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32-404: At its peak in the early 1990s, the party came within touching distance of winning the 1993 presidential elections . However, the party split in 1997 when a number of members left to form Patria Para Todos , now part of the pro-government Great Patriotic Pole (GPP) electoral alliance . LCR has now lost much of its national profile, but retains some influence in its home region of Guayana . LCR

64-574: A chance of success. In December 1988, LCR sent three deputies to the Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies . In 1989, one of LCR's leaders, Andrés Velásquez , became the first Venezuelan elected governor who did not belong to either of the two major political parties ( Accion Democratica and COPEI ), winning the Bolívar governorship on the LCR ticket. In the 1992 local elections, Aristóbulo Istúriz

96-457: A collection of modern works by Venezuelan and international artists. Ciudad Bolívar is also the birthplace of musicians Antonio Lauro , Cheo Hurtado , Iván Pérez Rossi , and the home of the musical group Serenata Guayanesa . Traditional local cuisine includes desserts and preserves made of cashew nuts, eaten alone or roasted with salt. The cassava bread prepared in the area is well known, as well as several meals made of tortoise meat such as

128-545: A well-preserved historic center; a cathedral and other original colonial buildings surround the Plaza Bolívar. Originally a Spanish settlement, it was called Santo Tomé de Guayana (Saint Thomas of Guyana). The settlement was a fortified port which had to be moved on three occasions because it was constantly attacked by Carib natives and European rivals, such as the Dutch and English. In 1576 Saint Thomas of Guyana

160-649: Is another public institution in Ciudad Bolívar, founded 9 March 1982 by resolution N° 1.432 of President Luis Herrera Campins. This university was conceived as a center of superior regional education. The original name of the university project was South University the Dr. Carlos Grüber Hernández (1931–2007) cas one of the pioneers in the fight for the University of South, he was the Founder President of

192-502: Is become the most important university in the country South-Eastern. Today, this UDO nucleus has a Basic Courses School, Health Sciences School "Dr. Francisco Battistini Casalta" and Earth Sciences School, undergraduate degrees in Industrial Engineering, Geological Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mining Engineering, Geology, Medicine, Nursing and Bioanalysis. Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana ( UNEG )

224-613: Is fairly sunny, averaging almost 2900 hours of bright sunshine or an average of 7.9 hours of sunshine per day, ranging from a high of 260.4 hours in October (8.4 hours of sunshine per day) to a low of 201.0 hours in June (or 6.7 hours of sunshine per day). The Bolívar state economy is dominated by agriculture and animal husbandry , particularly cattle and pigs. Agricultural products of the area include maize, cassava , mango , yam , and watermelon . Tourism has become increasingly important to

256-623: Is the Municipal Council, made up of seven councillors. A municipal comptroller oversees the public finances, and the Local Public Planning Council manages the municipality's development. Moriche palms and scrub oaks are found on the shores of the river. Species including the carob tree , the sarrapia (tonka bean), and the merecure are prevalent. Local fauna include capybaras , turtles, herons , parrots, limpets , and iguanas , and others. Fish in

288-667: Is the capital of Venezuela 's southeastern Bolívar State . It lies at the spot where the Orinoco River narrows to about 1 mile (1.6 km) in width, is the site of the first bridge across the river, and is a major riverport for the eastern regions of Venezuela. Historic Angostura gave its name to the Congress of Angostura , to the Angostura tree , to the House of Angostura , and to Angostura bitters . Modern Ciudad Bolívar has

320-503: The 2007 proposed constitutional reform . The party won four seats in the 2000 Venezuelan general election , but lost them all four years later. In the 2008 Venezuelan regional elections , held on November 23, Andrés Velásquez narrowly failed in his bid to win the Bolívar State governorship once again, due to splits within the opposition. LCR's Victor Fuenmayor was elected mayor of the state's second largest city, Ciudad Bolívar ,

352-489: The Carapacho de Morrocoy Guayanés (baked tortoise in its shell). Locals also use the juice of cassava to create the spicy Catara sauce, an alleged aphrodisiac . Buses are the main means of public transport in the city. The José Tomás de Heres Airport is located in the center of the city. The Angostura Bridge connects the city to the rest of Venezuela. The freeway that connects Ciudad Bolívar with Ciudad Guayana

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384-473: The Esequibo River, but they were captured by British pirates for whose freedom they intended to collect a ransom translated into a few quintals of tobacco in branch. Finally Saint Thomas of Guyana was refounded by Fernando de Berrio in 1620. In 1629, English and Dutch pirates, under the command of Adrian Jansz Pater , attacked and destroyed Saint Thomas of Guyana and afterwards fortified themselves in

416-477: The University of Southern Pro Guiana Committee. The UNEG Ciudad Bolívar offers undergraduate degrees in Administration and accounting, Education and Tourism. Ciudad Bolívar's historic district is a popular tourist attraction, featuring houses and buildings that date from the colonial period . The Jesús Soto Museum of Modern Art —named after the city's native sculptor and painter Jesús Soto —features

448-679: The area include Salminus hilarii (a species of Salminus ) and Pygocentrus palometa . Under the Köppen climate classification , Ciudad Bolívar has a tropical savanna climate ( Aw ) with distinctive dry and wet seasons. The average temperature is 28.5 °C (83.3 °F) which remains fairly constant throughout the year, varying between 27.6 °C (81.7 °F) in January to 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) in October. The dry season, which runs from December to April has little precipitation during these months and temperatures tend to be cooler than

480-628: The area. Local mass media include the television stations Bolívar Visión and TV Río, and newspapers El Bolivarense , El Expreso , El Progreso , and El Luchador . Universidad de Oriente ( UDO) Núcleo de Bolívar , is the main public institution located in Ciudad Bolivar and in other cities of eastern Venezuela. On 20 February 1960, by resolution of the University Council, is created the Bolívar Nucleus, since that

512-641: The branches and creeks of the Orinoco River. In 1637 the Dutch, settled at the mouths of the Amakura, Essequibo and Berbice, again attacked and burned Saint Thomas of Guyana and raided Trinidad. The fourth and present day city was officially founded in 1764 by Don Joaquin Moreno de Mendoza as San Tomas de la Nueva Guayana, Santo Tomé de Guayana de Angostura del Orinoco , or San Tomé de Angostura , named in honor of its diocese and for its position at

544-424: The company which produced them later moved to Trinidad and Tobago . The city was renamed in honor of Simon Bolivar in 1846. The Venezuelan artist Jesús Rafael Soto was a native of the city. The Jesús Soto Museum of Modern Art , named in his honor and designed by Venezuelan architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva , was opened in 1973. Ciudad Bolívar's municipal government is led by the mayor. Its local legislature

576-471: The first narrows of the Orinoco River. The Spanish relied on trade from the Dutch colony of Essequibo further down the Caroní River until 1771. Angostura was the capital of Guayana Province and the site of the Congress of Angostura from 1819 to 1821. It was responsible for the creation of Gran Colombia in its first year of operation. Angostura bitters were invented in the city in 1824, although

608-542: The main co-conspirators in Hugo Chávez 's 1992 coup attempt , later joined LCR and was elected Governor of Zulia State . In 1997, the party split into two factions, a radical faction led by Pablo Medina , Aristóbulo Istúriz and Alí Rodríguez Araque and a moderate faction led by Andrés Velásquez. The radical faction, which was favored by a majority of party members, left to found a new party Patria Para Todos (PPT) and went on to support Hugo Chávez 's candidacy for

640-558: The party's best result in the election. The party earned less than 1% of the nationwide vote for the various governorships. https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/jpla/article/view/732 1993 Venezuelan presidential election Ramón José Velásquez Democratic Action Rafael Caldera CVGC General elections were held in Venezuela on 5 December 1993. The presidential elections were won by former president Rafael Caldera of National Convergence , who received 30% of

672-666: The political establishment. Rafael Caldera , founder of Copei, rejected his old party and led a " National Convergence " of 17 smaller parties — including the Movement for Socialism , the Democratic Republican Union , the People's Electoral Movement and the Communist Party of Venezuela . His campaign promises included pardoning the 1992 coup plotters, including Hugo Chávez . The presidential election

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704-535: The presidency the following year. After losing a majority of its members, LCR's influence was diminished. It retained its name, moderated its radical ideology, and later went into opposition to the Chávez government. The party remained strongly opposed to the Chávez government, joining the Coordinadora Democrática in 2002, supporting Manuel Rosales in the 2006 presidential elections, and opposing

736-667: The second settlement in 1617, resulting in the death of his son Watt Raleigh. Fernando de Berrio was present on March 11, 1619 in the destroyed Saint Thomas of Guyana with the credentials granted by the Royal Audience of Santa Fe, just a few months after the decapitation of Raleigh in 1618. The first task was the reconstruction of Saint Thomas of Guyana on the sides of Chirica, a more defensible and suitable place for tobacco cultivation. Berrio commissioned Captain Jerónimo de Grados and Alonso de Monteros to recruit indigenous in

768-741: The total population by 0.55%, with a minimum of three deputies from each state (thus over-representing sparsely populated states). Half each state's seats were then elected in single seat districts , and the remainder by closed party list. Parties could receive up to five additional seats based on their national vote total, to provide greater proportionality. Andrés Velásquez of Radical Cause gained 22%, and "filed complaints of irregularities, saying that officials from his party were prevented from witnessing vote counting." Ciudad Bol%C3%ADvar Ciudad Bolívar ( Spanish pronunciation: [sjuˈðað βoˈliβaɾ] ; Spanish for "Bolivar City"), formerly known as Angostura and St. Thomas de Guyana ,

800-581: The vote. Democratic Action remained the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies and Senate, which were elected on separate ballots for the first time. Voter turnout was 60%, the lowest since World War II . The elections were a departure from the traditional two-party system in Venezuela. The election campaign was dominated by the corruption charges brought against sitting President Carlos Andrés Pérez , which led to his impeachment on 20 May 1993. He

832-514: The west side of Caracas, Catia, Caracas and Catia. The party gained control of the leadership of the SUTISS metalworkers' union at SIDOR , the largest steel company in Venezuela. Maneiro's premature death, caused by a heart attack in 1982, left the party's leadership in the hands of the young labor activists he had trained. With the 1989 introduction of elections for local and regional offices, LCR had its first opportunity to compete electorally with

864-504: The wet season but still hot, regularly reaching 32 °C (90 °F) during the day and dropping to 22 °C (72 °F) during the night. The wet season which runs from May to early November sees and increase in precipitation levels although days without any precipitation are common. Temperatures tend to be slightly warmer than the dry season. On average, Ciudad Bolívar receives 977 mm (38.5 in) of precipitation per year and there are 89.3 days with measureable rainfall. The city

896-663: Was elected mayor of Caracas for LCR, where he initiated processes of citizen participation which, although canceled after his term ended in 1995, would later influence the Bolivarian Revolution . In the 1993 presidential elections , the party nominated Andrés Velásquez as its candidate. Velásquez finished in fourth place with 22%, according to the official results, close to winning candidate Rafael Caldera 's 30.5%. However, Velásquez and his party alleged that electoral fraud had taken place and that he had actually come in second place. Francisco Arias Cárdenas , one of

928-666: Was first located in present-day Ciudad Guayana by missionaries near the Caroní River until Dutch forces led by Captain Adrian Janson destroyed the town in 1579. The second settlement was founded by Don Antonio de Berrío in 1595, who had arrived from the New Granada with the mission of colonizing Guiana , and was moved westward down the Carońi about 66 kilometres (41 mi). One of Walter Raleigh 's expeditions sacked

960-557: Was founded in 1971 by es:Alfredo Maneiro , an intellectual and former guerrilla who had been expelled from the Communist Party of Venezuela . The new revolutionary socialist party grew quickly, benefiting from the collapse of the Communist Party. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the party focused on organizing factory workers in the Guayana region of Bolivar state through the so-called Matanceros Movement, as well as workers on

992-572: Was held under first-past-the-post voting , while the Congressional elections were the first held under a mixed member proportional representation system, modelled on the German system, with some variations. The traditionally dominant Democratic Action and Copei "supported it because it looked the most like the system under which they had prospered". The MMP system continued to use the old formula of assigning seats to states based on multiplying

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1024-526: Was replaced by Octavio Lepage as Acting President until Ramón José Velásquez was elected by Congress as interim President on 5 June. An atmosphere of economic and political crisis prevailed, with general economic problems compounded by a banking crisis, and a declining legitimacy of the traditional main parties, Democratic Action and Copei . The previous year had seen two coup attempts in February and November, reflecting widespread popular discontent with

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