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26-461: Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française ( RTF ; French Radio and Television Broadcasting ) was the French national public broadcaster television organization established on 9 February 1949 to replace the post-war " Radiodiffusion Française " (RDF) , which had been founded on 23 March 1945 to replace Radiodiffusion Nationale (RN) , created on 29 July 1939. It was replaced in its turn, on 26 June 1964, by

52-556: A market clearing rate ), demonstrates its ability to disregard any competitive forces within the market. A state monopoly also retains the ability to reduce service value, or impose restrictive terms and conditions , without experiencing a loss in market share . The theoretical purpose of state monopolies is to maximise collective welfare . This is based on the idea that public administrations are not strictly aimed at profit-making. Products or services therefore can be guaranteed to consumers of that supply of that product or service under

78-504: A state monopoly (replacing Radiodiffusion Nationale ), RDF worked to rebuild its extensive network, destroyed during the war. It was replaced in 1949 by Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française (RTF) . RDF managed four radio stations: Le Programme National ( The National Program ), Le Programme Parisien ( The Parisian Program ), Paris-Inter and Radio-Sorbonne (the latter produced by the Sorbonne University). Also, it managed

104-433: A 2013 study found that when private options for products or services are available, welfare is more likely to be maximised. The simple rationalisation to this is that when there are more players, there is therefore more choice. More choice allows greater access to a greater number of people. A state monopoly's market power and dominance can arise from its superior innovative capacity or greater performance. However, any of

130-439: A government monopoly run by the national government. A state monopoly can be characterized by its commercial behavior not being effectively limited by the competitive pressures of private organisations . This occurs when its business activities exert an extensive influence within the market , can act autonomously of any competitors , and potential competitors are unable to successfully compete with it. These activities have

156-461: A level independent from, or inconsistent with, the actual market demand for the good. Therefore, the price does not reflect the utility of the product or service. Under Marxist economic ideology, this advocates for a centralised production system to account for the fact this product or service should be universally available and competition 'badly adapts,' to the constraints to which the supply of these products or services are subject. Interestingly,

182-421: A major influence on the operational environment, when its trading activities are not subject to competitive forces inherent within free trading markets . Therefore, this results in using its market dominance and influence to its advantage, in affecting how the market evolves over a long period of time. This is especially the case if the state monopoly controls access to vital inputs essential to operating within

208-458: A particular good or service and competition is prohibited by law. It is a monopoly created, owned, and operated by the government. It is usually distinguished from a government-granted monopoly , where the government grants a monopoly to a private individual or company. A government monopoly may be run by any level of government—national, regional, local; for levels below the national, it is a local monopoly . The term state monopoly usually means

234-458: A strong privatization trend throughout the industrialized world . In Nordic countries , some goods deemed harmful are distributed through a government monopoly. For example, in Denmark , Finland , Iceland , Norway , and Sweden government-owned companies have monopolies for selling alcoholic beverages . Casinos and other institutions for gambling might also be monopolized. In Finland,

260-598: Is no longer directed by legislative instruments or regulatory authorities . Despite these reform efforts to promote competitive markets, regulatory and structural reforms struggle to overcome the entrenched market dominance of state monopolies. This is resultant of advantages enjoyed by state monopolies, including first mover advantages . The following advantages, may happen or not: Government monopolies have traditional risks of usual monopolies: Furthermore, there are concerns that government-controlled entitles can be manipulated by political will. This can manifest through

286-647: The Minister of Finance . Alain Peyrefitte , Minister of Information, speaking in a debate in the National Assembly on 26 May 1964, described RTF as "the government in every Frenchman's dining-room" – La RTF, c'est le gouvernement dans la salle à manger de chaque Français . A public monopoly on broadcasting in France had been established with the formation of Radiodiffusion Française (RDF) in 1945. RDF

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312-689: The Belgian provinces of West Flanders , East Flanders , and Hainaut than it had in northern France. By February 1952, the establishment of a co-axial link with the RTF's studios in Paris meant that Télé-Lille, when not televising its own programmes, could relay RTF's main Paris-originated programming. In an attempt to counter the spread in Alsace of the viewing of programmes from regional television in

338-503: The TV channel RDF Télévision française . All stations are fully run by the French government . This article about mass media in France is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . State monopoly In economics , a government monopoly or public monopoly is a form of coercive monopoly in which a government agency or government corporation is the sole provider of

364-774: The best conditions and at prices that are comparable to the expectations of the value and characteristics of the product or service. However, the structure of a country's economy more broadly usually determines how state monopolies operate. In countries that are members of the OECD , sectors where there are state monopolies are usually those that are meeting the "needs of utilities and public services." Whereas, in developing economies , state monopolies can disrupt healthy business competition, and in centrally controlled economies , such stifling of private competition plateaus economic growth. The concept of public goods, as produced and distributed under state monopolies, are that they are supplied at

390-727: The disproportionate market powers they sustain, to therefore enhance competition. This has been enacted through regulatory reforms (removing statutory restrictions to market competition) and structural reforms (including separating contestable elements of a state monopoly, and creating third party rights of access to natural monopolies). Across all levels of governmental jurisdiction, both structural and regulatory reforms have been preferred, as it forces all market participants (both state monopolies and private industry) to respond to competitive pressures, as opposed to legislated regulatory structures. This has been observed to result in more optimal outcomes for an economy, as resource allocation

416-493: The government has a monopoly to operate slot machines (see Veikkaus ). Similar regimes for alcohol exist in the United States , where certain alcoholic beverage control states (ABC states), e.g. Pennsylvania and Virginia , maintain state-owned-and-operated monopolies on the sale of certain kinds of alcohol (typically distilled spirits and sometimes wine or beer ). In these monopolies over harmful goods or services,

442-465: The market.   The high degree of autonomy and ability to act independently in the market, has been demonstrated by the ability to alter relationships with its customers to its advantage, without negatively impacting its dominant market share. A state monopoly's ability to increase the price or quantity of goods and services provided, without a relational change in its own operating costs (coupled with maintaining this price or quantity at above

468-630: The monopoly is designed to reduce consumption of the product by deliberately decreasing the efficiency of the market. Governments often create or allow monopolies to exist and grant them patents. This limits entry and allow the patent-holding firm to earn a monopoly profit from an invention. Health care systems where the government controls the industry and specifically prohibits competition, such as in Canada , are government monopolies. Although state monopolies are sustained through legislative instruments , many major economies have seen efforts to reform

494-663: The neighbouring German Land of Baden-Württemberg – the inhabitants of Strasbourg had, for example, been able to watch the coronation in June 1953 of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom only on West German television – Télé-Strasbourg began broadcasting on 15 October 1953. Marseille followed on 20 September 1954, Lyon on 8 November 1954, Toulouse in August 1961, Bordeaux on 25 January 1962, and most other regional centres opened shortly thereafter. From late 1963,

520-593: The notionally less-strictly government controlled Office de Radiodiffusion Télévision Française (ORTF), which itself lasted until the end of 1974. RTF was both state-owned and state-controlled. With a budget set by the French National Assembly under the direction of the Ministry of Information , all of its spending and investment plans had to be directly agreed by the Minister of Information and

546-473: The regional news, sometimes from two or even three different production centres (e.g. Niort broadcasting Poitiers on networks 1 and 3, and Nantes on network 2). The directors of the RTF were directly appointed by the Minister of Information. Directors-general: Assistant directors-general: Directors of programmes, television: Directors of news: Directors of news (television): Directors of sport: Radiodiffusion Fran%C3%A7aise Created in 1944 as

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572-490: The regional programmes were also broadcast on La deuxième chaîne by using optical standard conversion in the regional centres (a 625 lines camera aimed at an 819 lines monitor with a special CRT) in order to better adapt the regional coverage to the new "regions" created in France, and they remained even after the opening of La troisième chaîne (The Third Channel) under the ORTF on 31 December 1972, all three networks broadcasting

598-555: The situation in the United States of America and the United Kingdom. The first regional station, known as Télé-Lille, began broadcasting on 10 April 1950 with two hours a day of programming for Lille and its surrounding area. The station's main news programme was called Images du Nord ("Images of the North"). Télé-Lille's signal did not stop at the country's borders, with the result that the station had five times more viewers in

624-535: The three following factors more broadly explain a state monopoly's existence: The primary determinations of demonstrating the market power of state monopolies are: The most prominent example of the monopoly is law and the legitimate use of physical force. In many countries, the postal system is run by the government with competition forbidden by law in some or all services. Also, government monopolies on public utilities , telecommunications and railroads have historically been common, though recent decades have seen

650-409: Was allowed to set up a transmitter on French territory). RTF's head offices were located in the avenue de Friedland in the 8th arrondissement of Paris . Its television studios and technical buildings were at 13–15 rue Cognacq-Jay. By the start of the 1960s, the RTF had established five radio and two television channels: Regional television, for areas outside Paris, was slow to develop compared with

676-457: Was renamed "Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française" (RTF) in 1949 and ORTF in 1964. From the beginning, the public broadcaster experienced fierce competition from the "peripheral stations": French-speaking stations aimed at the French public but transmitting on longwave from neighbouring countries, such as Radio Monte Carlo (RMC) from Monaco , Radio Luxembourg (later RTL ) from Luxembourg , and Europe 1 from Germany (exceptionally, in 1974, RMC

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