49-656: (Redirected from Radicals ) [REDACTED] Look up radical in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Radical may refer to: Politics and ideology [ edit ] Politics [ edit ] Radicalism (historical) , the Radical Movement that began in late 19th century Classical radicalism , the Radical Movement that began in late 18th century Britain and spread to continental Europe and Latin America in
98-454: A Canadian light aircraft design Radical, Missouri , U.S., a ghost town Radical Sportscars , a British sports car maker Radical Entertainment , a Canadian video game developer Radical.fm , a digital music streaming service Radical Software , American art journal started in 1970 See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with radical All pages with titles containing radical The Radicalz ,
147-454: A Canadian light aircraft design Radical, Missouri , U.S., a ghost town Radical Sportscars , a British sports car maker Radical Entertainment , a Canadian video game developer Radical.fm , a digital music streaming service Radical Software , American art journal started in 1970 See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with radical All pages with titles containing radical The Radicalz ,
196-414: A World Wrestling Federation stable Radical center (disambiguation) Radical left (disambiguation) Radical right (disambiguation) Radikal (disambiguation) Radicle , the first part of a seedling Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Radical . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
245-414: A World Wrestling Federation stable Radical center (disambiguation) Radical left (disambiguation) Radical right (disambiguation) Radikal (disambiguation) Radicle , the first part of a seedling Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Radical . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
294-601: A character using this radical is yín "silver"; traditionally: 銀, simplified: 银. Many dictionaries support using radical classification to index and look up characters, although many present-day dictionaries supplement it with other methods. For example, modern dictionaries in PRC normally use the Pinyin transcription of a character to perform character lookup. Following the "section-header-and-stroke-count" method of Mei Yingzuo , characters are listed by their radical and then ordered by
343-548: A dictionary according to the system established by Xu Shen. It is the "head" of a section, assigned for convenience only. Thus, a section heading is usually the element common to all characters belonging to the same section. (Cf. L. Wang, 1962:1.151). The semantic elements of phonetic compounds were usually also used as section headings. However, characters in the same section are not necessarily all phonetic compounds. ...In some sections, such as 品 pin3 "the masses" (S. Xu 1963:48) and 爪 zhua3 "a hand" (S. Xu 1963:63), no phonetic compound
392-451: A diseased organ Mathematics [ edit ] Radical expression involving roots, also known as an n th root Radical symbol (√), used to indicate the square root and other roots Radical of an algebraic group , a concept in algebraic group theory Radical of an ideal , an important concept in abstract algebra Radical of a ring , an ideal of "bad" elements of a ring Jacobson radical , consisting of those elements in
441-451: A diseased organ Mathematics [ edit ] Radical expression involving roots, also known as an n th root Radical symbol (√), used to indicate the square root and other roots Radical of an algebraic group , a concept in algebraic group theory Radical of an ideal , an important concept in abstract algebra Radical of a ring , an ideal of "bad" elements of a ring Jacobson radical , consisting of those elements in
490-480: A dot or horizontal stroke. Some were even artificially extracted groups of strokes, termed "glyphs" by Serruys (1984, p. 657), which never had an independent existence other than being listed in Shuowen . Each character was listed under only one element, which is then referred to as the radical for that character. For example, characters containing 女 nǚ "female" or 木 mù "tree, wood" are often grouped together in
539-501: A four-stroke radical but might also be listed as a three-stroke radical because it is usually written as 忄 when it forms a part of another character. This means that the dictionary user need not know that the two are etymologically identical. It is sometimes possible to find one and the same character indexed under multiple radicals. For example, many dictionaries list 義 under both 羊 and ⼽ 'HALBERD' (the radical of its lower part 我). Furthermore, with digital dictionaries, it
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#1732757139667588-527: A period in late 1960s Italian design Radical Baroque , an architectural style Literature [ edit ] Radical: Taking Back Your Faith from the American Dream , a 2010 book by Christian pastor David Platt Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism , a 2012 memoir by British activist Maajid Nawaz Film [ edit ] Radical (film) , a 2023 Spanish language film Other uses [ edit ] Murphy Radical ,
637-463: A period in late 1960s Italian design Radical Baroque , an architectural style Literature [ edit ] Radical: Taking Back Your Faith from the American Dream , a 2010 book by Christian pastor David Platt Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism , a 2012 memoir by British activist Maajid Nawaz Film [ edit ] Radical (film) , a 2023 Spanish language film Other uses [ edit ] Murphy Radical ,
686-632: A perspective within feminism that focuses on patriarchy Radical Islam , or Islamic extremism Radical Christianity Radical veganism , a radical interpretation of veganism, usually combined with anarchism Radical Reformation , an Anabaptist movement concurrent with the Protestant Reformation Science and mathematics [ edit ] Science [ edit ] Radical (chemistry) , an atom, molecule, or ion with unpaired valence electron(s) Radical surgery , where diseased tissue or lymph nodes are removed from
735-547: A perspective within feminism that focuses on patriarchy Radical Islam , or Islamic extremism Radical Christianity Radical veganism , a radical interpretation of veganism, usually combined with anarchism Radical Reformation , an Anabaptist movement concurrent with the Protestant Reformation Science and mathematics [ edit ] Science [ edit ] Radical (chemistry) , an atom, molecule, or ion with unpaired valence electron(s) Radical surgery , where diseased tissue or lymph nodes are removed from
784-471: A ring R that annihilate all simple right R-modules Nilradical of a ring , a nilpotent ideal which is as large as possible Radical of a module , a component in the theory of structure and classification Radical of an integer , in number theory, the product of the primes which divide an integer Radical of a Lie algebra , a concept in Lie theory Nilradical of a Lie algebra , a nilpotent ideal which
833-422: A ring R that annihilate all simple right R-modules Nilradical of a ring , a nilpotent ideal which is as large as possible Radical of a module , a component in the theory of structure and classification Radical of an integer , in number theory, the product of the primes which divide an integer Radical of a Lie algebra , a concept in Lie theory Nilradical of a Lie algebra , a nilpotent ideal which
882-465: A system where characters are indexed under more than one radical and/or set of key elements to make it easier to find them. The inflected words of European languages are decomposed into radical and termination . The radical gives the meaning; the termination indicates case, time, mood. The first sinologists applied those grammatical terms belonging to inflected languages, to the Chinese language which
931-408: Is a visually prominent component of a Chinese character under which the character is traditionally listed in a Chinese dictionary . The radical for a character is typically a semantic component, but can also be another structural component or even an artificially extracted portion of the character. In some cases the original semantic or phonological connection has become obscure, owing to changes in
980-423: Is as large as possible Left (or right) radical of a bilinear form , the subspace of all vectors left (or right) orthogonal to every vector Linguistics [ edit ] Root (linguistics) , also called a "radical", the form of a word after any prefixes and suffixes are removed Radical (Chinese characters) , part of a Chinese character Radical consonant , a pharyngeal consonant Radical, one of
1029-423: Is as large as possible Left (or right) radical of a bilinear form , the subspace of all vectors left (or right) orthogonal to every vector Linguistics [ edit ] Root (linguistics) , also called a "radical", the form of a word after any prefixes and suffixes are removed Radical (Chinese characters) , part of a Chinese character Radical consonant , a pharyngeal consonant Radical, one of
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#17327571396671078-408: Is not an inflected one. It is important to note that the concepts of semantic element and "section heading" (部首 bùshǒu) are different, and should be clearly distinguished. The semantic element is parallel to the phonetic element in terms of the phonetic compound, while the section heading is a terminology of Chinese lexicography, which is a generic heading for the characters arranged in each section of
1127-831: Is now possible to search for characters by cross-reference. Using this "multi-component method" a relatively new development enabled by computing technology, the user can select all of a character's components from a table and the computer will present a list of matching characters. This eliminates the guesswork of choosing the correct radical and calculating the correct stroke count, and cuts down searching time significantly. One can query for characters containing both 羊 and 戈, and get back only five characters (羢, 義, 儀, 羬 and 羲) to search through. The Academia Sinica's 漢字構形資料庫 Chinese character structure database also works this way, returning only seven characters for this query. Harbaugh's Chinese Characters dictionary similarly allows searches based on any component. Some modern computer dictionaries allow
1176-497: Is often less than 214. The Oxford Concise English–Chinese Dictionary has 188. A few dictionaries also introduce new radicals based on the principles first used by Xu Shen, treating groups of radicals that are used together in many different characters as a kind of radical. In modern practice, radicals are primarily used as lexicographic tools and as learning aids when writing characters. They have become increasingly disconnected from semantics , etymology and phonetics . Some of
1225-422: Is translated as "indexing component". ). Radicals may appear in any position in a character. For example, 女 appears on the left side in the characters 姐, 媽, 她, 好 and 姓, but it appears at the bottom in 妾. Semantic components tend to appear on the top or on the left side of the character, and phonetic components on the right side or at the bottom. These are loose rules, however, and exceptions are plenty. Sometimes,
1274-705: The Erya (3rd century BC), characters were grouped together in broad semantic categories. Because the vast majority of characters are phono-semantic compounds, combining a semantic component with a phonetic component, each semantic component tended to recur within a particular section of the dictionary. In the 2nd century AD, the Han dynasty scholar Xu Shen organized his etymological dictionary Shuowen Jiezi by selecting 540 recurring graphic elements he called bù (部 , "categories"). Most were common semantic components, but they also included shared graphic elements such as
1323-592: The Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China and the State Language Work Committee issued The Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components (GF 0011-2009 汉字部首表 ), which includes 201 principal indexing components and 100 associated indexing components (In China's normative documents, "radical" is defined as any component or 偏旁 piānpáng of Chinese characters, while 部首
1372-545: The 19th century Radical politics , the political intent of fundamental societal change Radical Party (disambiguation) , several political parties Radicals (UK) , a British and Irish grouping in the early to mid-19th century Radicalization Politicians from the Radical Civic Union Ideologies [ edit ] Radical chic , a term coined by Tom Wolfe to describe the pretentious adoption of radical causes Radical feminism ,
1421-461: The 19th century Radical politics , the political intent of fundamental societal change Radical Party (disambiguation) , several political parties Radicals (UK) , a British and Irish grouping in the early to mid-19th century Radicalization Politicians from the Radical Civic Union Ideologies [ edit ] Radical chic , a term coined by Tom Wolfe to describe the pretentious adoption of radical causes Radical feminism ,
1470-491: The People's Republic of China and elsewhere has modified a number of components, including those used as radicals. This has created a number of new radical forms. For instance, the character 金 jīn , when used as a radical, is written 釒(that is, with the same number of strokes, and only a minor variation) in traditional writing , but 钅in simplified characters. This means that simplified writing has resulted in significant differences not present in traditional writing. An example of
1519-431: The component can depend on its placement with other elements in the character. The shape 阝 is indexed as two different radicals depending on where it appears in the character. Placed on the right, as in 都 ( dū "metropolis", also read as dōu "all-city"), it represents an abbreviated form of 邑 yì "city"; placed on the left, as in 陸 lù "land", it represents an abbreviated radical form of 阜 fù "mound, hill". Some of
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1568-427: The 💕 [REDACTED] Look up radical in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Radical may refer to: Politics and ideology [ edit ] Politics [ edit ] Radicalism (historical) , the Radical Movement that began in late 19th century Classical radicalism , the Radical Movement that began in late 18th century Britain and spread to continental Europe and Latin America in
1617-724: The graphically similar radicals are combined in many dictionaries, such as 月 yuè "moon" and the 月 form (⺼) of 肉 ròu , "meat, flesh". After the writing system reform in mainland China , the traditional set of Kangxi radicals became unsuitable for indexing Simplified Chinese characters. In 1983, the Committee for Reforming the Chinese Written Language and the State Administration of Publication of China published The Table of Unified Indexing Chinese Character Components (Draft) ( 汉字统一部首表（草案） ). In 2009,
1666-446: The latter as determinatives or significs or by some other term. Many radicals are merely artificial extractions of portions of characters, some of which are further truncated or changed when applied (such as 亅 jué or juě in 了 liǎo ), as explained by Serruys (1984), who therefore prefers the term "glyph" extraction rather than graphic extraction. This is even truer of modern dictionaries, which cut radicals to less than half
1715-410: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radical&oldid=1241745535 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages radical From Misplaced Pages,
1764-538: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radical&oldid=1241745535 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Radical (Chinese characters) A radical ( Chinese : 部首 ; pinyin : bùshǒu ; lit. 'section header'), or indexing component ,
1813-513: The meaning or pronunciation of the character over time. The use of the English term radical is based on an analogy between the structure of Chinese characters and the inflection of words in European languages. Radicals are also sometimes called classifiers , but this name is more commonly applied to the grammatical measure words in Chinese. In the earliest Chinese dictionaries, such as
1862-423: The most important variant combining forms (besides 邑 → 阝 and 阜 → 阝per the above) are: Over 80% of Chinese characters are phono-semantic compounds ( 形聲字 ): a semantic component gives a broad category of meaning, while a phonetic component suggests the sound. Usually, the radical is the semantic component. Thus, although some authors use the term radical for semantic components (義符 yìfú ), others distinguish
1911-555: The number in Shuowen , at which point it becomes impossible to have enough to cover a semantic element of every character. A sample of the Far Eastern Chinese English Dictionary of mere artificial extraction of a stroke from sub-entries: Radicals sometimes play a phonetic role instead of a semantic one: In some cases, chosen radicals used phonetically coincidentally are in keeping, in step, semantically. The character simplification pursued in
1960-409: The number of strokes needed to write them. The steps involved in looking up a character are as follows: As a rule of thumb, components at the left or top of the character, or elements which surround the rest of the character, are the ones most likely to be used as radical. For example, 信 is typically indexed under the left-side component 人 instead of the right-side 言; and 套 is typically indexed under
2009-547: The radical may span more than one side, as in 園 = 囗 "enclosure" + 袁, or 街 = 行 "go, movement" + 圭. More complicated combinations exist, such as 勝 = 力 "strength" + 朕—the radical is in the lower-right quadrant. In many characters, the components (including radicals) are distorted or modified to fit into a block with other elements. They may be narrowed, shortened, or have different shapes entirely. Changes in shape, rather than simple distortion, may result in fewer pen strokes. In some cases, combinations may have alternates. The shape of
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2058-430: The radicals used in Chinese dictionaries, even in the era of Kangxi, were not stand-alone current-usage characters. Instead, they indexed unique characters that lacked more obvious qualifiers. The radical 鬯 ( chàng "sacrificial wine") indexes only a few characters. Modern dictionaries tend to eliminate these when it is possible to find some more widely used graphic element under which a character can be categorized. Some use
2107-436: The sections for those radicals. Mei Yingzuo's 1615 dictionary Zihui made two further innovations. He reduced the list of radicals to 214, and arranged characters under each radical in increasing order of the number of additional strokes —the radical-and-stroke method still used in the vast majority of present-day Chinese dictionaries. These innovations were also adopted by the more famous Kangxi Dictionary of 1716. Thus
2156-570: The sometimes arbitrary nature of the selection process. The Kangxi radicals are a de facto standard which, although not implemented exactly in every Chinese dictionary, few dictionary compilers can afford to completely ignore. They serve as the basis for many computer encoding systems. Specifically, the Unicode standard's radical-stroke charts are based on the Kangxi set of radicals. The count of commonly used radicals in modern abridged dictionaries
2205-593: The standard 214 radicals introduced in the Zihui are usually known as the Kangxi radicals . These were first called bùshǒu (部首 'section header') in the Kangxi Dictionary . Although there is some variation in such lists – depending primarily on what secondary radicals are also indexed – these canonical 214 radicals of the Kangxi Dictionary still serve as the basis for most modern Chinese dictionaries . Some of
2254-457: The three consonants in a Semitic root Arts and entertainment [ edit ] Music [ edit ] Radical (mixtape) , by Odd Future, 2010 Radical (Every Time I Die album) , 2021 Radical (Smack album) , 1988 "Radicals" (song) , a song by Tyler, The Creator from the 2011 album Goblin Architecture and design [ edit ] Radical period (design) ,
2303-401: The three consonants in a Semitic root Arts and entertainment [ edit ] Music [ edit ] Radical (mixtape) , by Odd Future, 2010 Radical (Every Time I Die album) , 2021 Radical (Smack album) , 1988 "Radicals" (song) , a song by Tyler, The Creator from the 2011 album Goblin Architecture and design [ edit ] Radical period (design) ,
2352-478: The top 大 instead of the bottom 長. There are, however, idiosyncratic differences between dictionaries, and except for simple cases, the same character cannot be assumed to be indexed the same way in two different dictionaries. In order to further ease dictionary lookup, dictionaries sometimes list radicals both under the number of strokes used to write their canonical form and under the number of strokes used to write their variant forms. For example, 心 can be listed as
2401-418: The user to draw characters with a mouse, stylus or finger, ideally tolerating a degree of imperfection, thus eliminating the problem of radical identification altogether. Though radicals are widely accepted as a method to categorize Chinese characters and locate a certain character in a dictionary, there is no universal agreement about either the exact number of radicals or the set of radicals to be used, due to
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