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123-482: In some jurisdictions , the low alcohol content of shandies exempts them from laws governing the sale of alcoholic beverages . The debated origin of the term (recorded first in 1888) is shortened from shandygaff , from Britain in 1853 and itself of obscure source. Shandy is a popular drink in UK and is usually ordered as either "bitter shandy" (50/50 bitter beer and fizzy clear lemonade) or "lager shandy" in which lager

246-602: A country is recognized as de jure , it is an acknowledgment by the other de jure nations that the country has sovereignty and the right to exist. However, it is often at the discretion of each nation whether to co-operate or participate. If a nation does agree to participate in activities of the supranational bodies and accept decisions, the nation is giving up its sovereign authority and thereby allocating power to these bodies. Insofar as these bodies or nominated individuals may resolve disputes through judicial or quasi-judicial means, or promote treaty obligations in

369-449: A bottle of sports drink each day, averaging 3.5 pounds [1.6 kg] for every sports drink consumed per day". The researchers concluded, "We need to educate parents and clinicians about what constitutes a sugary drink... Sports drinks are promoted by professional athletes as a healthy drink, but they really don't need to be used by kids unless they are continually exercising for long periods or they're in hot climates." The USDA states that

492-555: A brand extension initially developed for professional athletes, began to be sold in GNC and Dick's Sporting Goods stores in the U.S. in 2010 after first being available only in professional locker rooms and specialized training facilities. Also in 2010, Gatorade introduced the G Natural Gatorade line which is made with "natural flavors and ingredients", specifically sweetened with Stevia and sold in Whole Foods grocery stores within

615-848: A crime, as well as cases of alleged child abuse or neglect; serious crimes committed by 16 or 17 year old persons may be referred to the District Courts. Seven judges in the Appeals Court hear most criminal appeals from District Courts, all appeals from juvenile court and all domestic/divorce cases from District Court, as well as some cases transferred to them by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court seats five judges who hear appeals on first-degree felonies (the most serious) including capital crimes, as well as all civil cases from District Court (excepting divorce/domestic cases). The Supreme Court also oversees cases involving interpretation of

738-445: A decade or so also sold as pre-mixed drinks in increasing popularity by most large Dutch beer brewers in increasing variants. In Bavaria , the southeastern state of Germany , as well as in the countryside of Austria, a mix of 50% Weißbier and 50% lemonade is called a "Russ". There are three different theories about the origin of this name: A Shandygaff is an older British name for beer mixed with ginger beer or ginger ale ;

861-614: A decision, several months before November 2009, to discontinue some products to make room for the Prime and Recover products as part of a then-upcoming G Series re-branding. In 2015, the Gatorade Energy gummies made their debut along with the Gatorade energy bar. In 2010, Gatorade re-branded a number of its products. Original Gatorade was initially re-labeled as Gatorade G . Gatorade Rain was re-labeled as No Excuses . Gatorade AM

984-547: A lower appellate court) has heard the matter. For example, in United States federal courts , the United States district courts have original jurisdiction over a number of different matters (as mentioned above), and the United States court of appeals have appellate jurisdiction over matters appealed from the district courts. The U.S. Supreme Court, in turn, has appellate jurisdiction (of a discretionary nature) over

1107-414: A matter is brought before the courts in a way amounting to an abuse of process, a court recognising its jurisdiction is obliged to exercise it. But as Australia is a federal country, no court is vested with an unrestricted jurisdiction. Therefore, the rules of jurisdiction are used to determine the ambit of those restrictions upon the courts. This idea of restrictions on jurisdiction is well illustrated by

1230-512: A member nation if that member nation asserts its sovereignty and withdraws from the union. The standard treaties and conventions leave the issue of implementation to each nation, i.e. there is no general rule in international law that treaties have direct effect in municipal law , but some nations, by virtue of their membership of supranational bodies, allow the direct incorporation of rights or enact legislation to honor their international commitments. Hence, citizens in those nations can invoke

1353-485: A mix of beer and soda ( Sprite ) is called a Panaché. This name was also adopted in Portugal due to the influence of French culture in the area. In France, a 50/50 mix of lager and carbonated lemonade with a dash of Grenadine is called a Monaco . In Spain, a clara is typically any mixture of beer with a sweet-tasting carbonated soft drink (in order to reduce the bitterness of the hops). The addition of soda lightens

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1476-536: A new sub-line called Gatorade Frost with the intent of broadening the brand's appeal beyond traditional team competitive sports. Three initial flavors under the Frost product line were introduced at this time: Alpine Snow , Glacier Freeze , and Whitewater Splash . Aimed at what the company described as the 'active thirst' category – a market ten times the size of the sports drink segment – Gatorade Frost proved to be successful, far surpassing

1599-419: A person. There is no hierarchy when it comes to any of the principles. States must therefore work together to solve issues of who may exercise their jurisdiction when it comes to issues of multiple principles being allowed. The principles are Territorial Principle, Nationality Principle, Passive Personality Principle, Protective Principle, Universality Principle Territorial principle : This principle states that

1722-575: A prejudicial impact upon the State. It is especially used when it comes to matters of national security. Universality principle : This is the broadest of all the principles. The basis is that a State has the right, sometimes even the obligation, to exercise jurisdiction when it comes to the most serious violations of international criminal law; for example genocide , crimes against humanity , extrajudicial executions , war crimes , torture , and forced disappearances . This principle also goes further than

1845-492: A regional level, groups of nations can create political and legal bodies with sometimes complicated patchworks of overlapping provisions detailing the jurisdictional relationships between the member states and providing for some degree of harmonization between their national legislative and judicial functions, for example, the European Union and African Union both have the potential to become federated nations although

1968-407: A stabilizer. Brominated vegetable oil was discontinued in 2013, and has been replaced with sucrose acetate isobutyrate. An 8-US-fluid-ounce (240 mL) serving of Gatorade Perform 02 (Gatorade Thirst Quencher) contains 50 calories, 14 grams of carbohydrates, 110 mg sodium and 30 mg potassium. Gatorade Thirst Quencher is sweetened using a sucrose - dextrose mix. For a period of time in

2091-641: A state and citizens of another state, lawsuits involving citizens of different states, and against foreign states and citizens. Certain courts, particularly the United States Supreme Court and most state supreme courts , have discretionary jurisdiction , meaning that they can choose which cases to hear from among all the cases presented on appeal. Such courts generally only choose to hear cases that would settle important and controversial points of law. Though these courts have discretion to deny cases they otherwise could adjudicate, no court has

2214-575: A variety of awards given to high school athletes who excel in their respective sports. One prominent award given is the Gatorade National Football Player of the Year. The Gatorade shower , originally called the "Gatorade Dunk", is an American sports tradition in which players from a victorious team sneak up behind the head coach with a Gatorade cooler and pour the entire contents (generally Gatorade and ice) over his head at

2337-506: Is a citrus-flavoured, full-strength (5%) beer. This has led to some brewers to use the names "reldar" ( Radler spelled backwards) and "Cyclist" (the literal meaning of Radler ). In the Netherlands, shandy and Radler are largely seen as two different drinks, shandy being a 0,5% alcohol drink popular as a children's drink during the 70s, as not >0.5% was officially seen as non-alcoholic. The classic Radler, known from Germany, and since

2460-498: Is about 50 grams. According to the American Heart Association , the recommended maximum amount of sugar is 25 grams per day for women and 36 grams per day for men. The American Heart Association states that children and teens should drink no more than 8 US fluid ounces (240 ml) of sugary beverages per week. In 2012, a study on nearly 11,000 teens reported that "teens put on even more weight if they drank

2583-572: Is based on oral rehydration therapy , a mixture of salt, sugar, and water, with the citrus-based flavoring and added food coloring. The composition of individual Gatorade products varies depending upon the product in question, as well as the country in which it is sold. Gatorade Thirst Quencher contains water, sucrose (table sugar), dextrose , citric acid , natural flavor, sodium chloride (table salt), sodium citrate , monopotassium phosphate , and flavoring/coloring ingredients. Some Gatorade flavor variations used to contain brominated vegetable oil as

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2706-562: Is called a Florida Man . On the Caribbean island(s) of Trinidad and Tobago, the CARIB brewery offers shandy lager in three flavors ... ginger, sorrel (hibiscus), and lime. A CARIB Shandy is as refreshing as it is unique. Jurisdiction Jurisdiction (from Latin juris 'law' + dictio 'speech' or 'declaration') is the legal term for the legal authority granted to a legal entity to enact justice . In federations like

2829-517: Is created by the states’ constitutions and is further delineated by legislation passed by their respective parliaments. In the Constitution of Queensland 2001 (QLD), it is written at s58(1) that the Supreme Court of the state has all jurisdiction necessary for the administration of justice in Queensland . That is the extent of its jurisdiction. In New South Wales , the courts’ jurisdiction

2952-476: Is exercised through three principles outlined in the UN charter . These are equality of states, territorial sovereignty and non-intervention. This raises questions of when can many states prescribe or enforce jurisdiction. The Lotus case establishes two key rules to the prescription and enforcement of jurisdiction. The case outlines that jurisdiction is territorial and that a state may not exercise its jurisdiction in

3075-425: Is limited to certain types of controversies (for example, suits in admiralty or suits where the monetary amount sought is less than a specified sum) is sometimes referred to as a court of special jurisdiction or court of limited jurisdiction . In U.S. federal courts, courts must consider subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte and therefore recognize their own lack of jurisdiction even if neither party has raised

3198-609: Is manufactured by PepsiCo and is distributed in over 80 countries. The beverage was developed in 1965 by a team of researchers led by Robert Cade . It was originally made for the Gators at the University of Florida to replenish the carbohydrates that the school's student-athletes burned and the combination of water and electrolytes that they lost in sweat during vigorous sports activities. Created at University of Florida, then produced and marketed by Stokely-Van Camp in 1965,

3321-515: Is not exclusive to the Australian federal court system, parties involved in international disputes will already be familiar with that concept. However, the threshold for intra-Australia transfer is notably lower than that pertaining to international transfer . The word "jurisdiction" is also used, especially in informal writing, to refer to a state or political subdivision generally, or to its government, rather than to its legal authority. In

3444-564: Is not mentioned in the constitution. Instead, the state’s legislature is empowered to make laws for the peace, welfare, and good governance of New South Wales. Amongst these laws, it is stated in section 23 of the Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW) that the Supreme Court shall have all jurisdiction necessary for the administration of justice in NSW. In Victoria , that same power is conferred by section 85(1) of its constitution. In summary,

3567-592: Is similar to the Nationality Principle, except you are exercising jurisdiction against a foreign national that has committed a criminal act against its own national. The idea is that a State has a duty to protect its nationals and therefore if someone harms their nationals that State has the right to prosecute the accused. Protective principle : This principle allows States to exercise jurisdiction when it comes to foreign nationals for acts committed outside their territory that have or are intended to have

3690-489: Is substituted for the ale. Radler ( German: [ˈʁaːdlɐ] , lit. German for 'cyclist') has a long history in German-speaking regions. It commonly consists of a 50:50 mixture of beer and a lemon-flavoured soft drink. The term Radler originates with a drink called Radlermass ('cyclist litre') that was created by innkeeper Franz Kugler in the small town of Deisenhofen, just outside Munich. During

3813-525: Is useful to determine what questions a court may answer in examining a matter before it. Original jurisdiction permits courts to answer all questions of law and fact when a matter is brought before them for the first time (for practical reasons, courts hearing appeals from administrative bodies will also exercise original jurisdiction, this does not subvert the rule). Appellate jurisdiction is corrective in nature. There, courts examine how lower previous decision-makers answered questions of law, whether an error

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3936-615: The European Union member states except Denmark accepted Council Regulation (EC) 44/2001 , which makes major changes to the Brussels Convention and is directly effective in the member nations. Council Regulation (EC) 44/2001 now also applies as between the rest of the EU Member States and Denmark due to an agreement reached between the European Community and Denmark. In some legal areas, at least,

4059-727: The Miami Heat and Chicago Bulls , PGA Tour golfer Tiger Woods , and National Football League quarterback Peyton Manning of the Indianapolis Colts and Denver Broncos . In April 2014, it was announced that Gatorade would become an official supplier to Formula 1 team Sahara Force India . Gatorade became the main global sponsor for the UEFA Champions League starting in the 2015–18 cycle outside of North America . In November 2021, Gatorade signed UConn basketball superstar Paige Bueckers , making her

4182-456: The Necessary and Proper Clause in areas beyond those specifically conferred on Congress ( Missouri v. Holland , 252 U.S. 416 (1920)). This concerns the relationships both between courts in different jurisdictions , and between courts within the same jurisdiction. The usual legal doctrine under which questions of jurisdiction are decided is termed forum non conveniens . To deal with

4305-404: The United States —such subunits will exercise jurisdiction through the court systems as defined by the executives and legislatures. When the jurisdictions of government entities overlap one another—for example between a state and the federation to which it belongs—their jurisdiction is a shared or concurrent jurisdiction. Otherwise, one government entity will have exclusive jurisdiction over

4428-550: The World Trade Organization (WTO) that have socially and economically significant dispute resolution functions but, again, even though their jurisdiction may be invoked to hear the cases, the power to enforce their decisions is at the will of the nations affected, save that the WTO is permitted to allow retaliatory action by successful nations against those nations found to be in breach of international trade law . At

4551-769: The federal government and a state, actions by a state against the citizens of another state or foreign country. As a practical example of court jurisdiction, as of 2013 Utah has five types of courts, each for different legal matters and different physical territories. One-hundred-and-eight judges oversee Justice Courts, which handle traffic and parking citations, misdemeanor crimes, and most small claims cases. Seventy-one judges preside over District Courts, which deal with civil cases exceeding small claims limits, probate law, felony criminal cases, divorce and child custody cases, some small claims, and appeals from Justice Courts. Twenty-eight judges handle Juvenile Court, which oversees most people under 18 years old who are accused of

4674-782: The member nations of the EEC signed the Brussels Convention in 1968 and, subject to amendments as new nations joined, it represents the default law for all twenty-seven Member States of what is now termed the European Union on the relationships between the courts in the different countries. In addition, the Lugano Convention (1988) binds the European Union and the European Free Trade Association . In effect from 1 March 2002, all

4797-579: The stannary courts that dealt with disputes involving the tin miners of Cornwall . The original royal charters of the American colonies included broad grants of franchise jurisdiction along with other governmental powers to corporations or individuals, as did the charters for many other colonial companies such as the British East India Company and British South Africa Company . Analogous jurisdiction existed in medieval times on

4920-603: The "top new food product of 2008", noting that the product generated retail sales of $ 159.1 million in its first full year of production. Gatorade Tiger was a Gatorade Thirst Quencher sports drink formed as the result of a sponsorship arrangement with Tiger Woods . Debuting in March 2008, Gatorade Tiger was available in Red Drive (cherry), Cool Fusion (lemon-lime), and Quiet Storm (grape). Gatorade Tiger contained 25% more electrolytes than Gatorade Thirst Quencher. As part of

5043-670: The 1990s and early 2000s, high fructose corn syrup was used to sweeten Gatorade distributed in North America, but as of 2011, the drink is once again sweetened with a sucrose–dextrose combination, which the company describes as being "preferred by consumers". G2 and G2 Natural, labeled as being "lower calorie" variants, are sweetened in part with PureVia , an extract of the Stevia plant. The presence of calories, sugar, and sodium in Gatorade products has drawn attention from public school constituents, who have raised question over whether

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5166-618: The 2000s, including expansion into India in 2004, and the United Kingdom and Ireland in 2008. As of 2010, Gatorade products were made available for sale in more than 80 countries. As the number-one sports drink by annual retail sales in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Italy, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, Gatorade is also among the leading sports drink brands in Korea and Australia. As

5289-441: The 2009 rebranding, Gatorade Tiger was re-labeled as Focus . It was reformulated, adding the amino acid theanine , which is naturally found in many forms of tea , improving mental focus. Focus contained about 25 mg per 8 US fluid ounces (240 mL) serving or 50 mg per 16.9 US fluid ounces (500 mL) bottle. On November 25, 2009, it was reported by Beverage Digest , and later confirmed by PepsiCo, that they had made

5412-579: The Courts of Appeals, as well as the state supreme courts, by means of writ of certiorari . However, in a special class of cases, the U.S. Supreme Court has the power to exercise original jurisdiction. Under 28 U.S.C.   § 1251 , the Supreme court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over controversies between two or more states, and original (but non-exclusive) jurisdiction over cases involving officials of foreign states, controversies between

5535-733: The District Court in Provo, Utah . If both the minor traffic offense and the felony arrests resulted in guilty verdicts, the traffic conviction could be appealed to the District Court in Provo, while the second-degree felony appeal would be heard by the Appeals Court in Salt Lake City and the first-degree felony appeal would be heard by the Supreme Court. Similarly for civil matters, a small claims case arising in Orem would probably be heard in

5658-501: The European Continent. Over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, franchise jurisdictions were largely eliminated. Several formerly important franchise courts were not officially abolished until Courts Act of 1971 . Gatorade This is an accepted version of this page Gatorade is an American brand of sports-themed beverage and food products, built around its signature line of sports drinks . The drink

5781-471: The Food and Drug Administration prohibited that. That would classify it as something other than a cola or soft drink, so we changed it to ade." Some were skeptical that the product's effect was anything more than a placebo . Cade mentioned, "If you told a football player that you were giving him Demerol to relieve pain and you gave him a placebo instead, there's about a 30% chance that the placebo will relieve

5904-488: The GSSI, which in part have led to innovations in new Gatorade formula variations and product lines. In 2001, the GSSI observed that professional race car drivers were not maintaining adequate levels of hydration during races, attributable to the nature of drivers enduring multiple-hour races in high temperatures. As a result, it developed a product called the "Gatorade In-Car Drinking System", which has since been implemented in

6027-505: The Gatorade brand was purchased by the Quaker Oats Company in 1983, which, in turn, was bought by PepsiCo in 2001. As of 2010, Gatorade is PepsiCo's fourth-largest brand , on the basis of worldwide annual retail sales. It competes with Coca-Cola 's Powerade and Vitaminwater brands worldwide, and with Lucozade in the United Kingdom . Within the United States, Gatorade accounts for approximately 67.7% of market share in

6150-546: The Gatorade helped us be a better second-half team or not... We drank it, but whether it helped us in the second half, who knows?" Nonetheless, the football team credited Gatorade as having contributed to their first Orange Bowl win over the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets in 1967, at which point the drink gained traction within the athletic community. Yellow Jackets coach Bobby Dodd , when asked why his team lost, replied: "We didn't have Gatorade. That made

6273-621: The ICJ only nations may be parties in cases before the Court and, under Article 36, the jurisdiction comprises all cases which the parties refer to it and all matters specially provided for in the Charter of the United Nations or in treaties and conventions in force. But, to invoke the jurisdiction in any given case, all the parties have to accept the prospective judgment as binding. This reduces

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6396-820: The Orem Justice Court, while a divorce filed by an Orem resident would be heard by the District Court in Provo. The above examples apply only to cases of Utah state law; any case under Federal jurisdiction would be handled by a different court system. All Federal cases arising in Utah are under the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the District of Utah , headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah , and would be heard in one of three Federal courthouses. In Australia, unless

6519-582: The State where the crime has been committed may exercise jurisdiction. This is one of the most straightforward and least controversial of the principles. This is also the only principle that is territorial in nature; all other forms are extraterritorial. Nationality principle (also known as the Active Personality Principle): This principle is based around a person's nationality and allows States to exercise jurisdiction when it comes to their nationality, both within and outside

6642-712: The State's territory. Seeing as the territoriality principle already gives the State the right to exercise jurisdiction, this principle is primarily used as a justification for prosecuting crimes committed abroad by a States nationals. There is a growing trend to allow States to also apply this principle to permanent residents abroad as well (for example: Denmark Criminal Code (2005), sec 7; Finland Criminal Code (2015), sec 6; Iceland Criminal Code (2014), art 5; Latvia Criminal Code (2013), sec 4; Netherlands Criminal Code (2019), art 7; Norway Criminal Code (2005), sec 12; Swedish Criminal Code (1999), sec 2; Lithuania Criminal Code (2015), art 5). Passive Personality Principle : This principle

6765-546: The U.S. are a prime example of jurisdictional dilemmas caused by different states under a federal alignment. When parents and children are in different states, there is the possibility of different state court orders over-ruling each other. The U.S. solved this problem by adopting the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act . The act established criteria for determining which state has primary jurisdiction, which allows courts to defer

6888-577: The USA amidst health concerns. The composition of Gatorade in Europe, Japan and India remain unaffected as BVO was outlawed there 23 years earlier. Gatorade's inventors went on to develop new sports drinks. Gatorade's owners sued to acquire rights to these new products, but they never made them available publicly. First, Shires and Cade developed Go!, a drink that, unlike Gatorade, contained protein to stimulate muscular recovery. Stokley-Van Camp paid "a fee to have

7011-598: The United States and customary international law to be a part of the "Supreme Law of the Land" (along with the Constitution itself and acts of Congress passed pursuant to it) (U.S. Const.art. VI Cl. 2) As such, the law of the land is binding on the federal government as well as on state and local governments. According to the Supreme Court of the United States , the treaty power authorizes Congress to legislate under

7134-600: The United States, Canada, and Romania. In northern Germany, a half-and-half mix of Pilsner beer and soft drink is known as an Alster (short for Alsterwasser , German: [ˈalstɐˌvasɐ] , German for 'water from the Alster ', a river in Hamburg). Regionally the Radler and Alster may refer to shandies made with either citrus or orange flavoured softdrinks, with the two terms either contrasting or referring to

7257-540: The United States, the concept of jurisdiction applies at multiple levels (e.g., local, state , and federal). Jurisdiction draws its substance from international law , conflict of laws , constitutional law , and the powers of the executive and legislative branches of government to allocate resources to best serve the needs of society . Generally, international laws and treaties provide agreements which nations agree to be bound to. Such agreements are not always established or maintained. Extraterritorial jurisdiction

7380-485: The United States. Beginning in the 1980s, the company expanded distribution of Gatorade, venturing into Canada in 1986, regions of Asia in 1987, South America and parts of Europe in 1988, and Australia in 1993. In 1990, Gatorade introduced Gatorade Light, a lower-calorie version sweetened with saccharin . International expansion came at the cost of $ 20 million in 1996 alone; however, the resulting efforts produced worldwide sales of $ 283 million in more than 45 countries during

7503-436: The United States. G Natural was released in two flavors: G Orange Citrus and G2 Berry. The G Series began to replace prior iterations of Gatorade product lines in the U.S. (the brand's highest volume market) in 2010. While Gatorade products have historically been developed for athletes engaging in competitive sporting events, a separate line of products formulated for consumption before, during and after personal fitness exercise

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7626-510: The absence of fluids or even with Gatorade." In an experiment with cyclists, Cade found that TQ2 allowed athletes to endure for 30% longer than Gatorade. Cade pitched the TQ2 product to Pepsi and other beverage companies. Meanwhile, Gatorade's owner Quaker sued Cade. After years of legal proceedings, Cade was forced to sell TQ2 to Quaker in 1993. Quaker "bagged" TQ2, never releasing it to the public. Gatorade claimed that its research found that TQ2

7749-399: The addition of the fruit punch flavor in 1983. In 1988, a Citrus Cooler flavor was introduced. The rise to popularity of this flavor was largely a result of Michael Jordan , who, at the height of his NBA career in the early 1990s, stated that it was his favorite flavor. This claim appeared on the packaging beginning in 1991, as part of a 10-year endorsement deal. The Citrus Cooler flavor

7872-585: The ads were produced to commemorate the brand's 50th anniversary. In more recent years, the Gatorade brand has continued to employ professional sports athletes in the promotion of its products. Primary endorsers in the 2000s have included Major League Baseball player Derek Jeter of the New York Yankees , National Hockey League player Sidney Crosby of the Pittsburgh Penguins , National Basketball Association player Dwyane Wade of

7995-510: The advertisements". Gatorade is the official sports drink of the NFL , MLB , NBA , WNBA , USA Basketball , NHL , Association of Volleyball Professionals , Indian Super League , High School Sports Teams, NASCAR , and other professional and collegiate athletic organizations, providing supplies of the drinks to sponsored teams in some cases. Distribution was extended to include the U.K. in 2008, coinciding with an agreement designating Gatorade as

8118-409: The aftermath of the 1994 Rwandan genocide , aid agencies were struggling to save the lives of thousands of Rwandan refugees dying of dehydration due to cholera in camps in eastern Zaire . The aid agency AmeriCares was heavily criticized for choosing to provide Gatorade as a form of oral rehydration solution . The New York Times stated: But while Gatorade might be good for athletes, it

8241-417: The average American will consume 160 pounds (73 kg) of sugar each year, almost one-half pound (230 g) of sugar per day. One of the most prevalent ways that sugar is consumed is through drinks. Most people do not notice the amount of sugar that one given drink can have . In January 2013, the Gatorade manufacturer (PepsiCo) agreed to remove brominated vegetable oil (BVO) from its Gatorade products in

8364-575: The benefit of maintaining legal entities with jurisdiction over a wide range of matters of significance to nations (the ICJ should not be confused with the ICC and this version of "universal jurisdiction" is not the same as that enacted in the War Crimes Law (Belgium) , which is an assertion of extraterritorial jurisdiction that will fail to gain implementation in any other state under the standard provisions of public policy ). Under Article 34 Statute of

8487-459: The color of the beer, hence its name (clara means "clear" in Spanish). It is usually served as a refreshment in the hot summer months, being a very popular drink. Other regions have different names for the mixture, and there is a debate over whether a clara refers to beer with lemon, or beer with a soft drink. In the United States, a 50/50 mix of a Mexican lager and cucumber-lime flavored Gatorade

8610-721: The company's first college endorser since the NCAA allowed athletes at its member schools to receive compensation for product endorsements . At the time, other athlete endorsers included basketball players Elena Delle Donne , Jayson Tatum , and Zion Williamson ; NFL quarterback Trevor Lawrence ; track star Sydney McLaughlin , and tennis great Serena Williams . By December 2023, Gatorade had signed three other college athletes to similar deals—football players Shedeur Sanders of Colorado and Nick Singleton of Penn State , and basketball superstar Caitlin Clark of Iowa . Gatorade also hosts

8733-530: The company's initial expectations. Flavors in the Frost line were the first from Gatorade to divert from fruit names; it was described as consisting of "light-tasting fruit-flavor blends". Gatorade revealed the Gatorade Energy Bar in 2001. This bar was Gatorade's first foray into solid foods and was introduced to compete with PowerBar and Clif Bar . Gatorade Energy Bars contained a large proportion of protein, in addition to carbohydrates. The bar

8856-594: The correlation and effects of exercise, environmental variables, and nutrition on the human body. According to Darren Rovell , "GSSI was created at a time when there was a lot of scientific controversy, since there wasn't much public evidence that Gatorade actually worked...GSSI was also created to be part of Gatorade's powerful marketing arm." It regularly conducted testing and research on how hydration and nutrition affect athletic performance. Professional athletes such as Eli Manning as well as collegiate and amateur athletes have been involved in fitness testing programs at

8979-620: The difference in competence between federal and state courts. Federal courts are the High Court of Australia , the Federal Court of Australia , the Family Court of Australia , and other subsidiaries. Federal courts exercise federal jurisdiction - the judicial powers granted to the federal government by the constitution of Australia. The extent of that jurisdiction is outlined in both the Constitution and legislation enacted by

9102-612: The difference." The University of Florida researchers initially considered naming their product "Gator-Aid", but eventually settled on "Gatorade". Darren Rovell notes in his history of Gatorade, First in Thirst , "the doctors realized that they probably shouldn't use the 'Aid' suffix, since that would mean that if the drink were ever marketed, they would have to prove that it had a clear medicinal use and perform clinical tests on thousands of people." Gatorade co-inventor Dana Shires explained, "We were told that you couldn't use that because

9225-493: The difficult question of how to co-ordinate their activities with those of national courts. If the two sets of bodies do not have concurrent jurisdiction but, as in the case of the International Criminal Court (ICC), the relationship is expressly based on the principle of complementarity , i.e., the international court is subsidiary or complementary to national courts, the difficulty is avoided. But if

9348-400: The discretion to hear a case that falls outside of its subject matter jurisdiction. It is also necessary to distinguish between original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction . A court of original jurisdiction has the power to hear cases as they are first initiated by a plaintiff , while a court of appellate jurisdiction may only hear an action after the court of original jurisdiction (or

9471-614: The distribution of Gatorade expanded outside of the U.S., localized flavors were introduced to conform to regional tastes and cultural preferences, among other factors. For example, Blueberry is available in Colombia , and in Brazil , a Pineapple flavor of Gatorade is sold. In Australia, flavors include Antarctic Freeze and Wild Water Rush. Some flavors that have been discontinued in the U.S., such as Alpine Snow and Starfruit, have since been made available in other countries. In 2011, Gatorade

9594-404: The earliest written record of the word dates back to 1853. In H. G. Wells ’ comic novel The History of Mr Polly , Wells refers to Shandygaff as "two bottles of beer mixed with ginger beer in a round-bellied jug". In England, Wales and Scotland, a lager top is a lager with a dash of lemonade on top, the latter of which reduces the lager's hardness. In France, Switzerland and parts of Italy,

9717-405: The early 1970s, legal questions arose regarding whether or not the researchers who invented Gatorade were entitled to ownership of its royalties since they had been working under a research grant from the federal government which provided financial stipends. The University of Florida also claimed partial rights of ownership, which was brought to resolution in 1973 in the form of a settlement awarding

9840-570: The end of a game. This tradition was popularized in the mid-1980s when Harry Carson and Jim Burt , of the New York Giants , doused head coach Bill Parcells during the 1985 season. Burt's teammates picked up on this practice and popularized it during the team's championship season of 1986–87. The tradition has since become a recurring tradition across other team sports, including Canadian football . The name may be used even when other drinks such as water or Powerade are substituted. In

9963-426: The exclusive rights for some period of time, but they never did develop it". In 1989, Cade created a new sports drink that he claimed was more effective than Gatorade. The new product was called TQ2, shorthand for Thirst Quencher 2. The patent application read: "The invention described here is a novel fluid composition which surprisingly and advantageously maintains blood volume at levels well above those observed in

10086-609: The federal parliament. For example, section 73(ii) of the Constitution empowers the High Court to hear appeals from the supreme court of any state, and from other courts exercising federal jurisdiction. Likewise, section 39B(1A)(c) of the Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) empowers the Federal Court of Australia to hear any matter arising under laws enacted by the federal parliament. Similarly, the jurisdiction of state courts

10209-522: The first in a history of professional sports sponsorship for the Gatorade brand. A year after its commercial introduction, S-VC tested multiple variations of the original Gatorade recipe, finally settling on more palatable variants in lemon-lime and orange flavors. This reformulation also removed the sweetener cyclamate  – which was banned by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1969 – replacing it with additional fructose . In

10332-432: The flavor selections altered. In late 2007, a low-calorie line of Gatorade drinks, named G2 , was released. G2 was meant for athletes off the field and those who practiced physical activities, such as yoga, at home. As of 2015 , G2 has been produced in eight flavors: Orange , Fruit Punch , Grape , Lemon-Lime , Tropical blend , Blueberry-Pomegranate , Raspberry Melon , and Glacier Freeze . SymphonyIRI Group named G2

10455-623: The great cycling boom of the Roaring Twenties , Kugler created a bicycle trail from Munich through the woods that led directly to his drinking establishment. While the term Radler has been widely attributed to Kugler, the combination of beer and soft drink is documented in texts dating from 1912. Radler is consumed not only in Bavaria , but also in other parts of Germany, Austria, Czechia, Hungary, Italy, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Poland, Portugal, Netherlands, Norway, Bulgaria,

10578-412: The hearing of a case if an appropriate administrative agency determines so. The primary distinctions between areas of jurisdiction are codified at the federal level. In the United States' common law system, jurisdiction is conceptually divided between jurisdiction over the subject matter of a case and personal jurisdiction over the parties to the case. A court whose subject matter jurisdiction

10701-499: The history of English common law, a jurisdiction could be held as a form of property (or more precisely an incorporeal hereditament ) called a franchise . Traditional franchise jurisdictions of various powers were held by municipal corporations , religious houses , guilds , early universities , the Welsh Marches , and counties palatine . Types of franchise courts included courts baron , courts leet , merchant courts , and

10824-447: The interests of justice, the second court is a more appropriate place to litigate. In assessing the interests of justice in any particular matter, the court will have regard to the interests of the parties. The mere existence of criteria to transfer matters over to different courts nonetheless means that parties have an interest in commencing proceedings in the most convenient jurisdiction to them. The advantage conferred onto first movers

10947-467: The issue of forum shopping , nations are urged to adopt more positive rules on conflict of laws. The Hague Conference and other international bodies have made recommendations on jurisdictional matters, but litigants with the encouragement of lawyers on a contingent fee continue to shop for forums. Under international law there are different principles that are recognized to establish a state's ability to exercise criminal jurisdiction when it comes to

11070-575: The jurisdiction claimed is concurrent or, as in the case of International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the international tribunal is to prevail over national courts, the problems are more difficult to resolve politically. The idea of universal jurisdiction is fundamental to the operation of global organizations such as the United Nations and the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which jointly assert

11193-546: The jurisdiction of local courts to enforce rights granted under international law wherever there is incorporation. If there is no direct effect or legislation, there are two theories to justify the courts incorporating international into municipal law: In the United States, the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution makes all treaties that have been ratified under the authority of

11316-414: The jurisdiction of the courts of each state extends (at a basic level) to matters occurring within their state. Meanwhile, the jurisdiction of the Federal Court of Australia is over matters arising under federal law. The jurisdiction of the High Court is to hear appeals from states’ Supreme Courts, the Federal Court, and over matters prescribed in the Constitution of Australia. That approach to jurisdiction

11439-529: The late 1970s, Stokely-Van Camp (owner of Gatorade before 1983) negotiated a long-term licensing deal with Swell and Vicks to market Gator Gum. The gum was discontinued in 1989 after the contract expired. It was not until the mid and late 1990s that Gatorade beverages became available in a broader range of flavor variations. Among these initial flavor extensions were Watermelon , introduced in 1995, and Cherry Rush , Strawberry Kiwi , and Mandarina flavors, added in 1996. In January 1997, Gatorade launched

11562-654: The matter. A court whose subject matter is not limited to certain types of controversy is referred to as a court of general jurisdiction . In the U.S. states , each state has courts of general jurisdiction; most states also have some courts of limited jurisdiction. Federal courts (those operated by the federal government ) are all courts of limited jurisdiction. Federal jurisdiction is divided into federal question jurisdiction and diversity jurisdiction . The United States district courts may hear only cases arising under federal law and treaties, cases involving ambassadors, admiralty cases, controversies between states or between

11685-492: The meeting's results in 1996, advising athletes to drink "at a rate sufficient to replace all the water lost through sweating" or "the maximal amount that can be tolerated". Gatorade continues to sponsor the American College of Sports Medicine, though the exact amount it pays is not public. Early Gatorade advertisements claimed that the drink moved through the body 12 times faster than water. Research found that this

11808-487: The nature of laws, the power ceded to these bodies cumulatively represents its own jurisdiction. But no matter how powerful each body may appear to be, the extent to which any of their judgments may be enforced, or proposed treaties and conventions may become, or remain, effective within the territorial boundaries of each nation is a political matter under the sovereign control each nation. The fact that international organizations, courts and tribunals have been created raises

11931-541: The official sports drink of Chelsea F.C. (for outside of the U.S. and Canada ) Gatorade's 1991 Be Like Mike ads featured Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls , a North American basketball team which had just won its first National Basketball Association championship at the time. The ads began airing in August 1991 and "Be Like Mike" became a household phrase in the United States. In 2015, new versions of

12054-415: The other principles as there is attached to it the obligation to either prosecute the accused or extradite them to a State that will, known as aut dedere aut judicare . At a supranational level, countries have adopted a range of treaty and convention obligations to relate the right of individual litigants to invoke the jurisdiction of national courts and to enforce the judgments obtained. For example,

12177-496: The pain as much as taking Demerol would have." Shortly after the 1969 Orange Bowl, Robert Cade entered into an agreement providing Stokely-Van Camp, Inc. (S-VC), a canned- food packaging company, with the U.S. rights to production and sale of Gatorade as a commercial product. In the same year, a licensing arrangement made Gatorade the official sports drink of the National Football League (NFL), representing

12300-518: The political barriers to such unification in the face of entrenched nationalism will be very difficult to overcome. Each such group may form transnational institutions with declared legislative or judicial powers. For example, in Europe, the European Court of Justice has been given jurisdiction as the ultimate appellate court to the member states on issues of European law. This jurisdiction is entrenched, and its authority could only be denied by

12423-533: The reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments is now more straightforward. At a national level, the traditional rules still determine jurisdiction over persons who are not domiciled or habitually resident in the European Union or the Lugano area. Many nations are subdivided into states or provinces (i.e. a subnational "state" ). In a federation —as can be found in Australia , Brazil , India , Mexico , and

12546-469: The risk of wasting the Court's time. Despite the safeguards built into the constitutions of most of these organizations, courts and tribunals, the concept of universal jurisdiction is controversial among those nations which prefer unilateral to multilateral solutions through the use of executive or military authority, sometimes described as realpolitik -based diplomacy. Within other international contexts, there are intergovernmental organizations such as

12669-798: The sale of Gatorade beverages should be permitted in such schools. In 2010, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger sponsored a bill ( SB 1295 ) which proposed a ban on the sale of sports drinks in California schools. In 2015, the University of California, San Francisco began to phase out the sale of sodas, sports drinks and energy drinks in its cafeterias, vending machines , and campus catering and retail locations, and began to "sell only zero-calorie beverages or non-sweetened drinks with nutritional value, such as milk and 100% juice". There are 34 g of sugar (8 teaspoons) in one 20 US fluid ounces (590 ml) bottle of regular Gatorade. The USDA's recommended daily maximum of added sugars per person

12792-423: The same drink. In Austria, a saure Radler is a mix of lager and soda water. In Austria, a variant, sometimes called Almradler, is popular, using Almdudler instead of lemonade. Radler is very popular during the summer months due to its low alcohol content and reputation for being a "thirst-quencher". In New Zealand, the word "radler" was trademarked by DB Breweries for their "Monteith's Radler " beer, which

12915-628: The same year. In 1997, distribution of Gatorade in an additional 10 countries prompted an 18.7% growth in annual sales. In 2001, the multinational food and beverage company PepsiCo acquired Gatorade's parent company, the Quaker Oats Company, for $ 13 billion to add Gatorade to its portfolio of brands. PepsiCo had also recently developed All Sport , which it divested of shortly following the Quaker acquisition to satisfy antitrust regulations. Worldwide development of Gatorade continued into

13038-443: The shared area. When jurisdiction is concurrent, one government entity may have supreme jurisdiction over the other entity if their laws conflict. If the executive or legislative powers within the jurisdiction are not restricted, or have only limited restrictions, these government branches have plenary power such as a national policing power . Otherwise, an enabling act grants only limited or enumerated powers. Child custody cases in

13161-490: The sodium and three times the potassium of the typical Gatorade formula as well as chloride , magnesium , and calcium , to better replace what athletes lose while training and competing. Introduced in 2002, Gatorade Ice was marketed as a lighter flavored Gatorade and came in Strawberry, Lime, Orange, and Watermelon. All of these flavors were colorless and transparent . Ice was re-branded in 2006 as Gatorade Rain and

13284-421: The sports drink category. Gatorade was created in 1965, by a team of scientists at the University of Florida College of Medicine , including Robert Cade , Dana Shires , Harry James Free, and Alejandro de Quesada. Following a request from Florida Gators football head coach Ray Graves , Gatorade was created to help athletes by acting as a replacement for body fluids lost during physical exertion. Like many of

13407-523: The sports drinks that pre-dated it by decades, such as Lucozade , the earliest version of the beverage consisted of a mixture of water, sodium , sugar , potassium , phosphate , and lemon juice. Ten players on the University of Florida football team tested the first version of Gatorade during practices and games in 1965, and the tests were deemed successful. On the other hand, star quarterback Steve Spurrier said, "I don't have any answer for whether

13530-457: The state Constitution, election matters, judicial conduct, and alleged misconduct by lawyers. This example shows how matters arising in the same physical territory might be seen in different courts. A minor traffic infraction originating in Orem, Utah is handled by the Orem Justice Court. However, a second-degree felony arrest and a first-degree felony arrest in Orem would be under the jurisdiction of

13653-408: The territory of another state unless there is a rule that permits this. On that same note, states enjoy a wide measure of discretion to prescribe jurisdiction over persons, property and acts within their own territory unless there was a rule that prohibits this. Supranational organizations provide mechanisms whereby disputes between nations may be resolved through arbitration or mediation . When

13776-411: The university with a 20% share of Gatorade royalties . As of 2009, the university had received more than $ 150 million from its share and was receiving approximately $ 12 million per year. The Quaker Oats Company purchased S-VC and Gatorade in 1983 for $ 220 million, following a bidding war with rival Pillsbury . In its first two decades of production, Gatorade was primarily sold and distributed within

13899-469: The vehicles of many professional race car drivers. In addition to the former Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Gatorade sponsors external health and fitness research. In 1992, Gatorade paid the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) $ 250,000. A year later, Gatorade and the American College of Sports Medicine held a roundtable meeting on "exercise and fluid replacement". The ACSM published

14022-546: Was USDA certified organic through each step of the process, contained sea salt, and no artificial colors. Gx Sweat , in March 2021, Gatorade released Gx Sweat patch, which measures a user's sweat and hydration. It is the company's first wearable product. Gatorlyte , in 2021, Gatorade released Gatorlyte, a 5-electrolyte blend that they claim provides 'rapid rehydration'. Fast Twitch , in 2023, Gatorade released Fast Twitch, an energy drink that they claim will 'ignite power and athletic performance'. The original Gatorade

14145-429: Was designed to be taken in before a regular beverage consumed for hydration. It was an example of a broader push by PepsiCo into energy beverages. In its early years, the Gatorade brand consisted of a single product line, Gatorade Thirst Quencher , which was produced in liquid and powder form under two flavor variants: Lemon Lime and Orange . These remained as the only two flavor options for nearly 20 years, until

14268-469: Was introduced in the U.S. in 2011. Labeled under the name G Series FIT , this product line consists of pre-workout fruit-and-nut bites, lightly flavored electrolyte replacement drinks, as well as post-workout protein recovery smoothies. G Organic with interest from consumers and two years of research, Gatorade developed an organic version of the sports drink. The product was launched in 2016 with three initial flavors (Lemon, Mixed Berry, and Strawberry),

14391-458: Was made in that process, as well as whether and how that error ought to be rectified. Their job is to correct errors made in answering the said questions - essentially, to correct errors of law. The jurisdiction of Supreme Courts of states and territories may be vested in each other in special circumstances, the federal jurisdiction may also be vested in them. Technicalities aside, the scheme compels courts to transfer matters to another court if, in

14514-522: Was not an improvement over the original Gatorade formula. Cade, on the other hand, continued to stand by his product. He accused Quaker and Gatorade of stifling the publication of the research behind TQ2. The Gatorade Sports Science Institute (GSSI), a research facility operated in Barrington, Illinois , has been featured in a number of the company's commercials. Established in 1985 and closed in 2022, this organization consisted of scientists studying

14637-452: Was not true - Gatorade moves through the body at the same speed as water. Gatorade removed the claim from its advertisements. Gatorade advertisements have claimed that athletes need to consume at least "40 oz. per hour [1.2 L] or your performance could suffer". South African exercise physiologist Tim Noakes found that Cynthia Lucero died from exercise-associated hyponatremic encephalopathy drinking Gatorade at "the rate recommended by

14760-721: Was primarily made up of puffed grains and corn syrup, common components of other energy bars. In 2001, Gatorade introduced the Gatorade Performance Series , a special line of sports nutrition products. These products include Gatorade Carbohydrate Energy Drink , Gatorade Protein Recovery Shake , the Gatorade Nutrition Shake , and the Gatorade Nutrition Bar . The Endurance Formula , introduced in 2004, contained twice

14883-567: Was re-introduced to New Zealand by Bluebird Foods , a PepsiCo subsidiary in New Zealand. The product is made in Australia by Schweppes Australia , and exported to New Zealand and distributed along with Bluebird potato chips. In September 2022, Gatorade introduced Fast Twitch, its first caffeinated energy drink that had 200 milligrams of caffeine, electrolytes, vitamins B6 and B12 but contained no sugar or carbonation. The company said it

15006-572: Was re-labeled Shine On ; Gatorade X-Factor was relabeled as Be Tough , and Gatorade Fierce was relabeled Bring It . However, these names were short-lived, as a 2% decline in market share in 2009 led to a broader repositioning of the entire line in 2010. Beginning in February 2010, the Gatorade product portfolio was re-positioned around what the company refers to as the G Series , categorizing varieties of its products into three main segments: before, during, and after athletic events. G Series Pro ,

15129-416: Was reportedly discontinued at some point in the 1990s; however, even as late as 2011, it was listed as being a current product in the U.S. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, as well as the late 1990s to early 2000s, a Gatorade brand of chewing gum called Gator Gum was produced. The product, manufactured by Fleer Corporation , was available in both of Gatorade's original flavors (lemon-lime and orange). In

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