose sports field, two soccer pitches, and three baseball/softball diamonds. The main arena has 3,700 seats. It is the current home of the Newmarket Saints of the Ontario Lacrosse Jr. B League, and has also been home to
150-632: A market capitalization of $ 36.33 billion as of February 23, 2024. PG&E was established on October 10, 1905 from the merger and consolidation of predecessor utility companies, and by 1984 was the United States' "largest electric utility business". PG&E is one of six regulated, investor-owned electric utilities (IOUs) in California; the other five are PacifiCorp , Southern California Edison , San Diego Gas & Electric , Bear Valley Electric , and Liberty Utilities . In 2018 and 2019,
225-718: A 502-mile main that connected with the El Paso network at the state line. During this period of expansion PG&E was involved in legal proceedings with the Securities and Exchange Commission regarding the company's status as a subsidiary of the North American Company . As outlined by the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 , a utility subsidiary was defined as a utility company with more than 10% of their stock held by
300-802: A New York investment firm. In return, North American received shares of PG&E's common stock worth $ 114 million. PG&E also gained control of two smaller utilities, Midland Counties Public Service and the Fresno Water Company, which was later sold. The acquisition of these utilities did not result in an immediate merger of property and personnel. The Great Western Power Company and the San Joaquin Company remained separate corporate entities for several more years. But through this final major consolidation, PG&E soon served nearly all of Northern and Central California through one integrated system. The gas industry market structure
375-578: A central generating station for electric customers. To stay competitive, the San Francisco Gas Light Company introduced the Argand lamp that same year. The lamp increased the light capacity of gas street lamps, but proved to be an expensive improvement and was not generally adopted. Meanwhile, the demand for electric light in the stores and factories of downtown San Francisco continued to grow. The first electric street light
450-404: A hot tub or spa water should be between 150 and 250 ppm (parts per million) Sitting in water above normal body temperatures can cause drowsiness which may lead to unconsciousness and subsequently result in drowning. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) recommends that water temperatures never exceed 40 degrees Celsius (104 °F). A temperature of 37 degrees Celsius (100 °F)
525-569: A limited capacity. The request remained unresolved until 1945 when the North American Company sold off stocks that brought its ownership to below 10%. The SEC then ruled that PG&E was not a subsidiary of the North American Company. In 1948, the North American Company sold its remaining stock in PG&;E. In 1957, the company brought online Vallecitos Nuclear Center , the first privately owned and operated nuclear reactor in
600-416: A means of promoting the public's health, safety and welfare. Poorly sanitized hot tubs have been linked to a number of diseases, principally caused by facultative anaerobic bacteria . Such incidents include hot tub folliculitis and legionellosis . Pacific Gas and Electric Company The Pacific Gas and Electric Company ( PG&E ) is an American investor-owned utility (IOU) . The company
675-823: A modern coal-gas plant as a hedge against shortages in the supply of oil. In 1891, the North Beach Gas Works was completed under the direction of San Francisco Gas Light president and engineer Joseph B. Crockett. The facility was the largest gas holder in the U.S. west of Chicago. In 1896, the Edison Light and Power Company merged with the San Francisco Gas Light Company to form the new San Francisco Gas and Electric Company. Consolidation of gas and electric companies solved problems for both utilities by eliminating competition and producing economic savings through joint operation. Other companies that began operation as active competitors but eventually merged into
750-506: A public utility holding company. Though 17% of PG&E stock was held by the North American Company at this time, PG&E filed with the SEC to be exempted from subsidiary status on the grounds that 17% ownership did not give the North American Company control and because the North American Company occupied only two board member spots. The North American Company backed PG&E's request by stating that they were involved in business operations in
825-460: A result, the state also lost significant amounts of money. The crisis cost PG&E and the state somewhere between $ 40 and $ 45 billion. PG&E Company, the utility, emerged from bankruptcy in April 2004, after paying $ 10.2 billion to its hundreds of creditors. As part of the reorganization, PG&E's 5.1 million electricity customers will have to pay above-market prices for several years to cancel
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#1732797767466900-440: A shift to energy conservation and alternative energy sources alone could slake the thirst for electricity". As of December 1992, PG&E operated 173 electric generating units and 85 generating stations, 18,450 miles (29,690 km) of transmission lines and 101,400 miles (163,200 km) of distribution system. In 1997, PG&E reorganized as a holding company, PG&E Corporation. It consisted of two subsidiaries—PG&E,
975-503: A subsidiary, Federal Engineering), Phillips Petroleum , and Mack Trucks , were buying streetcar lines and rapidly converting most of them to bus service. This consortium was convicted in 1949 of federal charges involving conspiracy to monopolize interstate commerce in the sale of buses and supplies to National City Lines and its subsidiaries. The actions became known as the Great American Streetcar Scandal or
1050-608: A transmission corridor PG&E built. With a critical power shortage, rolling blackouts began on January 17, 2001. In 1994, PG&E caused the Trauner Fire in Nevada County , California through criminal negligence. The fire burned many acres of land and destroyed a schoolhouse and twelve homes near the town of Rough and Ready , California. PG&E was found guilty of causing the fire and of 739 counts of criminal negligence. In 1996, one of PG&E's substations in
1125-605: Is a large tub full of water used for hydrotherapy , relaxation or pleasure. Some have powerful jets for massage purposes. Hot tubs are sometimes also known as " spas " or by the trade name Jacuzzi . Hot tubs may be located outdoors or indoors. In contrast to a typical bathtub , a hot tub is designed to be used by more than one person at a time, with many models accommodating four or more people. Unlike baths, soaps and shampoos are not used in wet-jetted hot tubs (although they can be used in air-jetted hot tubs). Home hot tubs are often closer in construction to standard bathtubs, while
1200-547: Is considered safe for a healthy adult. Soaking in water above 39 degrees Celsius (102 °F) can cause fetal damage during the first three months of pregnancy. It is also recommended to install residual-current devices for protection against electrocution. The greater danger associated with electrical shock in the water is that the person may be rendered immobile and unable to rescue themselves or to call for help and then drown. Hot tubs and spas are equipped with drains that can create powerful suction and between 1980 and 1996,
1275-648: Is headquartered at 300 Lakeside Drive , in Oakland, California . PG&E provides natural gas and electricity to 5.2 million households in the northern two-thirds of California , from Bakersfield and northern Santa Barbara County , almost to the Oregon and Nevada state lines. Overseen by the California Public Utilities Commission , PG&E is the leading subsidiary of the holding company PG&E Corporation , which has
1350-431: Is starting to become more common. Sanitation can also be aided by a non-chemical ozonator . For aesthetic reasons, and for the sanitizer to work properly, water should be neither too alkaline nor too acidic (low pH ). The hardness level of the water, measured as the amount of dissolved calcium, is also important. Insufficient hardness can lead to corrosion and water foaming.The ideal range of calcium hardness levels in
1425-729: The Common Council of the City of San Francisco a franchise to erect a gasworks, lay pipes in the streets and install street lamps to light the city with "brilliant gas". The council specified that gas should be supplied to households "at such rates as will make it to their interest to use it in preference to any other material". Eastland and the Donahue brothers incorporated the San Francisco Gas Company on August 31, 1852, with $ 150,000 of authorized capital . It became
1500-684: The Newmarket Hurricanes of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League , as well as the short-lived Newmarket Royals Ontario Hockey League team in the mid-1990s, and the Newmarket Saints AHL club. 44°2′40″N 79°29′14″W / 44.04444°N 79.48722°W / 44.04444; -79.48722 This article about a Canadian ice hockey arena is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hot tub A hot tub
1575-652: The Tubbs Fire was potentially added when U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Dennis Montali ruled that a fast-track state jury trial could proceed to resolve who is at fault for the Tubbs Fire. Cal Fire determined that customer equipment was at fault, but lawyers representing wildfire victims claimed that PG&E equipment was at fault. This trial was scheduled to begin January 7, 2020 in San Francisco. The court case
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#17327977674661650-482: The catastrophic 2017 and 2018 wildfires in Northern California. The company hoped to come out of bankruptcy by June 30, 2020, and was successful on Saturday, June 20, 2020, when U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Dennis Montali issued the final approval of the plan for PG&E to exit bankruptcy. In the 1850s, manufactured gas was introduced to the United States for lighting. Larger American cities in
1725-427: The energy efficiency of a hot tub. There are several different styles of hot tub insulation: some manufacturers fill the entire cabinet with foam, while others insulate the underside of the shell, the inside of the cabinet, or both. Many manufacturers advertise the superiority of their approach to insulation, but few independent side-by-side comparisons are available. The hot tub pump and hot tub heater represent most of
1800-508: The ANSI standard for energy efficiency was approved. For the first time, this new standard increases the minimum energy efficiency level for portable spas and inflatable spas. Hot tub covers have been shown to reduce most of the evaporative losses from the pool when not in use. With this component of heat loss being 70%, a cover with even a small R-value is able to achieve as much as a 75% reduction in heating costs when used as opposed to leaving
1875-624: The Alberta and Southern Gas Company on the Canadian side, and by Pacific Gas Transmission Company, a subsidiary of PG&E, on the U.S. side. Construction of the pipeline lasted 14 months. Testing began in 1961, and the completed 1,400-mile pipeline was dedicated in early 1962. PG&E began construction on another nuclear facility, the Diablo Canyon Power Plant , in 1968. Originally slated to come online in 1979,
1950-590: The CPSC concerning circulation entrapments hot tubs and spas, including three deaths. In 2001 and in 2012 the CPSC issued recalls for spa heaters which overheated and caused fires. The Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code is a model code developed by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials ( IAPMO ) to govern the installation and inspection of plumbing systems associated with swimming pools, spas and hot tubs as
2025-407: The CPSC had reports of more than 700 deaths in spas and hot tubs, about one-third of which were drownings to children under age five. In the same period 18 incidents were reported to the CPSC involving body part entrapment. To reduce the risk of entrapment, US safety standards require that each spa have two drains for each pump, reducing the amount of suction. From 1999 to 2007 there were 26 reports to
2100-469: The California Gas & Electric Company to acquire and merge gas and electric power businesses, and bought many utilities like Oakland Gas Light & Heat Company, United Gas & Electric Company, and, in 1905, San Francisco Gas & Electric Company. In 1905, Martin and de Sabla formed Pacific Gas and Electric Company . According to PG&E's 2012 history timeline on their webpage,
2175-599: The City Gas Company in April 1870 to compete with the gas monopoly held by the Donahue brothers' operation. City Gas began operation in 1872 and initiated a price war with the San Francisco Gas Company. In 1873, the two companies negotiated a consolidation as a compromise and the Bank of California gained part ownership of "the most lucrative gas monopoly in the West". On April 1, 1873, the San Francisco Gas Light Company
2250-547: The General Motors Streetcar Conspiracy . Within a few years of its incorporation, PG&E made significant inroads into Northern California's hydroelectric industry through purchase of existing water storage and conveyance facilities. These included many reservoirs, dams, ditches and flumes built by mining interests in the Sierras that were no longer commercially viable. By 1914, PG&E
2325-611: The Great Earthquake. The company's substantial capital allowed it to survive, rebuild, and expand. In 1906, PG&E purchased the Sacramento Electric, Gas and Railway Company and took control of its railway operations in and around Sacramento . The Sacramento City Street Railway began operating under the Pacific Gas & Electric name in 1915, and its track and services subsequently expanded. By 1931
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2400-649: The Lowe gas patents, acquired a lease and then an interest in San Francisco's Central Gas Light Company on November 1, 1883. United was acquired by the Pacific Gas Improvement Company in 1884. Under the management of president Albert Miller, Pacific Gas Improvement developed into a formidable competitor to San Francisco Gas Light. His sons, Horace A. Miller and C. O. G. Miller (Christian Otto Gerberding Miller), acting as Secretary and President, respectively, eventually owned and controlled not only
2475-665: The Mission District of San Francisco caught fire. PG&E was eventually found legally culpable for the fire due to criminal negligence, according to an investigation in 2003. The 1999 Pendola fire in the Plumas National Forest and Tahoe National Forest burned nearly 12,000 acres of forest was found to have been caused by poor vegetation management by PG&E. In 1998, a change in the regulation of California's public utilities, including PG&E, began. The California Public Utility Commission (CPUC) set
2550-634: The Oregon border". In the 1950s and 1960s, at both the Topock and Hinkley compressor stations, a hexavalent chromium additive was used to prevent rust in the cooling towers, which later was the cause of the Hinkley groundwater contamination . It disposed of the water from the cooling towers "adjacent to the compressor stations". PG&E was significantly affected by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . The company's assorted central offices were damaged by
2625-553: The Pacific Gas Improvement Company but also the Pacific Gas Lighting Company (Pacific Lighting Company). In 1888, San Francisco Gas Light built its own water gas plant at the Potrero gas works . The manufacturing of water gas proved successful due to the increased availability of inexpensive petroleum. The company decided to construct a modern gas works with both updated water gas manufacturing technology and
2700-728: The Sacramento Street Railway Division operated 75 streetcars on 47 miles (76 km) of track. PG&E's streetcars were powered by the company's hydroelectric plant in Folsom . In 1943, PG&E sold the rail service to Pacific City Lines, which was later acquired by National City Lines . Several streetcar lines were soon converted to bus service, and the track was abandoned entirely in 1947. During this same period, Pacific City Lines and its successor, National City Lines, with funding from General Motors , Firestone Tire , Standard Oil of California (through
2775-634: The San Francisco Gas and Electric Company and the California Gas and Electric Corporation merged to form the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) on October 10, 1905. The consolidation gave the California Gas and Electric Corporation access to the large San Francisco market and a base for further financing. The San Francisco Gas and Electric Company, in turn, was able to reinforce its electric system, which until then had been powered entirely by steam-operated generating plants , which could not compete with lower cost hydroelectric power . After
2850-831: The San Francisco Gas and Electric Company included the Equitable Gas Light Company, the Independent Electric Light and Power Company, and the Independent Gas and Power Company. In 1903, the company purchased its main competitor for gas lighting, the Pacific Gas Improvement Company. John Martin and Eugene J. de Sabla , started out as gold miners along the Yuba River, harnessing hydroelectric power, building hydro plants in Nevada City (1895), and Northern California. In
2925-599: The Sierra and San Francisco Power Company, which provided hydropower to San Francisco's streetcars. These three companies added valuable properties and power and water sources. By the end of 1927, PG&E had nearly one million customers and provided electricity to 300 Northern Californian communities. In 1930, PG&E purchased majority stock holdings in two major Californian utility systems—Great Western Power and San Joaquin Light and Power —from The North American Company ,
3000-497: The United States, in Pleasanton, California . The reactor initially produced 5,000 kilowatts of power, enough to power a town of 12,000. In addition to nuclear power, PG&E continued to develop natural gas supplies as well. In 1959, the company began working to obtain approval for the import of a large quantity of natural gas from Alberta , Canada to California, via a pipeline constructed by Westcoast Transmission Co. and
3075-662: The company began exploring possibilities for a 3,000-mile pipeline from Alaska, which would travel through the Mackenzie River Valley and on to join with the previously constructed pipeline originating in Alberta. In 1977 the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline project received approval from the U.S. Federal Power Commission and support from the Carter Administration. The pipeline still required approval from Canada. Plans for
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3150-600: The company received widespread media notoriety when investigations by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire) found the company's infrastructure primarily responsible for causing two separate devastating wildfires in California, including the 2018 Camp Fire , the deadliest wildfire in California history. The formal finding of liability led to losses in federal bankruptcy court. On January 14, 2019, PG&E announced its filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in response to its liability for
3225-518: The construction of a public hot tub often has more in common with a swimming pool , of which it can be considered a type. The earliest hot tubs were calderas in which hot stones were placed to heat the water. Therma in Ikaria has been a very popular place particularly for hydrotherapy ever since the 4th century B.C. The remains of wrecked marble bathtubs along with a prehistoric aqueduct that have been unearthed from this area bear ample testimony of
3300-455: The debt. Facing potential liabilities of $ 30 billion from multiple wildfires in the years 2015–2018, Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), on January 14, 2019, began the process of filing for bankruptcy with a 15-day notice of intention to file for bankruptcy protection. On January 29, 2019 PG&E Corporation, the parent corporation of PG&E, filed for bankruptcy protection. Because fire survivors are unsecured creditors with
3375-618: The early 1890s, Martin, de Sabla, Alfonso Tregidgo, and later, Romulus Riggs Colgate, began developing a hydroelectric powerhouse on the South Fork of the Yuba River. In 1899, Martin and de Sabla formed Yuba Power Company. In 1900, Martin and de Sabla created the Bay Counties Power Company, constructing a 140-mile transmission line for an electric railway in Oakland. In 1903, John Martin and Eugene de Sabla started
3450-621: The east built gasworks , but the west had no gas industry. San Francisco had street lights only on Merchant Street, in the form of oil lamps. Three brothers—Peter, James, and Michael Donahue—ran the foundry that became the Union Iron Works , the largest shipbuilding operation on the West Coast, and became interested in manufacturing gas Joseph G. Eastland, an engineer and clerk at the foundry, joined them in gathering information. In July 1852, James applied for and received from
3525-538: The effect of requiring the utility to buy power from the energy generators at fluctuating prices, while being forced to sell the power to consumers at a fixed cost. The market for electricity was dominated by the Enron Corporation , which, with help from other corporations, artificially pushed prices for electricity ever higher. This led to the California electricity crisis that began in 2000 on Path 15 ,
3600-534: The fire was caused by PG&E transmission lines. Damages would not be covered by the settlement for wildfire victims that was part of the PG&E bankruptcy. PG&E settled for $ 1 billion with state and local governments in June, 2019, and settled for $ 11 billion with insurance carriers and hedge funds in September, 2019. Representatives for wildfire victims say PG&E owes $ 54 billion or more, and PG&E
3675-463: The first gas utility in the West. Its official seal bore the inscription " Fiat Lux "—let there be light—the same slogan later adopted by the University of California. There were 11 original stockholders, and the three Donahue brothers subscribed for 610 of the 1,500 shares. The original location for the gas works was bounded by First, Fremont, Howard and Natoma streets south of Market, on what
3750-478: The first major urban area to switch from manufactured gas to natural gas. The transition required the adjustment of burners and airflow valves on 1.75 million appliances. In 1936, PG&E expanded distribution with an additional 45-mile pipeline from Milpitas . PG&E gradually retired its gas manufacturing facilities, although some plants were kept on standby. Defense activities boosted natural gas sales in California during World War II , but cut deeply into
3825-404: The hot tub consists of: Hot tubs are usually heated using an electric or natural gas heater, though there are also submersible wood fire hot tub heaters, as well as solar hot water systems. Hot tubs are also found at natural hot springs ; in this case, the water may be dangerously hot and must be combined with cool water for a safe soaking temperature. Effective insulation greatly improves
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#17327977674663900-532: The merger, engineers and management from each organization made plans to coordinate and unify the two systems. However, the two firms maintained separate corporate identities until 1911. PG&E began delivering natural gas to San Francisco and northern California in 1930. The longest pipeline in the world connected the Texas gas fields to northern California, with compressor stations that included cooling towers every 300 miles (480 km), at Topock, Arizona , on
3975-501: The next year, to 563. By the end of 1855, the company had laid more than 6 ½ miles of pipe and 154 street lamps were in operation. The growing popularity of gas light led to competing gas companies, including the Aubin Patent Gas Company and Citizens Gas Company. The San Francisco Gas Company quickly acquired these smaller rivals. However, one rival did provide serious competition. The Bank of California founded
4050-420: The open market PG&E started hemorrhaging cash. PG&E Company (the utility, not the holding company) entered bankruptcy under Chapter 11 on April 6, 2001. The state of California tried to bail out the utility and provide power to PG&E's 5.1 million customers under the same rules that required the state to buy electricity at market rate high cost to meet demand and sell it at a lower fixed price, and as
4125-420: The pipeline were placed on hold in 1977 by a Canadian judge. Justice Thomas R. Berger of British Columbia shelved the project for at least 10 years, citing concerns from First Nations groups, whose land the pipeline would have traversed, as well as potential environmental impacts. In 1984 the great-grandson of PG&E's founder George H. Roe—David Roe published his book entitled Dynamos and Virgins during
4200-402: The place's popularity in the ancient times. In 737 A.D., Japan's first onsen opened near Izumo, Shimane , and centuries later, the first ryokan (inns) were built, offering food, accommodations, and soaking tubs called ofuro . In ancient Rome, there were three types of baths: Baths at home (balnea), private baths (balnea privata), and public baths (balnea publica). The practice of bathing
4275-532: The plant's opening was delayed for several years due to environmental protests and concerns over the safety of the plant's construction. Testing of the plant began in 1984, and energy production was brought up to full power in 1985. During the construction of the Diablo Canyon plant, PG&E continued its efforts to bring natural gas supplies from the North to their service area in California. In 1972,
4350-593: The power consumption in a hot tub and vary in use of power depending on their size. Energy efficiency of portable hot tubs has been studied by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PGEC) , leading to industry responses and interest from both the California Energy Commission and Natural Resources Canada . California's portable electric hot tub listing include R values of thermal insulation , and standby watts . In 2019 an update to
4425-581: The quake and destroyed by the subsequent fire. Its San Francisco Gas and Electric Company subsidiary in particular suffered significant infrastructure loss, as its distribution systems—miles of gas mains and electric wires—were dissevered. Only two gas and two electric plants, all located far from the city, survived the destruction. These functioning facilities—including the new 4,000,000-foot crude oil gas works at Potrero Generating Station —played critical roles in San Francisco's rebuilding efforts. Many of PG&E's utility competitors ceased operation following
4500-863: The rates that PG&E could charge customers and required them to provide as much power as the customers wanted at rates set by the CPUC. In the summer of 2001 a drought in the northwest states and in California reduced the amount of hydroelectric power available. Usually PG&E could buy "cheap" hydroelectric power under long-term contracts with the Bonneville Dam and other sources. Drought and delays in approval of new power plants and market manipulation decreased available electric power generation capacity that could be generated in state or bought under long-term contracts out of state. Hot weather brought on higher usage, rolling blackouts , and other problems. With little excess generating capacity of its own, PG&E
4575-407: The regulated utility, and a non-regulated energy business. In the later 1990s, under electricity market deregulation this utility sold off most of its natural gas power plants . The utility retained all of its hydroelectric plants, the Diablo Canyon Power Plant and a few natural gas plants, but the large natural gas plants it sold made up a large portion of its generating capacity. This had
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#17327977674664650-472: The same priority as bondholders, they would only be paid in proportion to their claim size if anything is left after secured and priority claims are paid; this nearly ensured that they will not get paid in full. PG&E had a deadline of June 30, 2020 to exit bankruptcy in order to participate in the California state wildfire insurance fund established by AB 1054 that helps utilities pay for future wildfire claims. On August 16, 2019, liability for
4725-408: The state line, and near the town of Hinkley, California . With the introduction of natural gas, the company began retiring its polluting gas manufacturing facilities, although it did keep some plants on standby. Today a network of eight compressor stations linked by "40,000 miles of distribution pipelines and over 6,000 miles of transportation pipelines" serves "4.2 million customers from Bakersfield to
4800-741: The state's natural reserves. In 1947, PG&E entered into a contract with the Southern California Gas Company and the Southern Counties Gas Company to purchase natural gas through a new 1,000-mile pipeline running from Texas and New Mexico to Los Angeles. Another agreement was reached with the El Paso Natural Gas Company of Texas for gas delivery to the California-Arizona border. In 1951, PG&E completed
4875-482: The time when there was a growing antinuclear-power movement. David Roe, who was an environmentalist and the Environmental Defense Fund 's West Coast general counsel, "mounted an assault on the longstanding assumption that steady growth in coal- and nuclear-generating capacity was the only solution to the nation's energy needs". He based his arguments on an economic analysis "aimed at showing that
4950-776: The water surface exposed. There are several different types of spa covers. Some covers are better for insulation and therefore are lighter on internal parts and energy efficiency. Some examples of covers are insulated, aluminum, rolling, or a tonneau. Since some hot tubs are not drained after each use it is necessary to treat the water to keep it attractive and safe. It must be neither too alkaline nor too acidic, and must be sanitised to stay free of harmful microorganisms. Partly due to their high water temperatures, hot tubs can pose particular health risks if not regularly maintained: outbreaks of Legionnaires' Disease have been traced to poorly sanitized hot tubs. Typically chlorine or bromine are used as sanitizers, but salt water chlorination
5025-662: Was dramatically altered by the discovery of massive natural gas fields throughout the American Southwest beginning in 1918. The fuel was cleaner than manufactured gas and less expensive to produce. While natural gas sources were abundant in Southern California, no economical sources were available in Northern California. In 1929, PG&E constructed a 300-mile pipeline from the Kettleman oil field to bring natural gas to San Francisco. The city became
5100-448: Was erected in 1888 in front of City Hall , and the electrical grid supporting it was gradually extended. A second generating station was constructed in 1888 by the California Electric Light Company to increase production capacity. New competition also emerged in the 1880s in the form of water gas , an improved illuminant patented by Thaddeus Lowe . The United Gas Improvement Company, a water gas manufacturer organized after purchasing
5175-481: Was forced to buy electricity out of state from suppliers without long-term contracts. Because PG&E had to buy additional electricity to meet demand, some suppliers took advantage of this requirement and manipulated the market by creating artificial shortages and charged very high electrical rates, as exemplified by the Enron scandal . The CPUC refused to adjust the allowable electric rates. Unable to change rates and sell electricity to consumers for what it cost them on
5250-400: Was formed, representing a merger of the San Francisco Gas Company, the City Gas Company, and the Metropolitan Gas Company. Gas utilities, including San Francisco Gas Light, faced new competition with the introduction of electric lighting to California. According to a 2012 PG&E publication and their 1952 commissioned history, in 1879, San Francisco was the first city in the U.S. to have
5325-420: Was offering $ 8.4 billion for fire damages, Cal Fire, and FEMA. If more than 500 homes were completely destroyed by the Kincade Fire , and PG&E was found to be at fault, then the parties agreeing to the settlements may have the option to back out of the agreements. Later PG&E offered a $ 13.5 billion fund to cover claims of the wildfire victims. FEMA originally requested PG&E for $ 3.9 billion from
5400-615: Was so engrained that the Roman legions, during their long occupations in foreign lands, built their own baths at mineral and thermal springs in the newly conquered lands. Examples are found all over Europe. In the 1940s, hot tubs began to appear in the US, inspired by the Japanese ofuro . Hydrotherapy pumps were introduced by Jacuzzi . Fiberglass shell hot tubs appeared around 1970 and were soon superseded by cast acrylic shells. The plumbing of
5475-594: Was superseded by the Restructuring Support Agreement (RSA) of December 9, 2019 and by the approved bankruptcy reorganization plan, wherein PG&E accepted liability for the Tubbs Fire. Liability for the Kincade Fire that started October 23, 2019 was potentially added, because initially it was unknown whether or not PG&E was at fault for the fire. On July 16, 2020, which was after PG&E exited bankruptcy, Cal Fire reported that
5550-622: Was the largest integrated utility system on the Pacific Coast. The company handled 26 percent of the electric and gas business in California. Its operations spanned 37,000 square miles across 30 counties. The company expanded in the 1920s through strategic consolidation. Important acquisitions during this period included the California Telephone and Light Company, the Western States Gas and Electric Company and
5625-632: Was then the shore of the San Francisco Bay . Work on the plant started in November 1852, and finished a few months later. On the night of February 11, 1854, the streets of San Francisco were for the first time lighted by gas. To celebrate the event, the company held a gala banquet at the Oriental Hotel. Gas lighting quickly gained public favor. In the first year of operation, the company had 237 customers. That number more than doubled
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