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71-597: Following the first group in New York City, other groups known as "Radicalesbians" arose elsewhere. The Philadelphia Radicalesbians were explicitly connected to the New York City group, and some of the membership overlapped. However, another group of Radicalesbians in Australia also formed in the 1970s, unrelated to the United States groups, but motivated by similar concerns of misogyny and homophobia . In

142-455: A different standard than those of male politicians, and for speaking about her in crudely sexual terms. She was criticised for systemic misogyny, because earlier in the day her Labour Party had passed legislation cutting $ 728 million in welfare benefits to single mothers. Gillard's usage of the word "misogyny" promoted re-evaluations of the word's published definitions. The Macquarie Dictionary revised its definition in 2012 to better match

213-470: A disease ; a dislike of something that is good. It is this issue of conflicted or alternating emotions that was philosophically contentious to the ancient writers. Ricardo Salles suggests that the general stoic view was that "[a] man may not only alternate between philogyny and misogyny, philanthropy and misanthropy, but be prompted to each by the other." In the Routledge philosophy guidebook to Plato and

284-603: A disease —an anti-social condition—in that it ran contrary to their perceptions of the value of women as wives and of the family as the foundation of society. These points are widely noted in the secondary literature. According to the Oxford English Dictionary the word entered English because of an anonymous proto-feminist play, Swetnam the Woman-Hater , published in 1620 in England. The play

355-524: A banner from Mount Rushmore , placing President Obama's face next to other historic presidents. The banner read: "History honors leaders. Stop global warming." Human rights activists have used direct action in the campaign to close the School of the Americas (SOA). 245 SOA Watch protestors have collectively spent almost 100 years in prison, and more than 50 people have served probation sentences. In

426-470: A form of direct action. Examples of direct action pranks include the use of stink , critter, and paint bombs. Protestors may pie their targets. The Yes Men practice nonviolent direct action through pranks. Some direct action groups form legal teams, addressing interactions with the law enforcement, judges, and courts. Definitions of what constitutes violent or nonviolent direct action vary. Sociologist Dieter Rucht states that determining if an act

497-465: A greater sense of community than what existed in their NYC counterpart. In the 1970s, tensions between lesbian women and the mainstream gay rights movement, mirroring those in the US, were rising in Australia. By 1972, lesbian women were forming their own groups, separate from mixed-gender groups. In July 1973, Australian lesbian-feminists held their first conference, nicknamed the "Sorrento Conference" as it

568-539: A hatred of women, such as is displayed in the Woman-hater of Atilius; or the hatred of the whole human species, as Timon is reported to have done, whom they call the Misanthrope. Of the same kind is inhospitality. And all these diseases proceed from a certain dread of such things as they hate and avoid. In summary, despite considering women as generally inferior to men, Greek literature considered misogyny to be

639-522: A joke and dissociate from Friedan’s views," it was clear that "some activists did not see the humor in it, and instead saw it as a comment on lesbians’ insignificance in the march toward women’s rights." In New York City, the frustration some lesbian women felt at this time led to one group of women deciding it was time to take action, and they formed a temporary group to protest the Second Congress to Unite Women on May 1, 1970. Around 7pm, during

710-561: A lost play of Euripides in which the merits of a dutiful wife are praised. According to Tieleman other surviving use of the Ancient Greek word is by Chrysippus , in a fragment from On affections , quoted by Galen in Hippocrates on Affections . Here, misogyny is the first in a short list of three "disaffections"—women ( misogunia ), wine ( misoinia , μισοινία) and humanity ( misanthrōpia , μισανθρωπία). Chrysippus' point

781-803: A lower social status than men , thus maintaining the social roles of patriarchy . Misogyny has been widely practised for thousands of years. It is reflected in art , literature , human societal structure, historical events, mythology , philosophy , and religion worldwide. An example of misogyny is violence against women , which includes domestic violence and, in its most extreme forms, misogynist terrorism and femicide . Misogyny also often operates through sexual harassment , coercion, and psychological techniques aimed at controlling women, and by legally or socially excluding women from full citizenship. In some cases, misogyny rewards women for accepting an inferior status. Misogyny can be understood both as an attitude held by individuals, primarily by men, and as

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852-449: A manner perpetuating patriarchal arrangements. According to sociologist Allan G. Johnson , "misogyny is a cultural attitude of hatred for females because they are female". Johnson argues that: Misogyny .... is a central part of sexist prejudice and ideology and, as such, is an important basis for the oppression of females in male-dominated societies. Misogyny is manifested in many different ways, from jokes to pornography to violence to

923-643: A militant variant of anarchist ideology, primarily deals with direct action against governments. Insurrectionist anarchists see countries as inherently controlled by the upper classes, and thereby impossible to reform . While the vast majority of anarchists are not militant and do not engage in militant actions, insurrectionists take violent action against the state and other targets. Most insurrectionary anarchists largely reject mass grassroots organizations created by other anarchists, instead calling for coordinated militant action to be taken by decentralized cell networks . Fascism emphasizes direct action, including

994-471: A moral tract known as On Marriage ( c . 150 BC) by the stoic philosopher Antipater of Tarsus . Antipater argues that marriage is the foundation of the state, and considers it to be based on divine ( polytheistic ) decree. He uses misogunia to describe the sort of writing the tragedian Euripides eschews, stating that he "reject[s] the hatred of women in his writing" (ἀποθέμενος τὴν ἐν τῷ γράφειν μισογυνίαν). He then offers an example of this, quoting from

1065-558: A new way to discuss lesbianism that diverged from the pathologizing definitions in psychology at the time. In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , another Radicalesbians group began in 1971. Some of the women in this chapter had experiences in the NYC chapter, and therefore wanted to avoid the problems that led to the NYC group's dissolution. Philadelphia Radicalesbians "focused on the meaningful connections between and among women in consciousness-raising groups and small direct actions," trying to maintain

1136-431: A pattern in which the wife is to emulate the church's submission to Christ and the husband is to emulate Christ's love for the church." In Christian Men Who Hate Women , clinical psychologist Margaret J. Rinck has written that Christian social culture often allows a misogynist "misuse of the biblical ideal of submission". However, she argues that this a distortion of the "healthy relationship of mutual submission" which

1207-439: A peaceful, autonomous existence as a companion to the gods before the creation of women. When Prometheus decides to steal the secret of fire from the gods, Zeus becomes infuriated and decides to punish humankind with an "evil thing for their delight". This "evil thing" is Pandora , the first woman, who carried a jar (usually described—incorrectly—as a box) which she was told to never open. Epimetheus (the brother of Prometheus)

1278-661: A refusal to work within hierarchical bureaucratic institutions . Direct action protestors may perform activities such as: Some protestors dress in black bloc , wearing black clothing and face coverings to obscure their identities. Ende Gelände protestors wear matching white suits. One of Greenpeace's tactics is to install banners in trees or at symbolic places like offices, statues, nuclear power plants. Direct action protestors may also destroy property through actions such as vandalism , theft , breaking and entering , sabotage , tree spiking , arson , bombing , ecotage , or eco-terrorism . Pranks may also be considered

1349-597: A speech in the Australian Parliament , the Macquarie Dictionary (which documents Australian English and New Zealand English ) expanded its definition to include not only hatred of women but also "entrenched prejudices against women". Social psychology research describes overt misogyny as "blatant hostile sexism" that raises resistance in women, as opposed to "manifestations of benevolent sexism" or chivalry that lead women to behave in

1420-704: A tool of both owners and workers, and for this reason he included lockouts and cartels , as well as strikes and sabotage . Canadian anarchist Ann Hansen , one of the Squamish Five , wrote in her book Direct Action that "the essence of direct action [...] is people fighting for themselves, rejecting those who claim to represent their true interests, whether they be revolutionaries or government officials". Activist trainer and author Daniel Hunter states 'Nonviolent direct action are techniques outside of institutionalized behavior for waging conflict using methods of protest, noncooperation, and intervention without

1491-505: A widespread cultural custom or system. Sometimes misogyny manifests in obvious and bold ways; other times it is more subtle or disguised in ways that provide plausible deniability. In feminist thought, misogyny also includes the rejection of feminine qualities. It holds in contempt institutions, work, hobbies, or habits associated with women. It rejects any aspects of men that are seen as feminine or unmanly. Racism and other prejudices may reinforce and overlap with misogyny. According to

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1562-484: Is a criticism of anti-woman writer Joseph Swetnam , who it represents with the pseudonym Misogynos. The character of Misogynos is the origin of the term misogynist in English. The term was fairly rare until the mid-1970s. The publication of feminist Andrea Dworkin 's 1974 critique Woman Hating popularised the idea. The term misogyny entered the lexicon of second-wave feminism . Dworkin and her contemporaries used

1633-732: Is actually specified in Christian doctrine, where "[l]ove is based on a deep, mutual respect as the guiding principle behind all decisions, actions, and plans". Similarly, Catholic scholar Christopher West argues that "male domination violates God's plan and is the specific result of sin". The fourth chapter (or sura ) of the Quran is called "Women" ( an-nisa ). The 34th verse is a key verse in feminist criticism of Islam . The verse notes men's God-given advantages over women. They are consequently their protectors and maintainers. Where women are disobedient "admonish them, and leave them alone in

1704-587: Is harm directed toward living things. American civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. , who used direct action tactics such as boycotts and sit-ins , felt that the goal of nonviolent direct action was to "create such a crisis and foster such a tension" as to demand a response. Mahatma Gandhi 's methods, which he called satyagraha , did not involve confrontation and could be described as "removal of support" without breaking laws besides those explicitly targeted. Examples of targeted laws include

1775-508: Is misogynistic, and she lists what she says are specific examples of misogyny in the Pauline epistles . She states: The foundations of early Christian misogyny—its guilt about sex, its insistence on female subjection, its dread of female seduction—are all in St. Paul's epistles. In K. K. Ruthven's Feminist Literary Studies: An Introduction , Ruthven makes reference to Rogers' book and argues that

1846-403: Is more abstract than Antipater's, and Galen quotes the passage as an example of an opinion contrary to his own. What is clear, however, is that he groups hatred of women with hatred of humanity generally, and even hatred of wine. "It was the prevailing medical opinion of his day that wine strengthens body and soul alike." So Chrysippus, like his fellow stoic Antipater, views misogyny negatively, as

1917-831: Is not a full list of the membership of the NYC Radicalesbians, but many of its members have written about their participation and thus made their connections public. Some known members of the group include: In an effort to avoid unjust, "patriarchal 'leadership hierarchies ' that would allow individual women to exert undue influence on the group," the group adopted a lot system that ensured responsibilities were spread around, allowing all women to participate in each role. Though this method showed some promise, over time, some women were routinely taking on leadership roles in an unofficial capacity due to their perceived expertise or experience. This led to some women feeling like they were unable to participate equally. Other women criticized

1988-499: Is not known when the term direct action first appeared. Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset wrote that the term and concept of direct action originated in fin de siècle France. The Industrial Workers of the World union first mentioned the term "direct action" in a publication about the 1910 Chicago strike . American anarchist Voltairine de Cleyre wrote the essay "Direct Action" in 1912, offering historical examples such as

2059-432: Is not widely used. Words derived from the word misogyny and denoting connected concepts include misogynoir , the intersection of anti-black racism and misogyny faced by Black women; transmisogyny , the intersection of misogyny and transphobia faced by trans women and transfeminine people; and transmisogynoir, the confluence of these faced by black trans women and transfeminine people. Misogyny likely arose at

2130-572: Is only a distinction between optimists and pessimists, if not between idealists and realists... As we begin to realise, the term "Buddhism" does not designate a monolithic entity, but covers a number of doctrines, ideologies, and practices--some of which seem to invite, tolerate, and even cultivate "otherness" on their margins. Differences in tradition and interpretations of scripture have caused sects of Christianity to differ in their beliefs with regard to their treatment of women. In The Troublesome Helpmate , Katharine M. Rogers argues that Christianity

2201-442: Is overwhelmed by her beauty, disregards Prometheus' warnings about her, and marries her. Pandora cannot resist peeking into the jar, and by opening it she unleashes into the world all evil; labour , sickness , old age , and death . In his book The Power of Denial: Buddhism, Purity, and Gender , professor Bernard Faure of Columbia University argued generally that "Buddhism is paradoxically neither as sexist nor as egalitarian as

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2272-552: Is to either obstruct a certain practice (such as a government's laws or actions) or to solve perceived problems (such as social inequality). Direct action may include activities, often nonviolent but possibly violent, targeting people, groups, institutions, actions, or property that its participants deem objectionable. Nonviolent direct action may include civil disobedience , sit-ins , strikes , and counter-economics . Violent direct action may include political violence , assault , arson , sabotage , and property destruction . It

2343-497: Is used as the title of Heracles in the history of Phocion . It was the title of a play by Menander , which we know of from book seven (concerning Alexandria ) of Strabo 's 17 volume Geography , and quotations of Menander by Clement of Alexandria and Stobaeus that relate to marriage. A Greek play with a similar name, Misogunos (Μισόγυνος) or Woman-hater , is reported by Marcus Tullius Cicero (in Latin) and attributed to

2414-412: Is usually thought." He remarked, "Many feminist scholars have emphasised the misogynistic (or at least androcentric) nature of Buddhism" and stated that Buddhism morally exalts its male monks while the mothers and wives of the monks also have important roles. Additionally, he wrote: While some scholars see Buddhism as part of a movement of emancipation, others see it as a source of oppression. Perhaps this

2485-481: Is violent falls along a spectrum or gradient—lesser property damage is not violence, injuries to humans are violent, and acts in between could be labelled either way depending on the circumstances. Rucht states that definitions of "violence" vary widely, and cultural perspectives can also color such labels. American political scientist Gene Sharp defined nonviolent direct action as "those methods of protest, resistance, and intervention without physical violence in which

2556-775: The Oxford English Dictionary the English word "misogyny" was coined in the middle of the 17th century from the Greek misos 'hatred' + gunē 'woman'. The word was rarely used until it was popularised by second-wave feminism in the 1970s. English and American dictionaries define misogyny as "hatred of women" and as "hatred, dislike, or mistrust of women". The American Merriam-Webster Dictionary distinguishes misogyny, "a hatred of women", from sexism , which denotes sex-based discrimination, and "behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex." In 2012, primarily in response to

2627-605: The Boston Tea Party and the American anti-slavery movement , and writing that "direct action has always been used, and has the historical sanction of the very people now reprobating it." In his 1920 book Direct Action , William Mellor categorized direct action with the struggle between worker and employer for economic control. Mellor defined it "as the use of some form of economic power for securing of ends desired by those who possess that power." He considered it

2698-669: The salt tax and the Asiatic Registration Act . His preferred actions were largely symbolic and peaceful, and included "withdrawing membership, participation or attendance in government-operated [...] agencies." Gandhi and American civil rights leader James Bevel were strongly influenced by Leo Tolstoy 's 1894 book The Kingdom of God Is Within You , which promotes passive resistance . Other terms for nonviolent direct action include civil resistance , people power , and positive action . Insurrectionary anarchism ,

2769-540: The status quo and punishes those who reject women's subordinate status. Manne distinguishes sexism , which she says seeks to rationalise and justify patriarchy , from misogyny, which she calls the "law enforcement" branch of patriarchy: [S]exist ideology will tend to discriminate between men and women, typically by alleging sex differences beyond what is known or could be known, and sometimes counter to our best current scientific evidence. Misogyny will typically differentiate between good women and bad ones, and punishes

2840-503: The "Lavender Menace" (the title of their demonstration). They first experimented with the name Lesbian Liberation, then adopted their better-known name, Radicalesbians. Despite the changes, Radicalesbians of NYC is sometimes still mistakenly referred to as " Lavender Menace ," given it was that demonstration that is typically considered the catalyst for the Radicalesbians group and the rapid growth in lesbian-feminist thought. There

2911-650: The "legacy of Christian misogyny was consolidated by the so-called 'Fathers' of the Church, like Tertullian , who thought a woman was not only 'the gateway of the devil' but also 'a temple built over a sewer'." Several Christian institutions exclude women. For example, women are excluded from the Mount Athos region of Greece and from the governing hierarchy of the Catholic Church . Some Christian theologians, such as John Knox in his book The First Blast of

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2982-628: The 1960s, both women's liberation and gay liberation movements in the United States were amassing increasing levels of support. Yet, some lesbian women of this time period were feeling excluded from both movements. In response to misogyny from the men of gay liberation organizations such as the New York City Gay Liberation Front , lesbians began to form their own, distinctive groups. They also held their own events, beginning with their first women's dance on April 3, 1970. Similarly, lesbian women often found themselves on

3053-569: The Congress became dedicated to discussions, debates, and workshops about lesbian issues and their needs from other women in the movement. US-based Radicalesbians chapters continued to organize for lesbian-feminism after the May 1970 action. The NYC-based women who had organized the protest began to hold consciousness-raising groups for women of all sexualities. They also took on a name, abandoning their prior label of "Gay Liberation Front Women." and

3124-656: The Quran. The economic and social position of men and women was reflected in blood money to the family of a victim. The financial loss for a woman was pegged at half that of a man. Scholars William M. Reynolds and Julie A. Webber have written that Guru Nanak , the founder of the Sikh faith tradition, was a "fighter for women's rights" that was "in no way misogynistic" in contrast to some of his contemporaries. However, unconscious misogynistic attitudes in Sikh men have steadily reduced

3195-638: The Republic , Nickolas Pappas describes the "problem of misogyny" and states: In the Apology , Socrates calls those who plead for their lives in court "no better than women" (35b)... The Timaeus warns men that if they live immorally they will be reincarnated as women (42b-c; cf. 75d-e). The Republic contains a number of comments in the same spirit (387e, 395d-e, 398e, 431b-c, 469d), evidence of nothing so much as of contempt toward women. Even Socrates' words for his bold new proposal about marriage... suggest that

3266-536: The Romans, Greeks, and the tribes of the Amazon Basin and Melanesia , who did not follow a monotheistic religion. Nearly every human culture contains evidence of misogyny. Anthropologist David D. Gilmore argues that misogyny is rooted in men's conflicting feelings: men's existential dependence on women for procreation , and men's fear of women's power over them in their times of male weakness, contrasted against

3337-580: The Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women , have written that women should be excluded from secular government institutions for religious reasons. However, some other scholars have argued that Christianity does not include misogynistic principles, or at least that a proper interpretation of Christianity would not include misogynistic principles. David M. Scholer, a biblical scholar at Fuller Theological Seminary , stated that

3408-547: The United States, direct action is increasingly used to oppose the fossil fuel industry, oil drilling , pipelines, and gas power plant projects. Direct action was taken at arms factories in the United States and the United Kingdom that supplied arms to Israel during the Israel–Hamas war . Anarchists organize almost exclusively through direct action, which they use due to a rejection of party politics and

3479-468: The conference's opening session (led by author Kate Millett ), the women began their zap . One newsletter after the event recalled: "The lights went out, people heard running, laughter, a rebel yell here and there, and when the lights were turned back on, those same 300 women found themselves in the hands of the LAVENDER MENACE." The women sported t-shirts they had designed themselves, featuring

3550-527: The deep-seated needs of men for the love, care and comfort of women—a need that makes the men feel vulnerable. Angela Saini notes that a large proportion of women in ancient societies were kidnapped brides from other cultures. Such a woman was often forced to marry a man who had killed her family. Misogynistic suspicion in ancient Greece and elsewhere is to some degree explained by male anxiety that women would some day revolt against their captors. Saini argues that patriarchy and gender stereotyping emerged at

3621-598: The group for a lack of direct action . Those who sought a more active role in the lesbian-feminist movement eventually began to turn elsewhere. The Congress where the women held their initial protest was in Manhattan , in the building known today as New York City Lab School for Collaborative Studies ; the site is recognized by the NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project as a historic location. Their manifesto, "The Woman-Identified Woman," introduced

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3692-511: The influence of these thinkers, feminist scholars trace misogyny in Western culture to these philosophers and their ideas. Aristotle believed women were inferior and described them as "deformed males". In his work Politics , he states Direct action Direct action is a term for economic and political behavior in which participants use agency—for example economic or physical power—to achieve their goals. The aim of direct action

3763-470: The latter. […] Sexism wears a lab coat; misogyny goes on witch hunts . Misogynous and misogynistic can both be used as an adjectival form of the word. The noun misogynist can be used for a woman-hating person. The counterpart of misogyny is misandry , the hatred or dislike of men. Misandry is a minor issue, not equivalent to the widespread practice and extensive history of misogyny. The antonym of misogyny, philogyny —love or fondness toward women—

3834-562: The legitimization of political violence , as a core part of its politics. While radical activism has been effective as part of the civil rights movement , forceful or violent environmental sabotage (FVES) can have a "negative impact on voter attitudes toward all environmental organizations", though that effect is contingent on the organizations' prior record. In polls conducted in the United Kingdom , two thirds of respondents supported non-violent environmental direct action, while

3905-692: The margins of women's groups due to their sexuality. This issue was exacerbated by comments from Betty Friedan , then-leader of the National Organization for Women (NOW) , who referred to lesbians as a "lavender menace" to the women's movement in 1969. Then, in March 1970, Susan Brownmiller 's article "Sisterhood is Powerful" (published in The New York Times ) referred to lesbians as a "lavender herring ." While Brownmiller's comment has since been characterized as her "attempting to make

3976-428: The members of the nonviolent group do, or refuse to do, certain things." American anarchist Voltairine de Cleyre wrote that violent direct action utilizes physical, injurious force against people or, occasionally, property. Some activist groups, such as Earth Liberation Front and Animal Liberation Front , use property destruction, arson, and sabotage and claim their acts are nonviolent as they believe that violence

4047-484: The poet Marcus Atilius . Cicero reports that Greek philosophers considered misogyny to be caused by gynophobia , a fear of women. It is the same with other diseases; as the desire of glory, a passion for women, to which the Greeks give the name of philogyneia : and thus all other diseases and sicknesses are generated. But those feelings which are the contrary of these are supposed to have fear for their foundation, as

4118-537: The power of women in Sikhism, such that the Sikh community has been observed to contain toxic masculinity . Numerous influential Western philosophers have expressed ideas that have been characterised as misogynistic, including Aristotle , René Descartes , Thomas Hobbes , John Locke , David Hume , Jean-Jacques Rousseau , G. W. F. Hegel , Arthur Schopenhauer , Friedrich Nietzsche , Sigmund Freud , Otto Weininger , Oswald Spengler , and John Lucas . Because of

4189-542: The same time as patriarchy : three to five thousand years ago at the start of the Bronze Age . The three main monotheistic religions of Judaism , Christianity and Islam promoted patriarchal societal structures, and used misogyny to keep women at a lower status. Misogyny gained strength in the Middle Ages , especially in Christian societies. In parallel to these, misogyny was also practised in societies such as

4260-473: The same time as the state . In his book City of Sokrates: An Introduction to Classical Athens , J.W. Roberts argues that older than tragedy and comedy was a misogynistic tradition in Greek literature, reaching back at least as far as Hesiod . He claims that the term misogyny itself comes directly into English from the Ancient Greek word misogunia ( μισογυνία ), which survives in several passages. The earlier, longer, and more complete passage comes from

4331-851: The self-contempt women may be taught to feel toward their own bodies. Sociologist Michael Flood at the University of Wollongong defines misogyny as the hatred of women, and notes: Though most common in men, misogyny also exists in and is practiced by women against other women or even themselves. Misogyny functions as an ideology or belief system that has accompanied patriarchal, or male-dominated societies for thousands of years and continues to place women in subordinate positions with limited access to power and decision making. […] Aristotle contended that women exist as natural deformities or imperfect males […] Ever since, women in Western cultures have internalised their role as societal scapegoats, influenced in

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4402-509: The sleeping-places and beat them; then if they obey you, do not seek a way against them..." In his book No god but God , University of Southern California , Professor Reza Aslan wrote that "misogynistic interpretation" has been persistently attached to An-Nisa, 34 because commentary on the Quran "has been the exclusive domain of Muslim men". In his book Popular Islam and Misogyny: A Case Study of Bangladesh , Taj Hashmi discusses misogyny in relation to Muslim culture, writing: [T]hanks to

4473-464: The subjective interpretations of the Quran (almost exclusively by men), the preponderance of the misogynic mullahs and the regressive Shariah law in most "Muslim" countries, Islam is synonymously known as a promoter of misogyny in its worst form.... we may draw a line between the Quranic texts and the corpus of avowedly misogynic writing and spoken words by the mullah having very little or no relevance to

4544-498: The term to include not only a hatred or contempt of women, but the practice of controlling women with violence and punishing women who reject subordination. Misogyny was discussed worldwide in 2012 because of a viral video of a speech by Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard . Her parliamentary address is known as the Misogyny Speech . In the speech, Gillard powerfully criticised her opponents for holding her policies to

4615-569: The twenty-first century by multimedia objectification of women with its culturally sanctioned self-loathing and fixations on plastic surgery , anorexia and bulimia . Philosopher Kate Manne of Cornell University defines misogyny as the attempt to control and punish women who challenge male dominance. Manne finds the traditional "hatred of women" definition of misogyny too simplistic, noting it does not account for how perpetrators of misogynistic violence may love certain women; for example, their mothers. Instead, misogyny rewards women who uphold

4686-564: The use or threat of injurious force. Anti-globalization activists forced the Seattle WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 to end early via direct action tactics and prefigurative politics . On April 28, 2009, Greenpeace activists, including Phil Radford , scaled a crane across the street from the Department of State , calling on world leaders to address climate change. Soon thereafter, they dropped

4757-681: The verse Galatians 3:28 ("There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus") is "the fundamental Pauline theological basis for the inclusion of women and men as equal and mutual partners in all of the ministries of the church." In his book Equality in Christ? Galatians 3:28 and the Gender Dispute , Richard Hove argues that—while Galatians 3:28 does mean that one's sex does not affect salvation—"there remains

4828-417: The way the word has been used over the prior 30 years. The book Down Girl , which reconsidered the definition using the tools of analytic philosophy , was inspired in part by Gillard. In Misogyny: The World's Oldest Prejudice , Jack Holland argues that there is evidence of misogyny in the mythology of the ancient world. In Greek mythology according to Hesiod, the human race had already experienced

4899-711: The women are to be "held in common" by men. He never says that the men might be held in common by the women... We also have to acknowledge Socrates' insistence that men surpass women at any task that both sexes attempt (455c, 456a), and his remark in Book 8 that one sign of democracy's moral failure is the sexual equality it promotes (563b). Misogynist is also found in the Greek— misogunēs ( μισογύνης )—in Deipnosophistae (above) and in Plutarch 's Parallel Lives , where it

4970-440: The words "Lavender Menace" across the front. Some of the women took to the stage and "announced their intention to discuss lesbian issues." Members of the group who had remained seated stood to reveal their own "Lavender Menace" shirts and voice their support. The group had anticipated resistance (though Millet encouraged the zap), but they were pleasantly surprised as the conversation was actually welcomed. The remaining two days of

5041-556: Was held at the Whitehall Guest House in Sorrento, Australia. This initial conference allowed lesbian feminists of Australia their first organized effort at defining "what a lesbian is, what she could be and what we could do about it." Misogyny Misogyny ( / m ɪ ˈ s ɒ dʒ ɪ n i / ) is hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against women or girls . It is a form of sexism that can keep women at

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