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65-586: The manuscript was presumably created by the jesuit Juan de Tovar ca. 1583-1587 under the auspices of the historian José de Acosta . The manuscript deals with the history of the Aztec since their origins at the legendary location of Aztlan until the Spanish conquest . Besides the text of the Relación , the manuscript contains 32 line drawings which are parallel to those found in the work of Diego Durán , in which

130-555: A League of Nobles in March 1460. They raised a large number of noblemen, took control of expenditure, and gained the acceptance of Alfonso of Castile , the King Henry's half-brother and Prince of Asturias. To counteract King John II's politicking, Henry IV reacted by invading Navarre in support of Charles, Prince of Viana . Charles was the heir to Navarre, and he revolted against his father John II in 1450 when he refused to cede

195-418: A book about deities and their festivals; and a brief account of the native calendar. The most detailed and important section is the first treatise, which chronicles the rise of the Aztec empire and the Spanish conquest. Tovar asserts that his works were prepared with the original information of Aztec informants from Tula ; however, historians argue that he also extensively utilized the works of Diego Durán, given

260-681: A cadet branch of the House of Tovar. His father, Sancho de Tovar, is documented as early as 1432 in possession of the Lordship of Cevico. . In 1449, Sancho de Tovar, "son of Juan de Tovar", renounced to the Count of Urueña, Juan Téllez-Girón, all the rights he had in the majorat of the House of Tovar. Juan de Tovar, his paternal grandfather, was also Lord of the towns of Cevico and Caracena, and Chief-guard to John II of Castile . He married Catarina Manuel, daughter of Pedro Manuel ( Rico-Homem and Lord of

325-472: A cousin of Joan of Portugal , whom he wanted to marry instead. Therefore, the reason he used to seek the annulment was the sort of spell that only affected his ability to consummate this one marriage, and would not cause any problems for him with other women. Pope Nicholas V corroborated the decision in December of the same year in a papal bull and provided a papal dispensation for Henry's new marriage with

390-467: A daughter, Joanna , nicknamed "La Beltraneja". Six years after the birth of the throne's heir, part of the nobility of Castile revolted against the king. The rebels claimed that the princess was not the daughter of the king, but actually the daughter of Beltrán de La Cueva , 1st Duke of Alburquerque (thus the nickname "Beltraneja"). This hypothesis was reinforced when the Queen had another two children with

455-524: A decree dated 20 June 1489. The town of Caracena and the village of Inés were later sold by the Catholic Monarchs to their Chief-guard, Alfonso Carrillo de Acuña, Lord of Maqueda, a relative of his namesake Archbishop of Toledo, who had taken part in the fighting against Tovar and helped his relatives from the House of Buendía to settle in the Valle de Cerrato region. For this and other reasons,

520-765: A fierce rivalry was born between the Acuña/Carrillo and the Tovar, which would take place in Palencia as well as in Andalusia . Ferdinand and Isabella ended up condemning Juan de Tovar, confiscating his property, and thus favoring his enemies. The sale of Caracena and Inés took place on 26 March 1491. It was in reality a compensation for the sixteen million maravedis that the Major Commendator of León, Gutierre de Cárdenas, had given to Alfonso Carrillo for

585-479: A long period of conflict between the rival factions, Henry finally agreed to name Isabella his successor, in Guisando ( Ávila ), provided she allow him to arrange her strategic marriage. Isabella would go on to break this stipulation of the agreement. Henry died in 1474 and was buried at Santa María de Guadalupe , next to his mother. Henry was a striking man. Tall, blonde and well built, he had broken his nose as

650-591: A lot of time at the Royal Alcázar of Madrid where he would stay for long periods of time. The Royal Alcazar was later replaced with the Royal Palace of Madrid by the rulers of Spain. Prince Henry celebrated his marriage to Blanche of Navarre in 1440, when he was 15 years old. The cardinal Juan de Cervantes presided over the official ceremony. Her parents were Blanche I of Navarre and John II of Navarre . The marriage had been agreed in 1436 as part of

715-489: A note: "followed the parts of the King D. A. against the King D. Fr. of Castella, by whose order he was beheaded." Next, regarding his son Sancho de Tovar , whom he says passed to India in the armada of Pedro Álvares Cabral (and who sent him to Sofala ), he adds in a note that "he killed the lettered man who ordered his father's beheading because he wanted to lose the Lordship of Cevico". This last information contradicts both

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780-614: A peace treaty with Isabella. In 1440, at the age of fifteen, he was married to Blanche II of Navarre . The marriage was never consummated. In 1453, after thirteen years, Henry sought an annulment. An official examination confirmed the virginity of Blanche, and a priest questioned the prostitutes of Segovia , who confirmed that Henry was sexually capable. Blanche was sent home; eight years later, she became de jure Queen of Navarre and died under strange circumstances. In 1455, Henry married Joan of Portugal , sister of Afonso V of Portugal . After six years of marriage, in 1462, she gave birth to

845-593: A rival king. This event is known in history as the Farce of Avila . Shortly thereafter, Alfonso began handing out land and titles as if he were already uncontested ruler. A civil war began. The most notable clash was at the Second Battle of Olmedo in 1467, which concluded as a draw. However, in 1468, at the age of only 14, Alfonso died, most likely from the plague (although poison and slit throat have been suggested). His will left his crown to his sister, Isabella, who

910-419: A title previously held by Joanna. Henry agreed to the compromise with the stipulation that Alfonso someday marry Joanna, to ensure that they both would one day receive the crown. Not long after this, Henry reneged on his promise and began to support his daughter's claim once more. The nobles in league against him conducted a ceremonial deposition-in-effigy of Henry outside the city of Avila and crowned Alfonso as

975-987: Is proposed to be the original or influential source of a number of early manuscripts (such as the Ramírez, Durán and Acosta codices), based on similarities in their content, which coincide in the exaltation of the Cihuacoatl Tlacaelel as the crucial figure in the consolidation and expansion of the Aztec empire . The illustrations that accompany the manuscript were created using traditional indigenous techniques by an Aztec book painter or tlacuiloque . They are uncoloured, and written indications for illumination are still left in some plates, as in number 26 and 28. The first eighteen drawings are parallel to those in Durán's Historia de las Indias de Nueva España e Islas de Tierra Firme ; numbers 29 and 30 are calendar wheels, while

1040-655: The House of Trastámara ). This arrangement, however, did not last long. Before the birth of his daughter, Henry convened the Court in Madrid and Joanna was sworn in as Princess of Asturias. But a conflict with the nobility was created when Beltrán de la Cueva deposed Juan Pacheco, the Marquis of Villena, and his brother Pedro Girón, Master of Calatrava from Henry's court. This caused a change in alliances: Mendoza began to support

1105-600: The Infantes of Aragon would be constant. On 10 October 1444, he became the first and only prince of Jaén . In 1445 he won the First Battle of Olmedo , defeating the Infantes of Aragon. After the victory at Olmedo, Álvaro de Luna's power waned, and Prince Henry and Juan Pacheco's influence grew. Henry IV's father died on 20 July 1454 and he was proclaimed king the following day. One of King Henry's first priorities

1170-676: The Order of Santiago , and ambassador in Portugal at the time of Philip II . Juan de Tovar fled to France in 1490, not before having renounced his patrimonial rights in Bernardino Fernández de Velasco, Constable of Castile, brother-in-law of his cousin, Maria de Tovar, (daughter of the lord of Berlanga, and heiress of the main branch of the Houses of Tovar and Berlanga). His sons Francisco and Sancho de Tovar later protested for

1235-508: The Castilian throne as the Prince of Asturias . At the time of his birth, Castile was under control of Álvaro de Luna, Duke of Trujillo , who intended to select Henry's companions and direct his education. The companions of his own age included Juan Pacheco , who became his closest confidant. The struggles, reconciliations and intrigues for power among the aristocracy, Álvaro de Luna, and

1300-682: The Cuéllar Courts to launch an offensive against the Emirate of Granada . The campaigns of 1455 and 1458 developed into a war of attrition based on punitive raids and avoiding pitched battles. It was not popular with the aristocracy or the people. Juan Pacheco , the Marquis of Villena, and his brother Pedro Girón were put in charge of government decisions. King Henry also took other advisors, such as Beltrán de la Cueva , Miguel Lucas de Iranzo, and Gómez de Cáceres to balance against their influence. In 1458, King Alfonso V of Aragon died and

1365-655: The Impotent , was King of Castile and León and the last of the weak late-medieval kings of Castile and León. During Henry's reign, the nobles became more powerful and the nation became less centralised. Henry was born in 1425 at the Casa de las Aldabas (since destroyed) in Teresa Gil street of Valladolid . He was the son of John II of Castile and Maria of Aragon , daughter of King Ferdinand I of Aragon . He displaced his older sister, Eleanor , and became heir apparent to

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1430-564: The Lordship of Cevico. In 1480, Juan de Tovar , Señor of Cevico de la Torre , is mentioned in an execution given in Toledo on March 8 of that year, in favor of him and his wife Leonor de Vilhena, in a plea for the possession of the said village of Cevico they sustained with Diego Manrique and his wife Maria de Tovar. The firstborn of the couple, Francisco de Tovar, inherited the Lordship of Cevisco, and married Catalina Enríquez, daughter of Alonso de Monroy and Beatriz de Zuñiga, lords of Velbis. From

1495-513: The Navarrese throne so Henry could take it, and selected him as her protector, against her own father John II of Aragon . The remoteness of Aragon led to an approach to Portugal. In March 1453, before his divorce from Blanche was finalised, there was no record of negotiations for the new marriage between Henry and Joan of Portugal , sister of the king Afonso V of Portugal . The first marital approaches were made in December of that year, although

1560-516: The Tovar lineage since 8 June 1368, when Henry II of Castile , by charter passed in Real regarding Toledo, granted them to his Chief-guard Sancho Fernández de Tovar, Juan's great-grandfather and brother of the Lord Admiral of Castile Fernando Sánchez de Tovar . The Lordship of Cevico might have initially been part of the Lordship of Berlanga, owned by the main branch of the Tovar. This main branch

1625-502: The Tovares of Portugal; Sancho de Tovar Juan de Tovar or Juan Fernández de Tovar , later known as Martín Fernández de Tovar (- 1500 ), was a Castilian nobleman , belonging to the House of Tovar , Lord of the villages of Cevico de la Torre and Caracena , and Chief-guard to King Henry IV of Castile . After the monarch's death, he did not recognize the king's half-sister, Princess Isabella , as sovereign, thus joining

1690-417: The alcavalas of Alcalá de Guadaira, and other towns and places in the terms of Seville. Thus, from 1491, Caracena and Inés became part of the dominions of Alfonso Carrillo, who soon rebuilt the demolished castle of Caracena, in the dominions of such lordship, following the techniques of the time and adapting it to the use of artillery . Differently from what happened with Caracena, the family managed to keep

1755-566: The codex itself; in his edition, he published both the Codex and the work of Tezozomoc together along with Ramírez preface, and intercalated the plates from Codex Ramírez along the whole volume. It was only later, with the edition of Editorial Inovación in 1979, that the Codex Ramírez was published in standalone form. The work has been subsequently translated to French, and English. Juan de Tovar Lord of Cevico and Caracena; Head of

1820-583: The death of the sovereign, Juan de Tovar not only did not recognize Princess Isabella as queen of Castile, but he joined the group of the Marquis of Vilhena and the Archbishop of Toledo, Alfonso Carrillo , who supported Joanna la Beltraneja as queen. After the defeat of the marquis of Vilhena at the Battle of Toro , the Catholic Monarchs made peace with Tovar and other knights who had followed

1885-607: The documentation and Salazar y Castro's statement that the Lordship of Cevico did not belong to Sancho, but to his brother Francisco, firstborn of Juan de Tovar, in whose line he followed, and in whose possession, in fact, is documented. According to Salazar y Castro, in his Historia Genealogica de la casa de Lara , Juan de Tovar, there named as Martin Fernandez de Tovar, had, from his wife Leonor de Vilhena: Henry IV of Castile Henry IV of Castile ( Castilian : Enrique IV ; 5 January 1425 – 11 December 1474), nicknamed

1950-506: The fact that female prostitutes testified to having intercourse with Henry. The question of Joanna's paternity and right to the throne is therefore not firmly answerable, given the lack of available reliable sources. The doubt of her legitimacy as an heir, the weakness of the king, the adultery of the queen, and the unruliness of the nobility all set the stage for a struggle for succession after Henry's death. Henry divorced his wife after her scandalous behavior with Bishop Fonseca's nephew. After

2015-499: The fate of Diego López Pacheco, deciding to be lenient with the uprisings. Juan de Tovar was pardoned by diploma given at Toro on 10 December 1476. Hostilities, however, did not cease. Instead, many of the knights pardoned, and momentarily reintegrated into royal obedience, turned against the monarchs again. Thus, in 1478, when Archbishop Alfonso Carrillo's second attempt to resurrect the Beltraneja party occurred, Juan de Tovar, who

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2080-610: The final two drawings are entirely original, depicting the Spanish Conquest. The Ramírez Codex was discovered in 1856 by José Fernando Ramírez in the library of the convent of San Francisco in Mexico City. Ramírez prepared its publication but sadly didn't live to see its first publication, which was finally done by Manuel Orozco y Berra in his 1847 edition of the work Crónica Mexicana by Fernando Alvarado Tezozomoc . To honour Ramírez, Orozco y Berra gave his name to

2145-468: The grounds of Henry's sexual impotence due to a curse. This neatly reflected the recent political changes: Castile had supported Charles, Prince of Viana in his fight against John II of Aragon for the Navarrese throne since 1451, and Álvaro de Luna, Duke of Trujillo had been executed in May 1453, leaving Henry with greater control of Castile. Henry alleged that he had been incapable of sexually consummating

2210-421: The humble peasants of the county. This continued until Juana de Luna, heiress to Don Alvaro's lineage, married Diégo Lopez Pacheco, firstborn of the Marquis of Vilhena Juan Pacheco . The latter, acting on behalf of his daughter-in-law, responded to the violence initiated by Tovar with more violence, invading his lands and seizing the village of Inés, thus forcing him to sign the peace. On 20 April 1468 Juan de Tovar

2275-590: The king, and Pacheco revived the Aristocratic League aimed at eliminating the influence of Beltrán de la Cueva. They had doubts about the paternity of Henry's daughter, saying that she was in fact the daughter of the new favourite, and started referring to her as "la Beltraneja" . The league of nobles, controlling the king's siblings Alfonso and Isabella , forced Henry at the 1464 Representation of Burgos to repudiate Joanna and recognize Alfonso as his official heir. Alfonso then became Prince of Asturias,

2340-399: The marriage, despite having tried for over three years, the minimum period required by the church. Other women, prostitutes from Segovia, testified that they had had sexual relations with Henry, which is why he blamed his inability to consummate the marriage on a spell. Henry's alleged "permanent impotence" only affected his relations with Blanche. Blanche and Henry were cousins, and he was also

2405-492: The maternal side, she was the granddaughter of Rui Vaz Coutinho. In 1465, Tovar was already Lord of the villages of Cevico de la Torre and Caracena, as is attested on April 2 of that year, when Henry IV of Castile grants Juan Fernández de Tovar, Lord of Cevico de la Torre and Caracena, son and successor of Sancho de Tovar (already deceased), 40,000 maravedis per year of tenace to maintain 20 spears in his service. The lordships of Cevico de la Torre and Caracena had been in

2470-430: The mill's water to water their vegetable gardens, meadows and bread lands, except on Saturdays and Sundays. The relations of the lord of Caracena with the manorial villages near his lands were not always cordial. In the 1460s, taking advantage of the bad relations between Juana Pimentel (widow of Álvaro de Luna ) and Henry IV, Juan de Tovar invaded several times the lands of San Esteban de Gormaz , robbing and plundering

2535-399: The negotiations were long and the proposal wasn't definitively agreed until February 1455. According to chroniclers of the time, Joan did not provide a dowry and would not have to return anything even if the marriage turned out to be a failure. The length of the negotiations and the concessions could be interpreted as caused by the concerns about the rumours of Henry's impotence. The wedding

2600-402: The nephew of a bishop. Though many contemporary historians and chroniclers believed Henry was impotent or homosexual, the royal chronicles of his reign were all written or revised during the reign (and under the influence) of Isabella I , his half-sister and ultimate successor, whose strong interest in proving Joanna illegitimate renders these accounts at least partially suspect, in addition to

2665-417: The party of the Marquis of Vilhena, Juan Pacheco , and the Archbishop of Toledo, Alfonso Carrillo , in support of the king's alleged daughter, Joanna la Beltraneja , and her husband Afonso V , King of Portugal. For this reason, Tovar had the lordships of Cevico and Caracena confiscated in 1489 by the Catholic Monarchs , who sentenced him to death, and fled to France the following year. In Portugal , he

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2730-533: The peace negotiations between Castile and Navarre. The dowry included territories and villas that had previously belonged to Navarre but had been won by the Castillian side during the war, and the Castilians agreed to hand the lands back provided they would be given them back again as part of this dowry. In May 1453, the bishop of Segovia Luis Vázquez de Acuña annulled the marriage of Henry and Blanche, on

2795-620: The rents of the town of Molina and the interest of 600,000 maravedis coming from estates in Seville and its borders. Shortly thereafter, Isabella and Ferdinand granted Carrillo the town of Caracena and the village of Inés, as well as the villages of Madruédano, Santa Maria de Val, and Adanta (lands confiscated from Juan de Tovar a few years earlier). In addition to the mentioned places, the Catholic Monarchs also compensated Carillo with one million three hundred thousand maravedis in cash, and an interest of 675,000 maravedis in annual rent, coming from

2860-477: The rest of his reign. Isabella became Castile's next monarch when he died in 1474. After the death of the king, war broke out in Castile. Joanna was supported by Portugal, while the eventual winner, Henry's half-sister Isabella I of Castile , had the support of Aragon . France initially supported Joanna, yet in 1476, after losing the Battle of Toro , France refused to help Joanna further and in 1478 signed

2925-570: The sale of the Toledo village of Maqueda . This amount never reached Carrilho's hands since the Catholic Monarchs requested him to hand over the amounts to finance the last assault on the Kingdom of Granada . In exchange, the monarchs had promised Carrillo they would provide him 1,000 vassals in Soria , and an annual interest of 600,000 maravedis;. Until the vassals were delivered, they would grant him

2990-468: The sister of the Portuguese king. One of Henry's detractors, the historian Alfonso de Palencia , wrote that the marriage had been a sham and accused Henry of despising his wife and planning to commit adultery to bear children. According to Palencia, Henry demonstrated "most extreme abhorrence" to his wife, and indifference to the confines of marriage. However, in 1462 Blanche gave up her right to

3055-510: The stone of Caracena, with the former even initiating a demand in 1522 to the successor of Alfonso Carrillo, without obtaining any result. In October 1493, his son Francisco Tovar becomes Lord of Cevico de la Torre. Almost two centuries after these events, Cristóvão Alão de Morais refers to them in his Pedatura Lusitana, published in 1667. Alão begins his work Tobares with Martim Fernandes de Tovar, Lord of Cevico and Caracena: "Castilian nobleman who through murder came to this kingdom", adding in

3120-608: The text is probably partly inspired, although diverging in significant ways. It is considered as a draft or earlier version of what would be the Tovar Codex , a later, full color version of the same account prepared by Tovar and send to Spain to Acosta, which is now kept in the John Carter Brown Library in Providence . The Codex Ramirez comprises three sections or treatises: An Aztec imperial history;

3185-671: The throne of Navarre. The campaign was a military success, but King Henry made peace with the League of Nobles in August 1461 to ward off the power of the Mendozas, which had allowed John II to intervene in Castile. King John II was in conflict with the Principality of Catalonia , and on the death of his eldest son, Charles of Viana, the principality elected Henry IV to be Count of Barcelona on 11 August 1462. King Henry's intervention

3250-463: The towns of Montealegre and Meneses ) and Juana Manrique. According to Salazar y Castro, Juan de Tovar was also the paternal great-grandson of Sancho de Tovar, Lord of Cevico and Keeper of the Kingdom, and Teresa de Toledo. In 1460, Juan de Tovar married Leonor de Vilhena, receiving from his future wife a dowry of 700 thousand maravedis , promising her, in return, 200 thousand maravedis. Leonor

3315-409: The undeniable parallels between both. Many scholars believe that, while Tovar may have drawn from Durán, both of them, along with Tezozomoc, based their works on an earlier Nahuatl source (now lost), that is presumed to have been compiled by one or more Aztec historians sometime shortly after the conquest. This earlier document (or documents) is often referred to as " Crónica X " ("Chronicle X") and

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3380-506: The union was born Francisco de Tovar (married to Antonia de Vilhena, Queen Leonor of France's Lady), alcalde and captain of La Goleta, in Tunisia , the last Lord of Cevisco in the Tovar line. After his death, for lack of heirs, the landlord was sold to Juan Manuel (married to D. Catarina de Castela) who died between 1535 and 1543. He was also the son of Francisco and Catalina, Alonso de Tovar, Commander of Lobon and Villanueba de la Fuente, in

3445-571: Was Portuguese and from a noble family: Sister of Rodrigo Afonso de Melo , Count of Olivença, both part of the numerous offspring of Martim Afonso de Melo, Chief-guard to the King Edward , alcalde and frontier of Olivença , and Lord of Ferreira de Aves (deceased before 1469), and Margarida de Vilhena. On her father's side, she was the granddaughter of another Martim Afonso de Melo (Chief-guard to John I and alcalde of Évora ) and Beatriz Pimentel, daughter of João Afonso, Lord of Bragança. On

3510-443: Was asked to take her brother's place as the champion of the rebels. Shortly thereafter at the negotiation of Toros de Guisando , in which she and her allies received most of what they desired, Henry agreed to exclude Joanna la Beltraneja from the succession, and to recognize Isabella as his official heir. Though Henry continued to resist this decision when possible, his actions were ineffective, and he remained at peace with Isabella for

3575-445: Was celebrated in May 1455, but without an affidavit of official bull authorizing the wedding between them, although they were first cousins (their mothers were sisters) and half second cousins (their paternal grandmothers were half-sisters). On 28 February 1462, the queen gave birth to a daughter Joanna la Beltraneja , whose paternity came into question during the conflict for succession to the Castillian throne when Henry died. Henry IV

3640-439: Was dismembered in order to favor a secondary branch of the lineage. Although he only documented himself in possession of the lordship in 1465, Juan was already involved in the administration of the lordship before that date. In 1460, he delivered in perpetual census the mill of Rebollosa de Pedro to the municipalities of Manzanares , Sabero and Termantia , places belonging to the jurisdiction of Caracena. The condition for this

3705-562: Was forced to accept the conditions imposed by Juan Pacheco: the village of Inés, and Francisco de Tovar, firstborn of the lord of Caracena, would remain in the possession of his cousin Juan de Tovar, Lord of Berlanga, for one year. This served as guarantee that the peace signed between them would not be violated, after which time they would return to the possession and company of Tovar. A few years later, Juan de Tovar, then Chief-guard of Henry IV, would eventually lose his Lordship of Caracena. After

3770-637: Was framed as a rivalry between him and John II, making Catalonia an unstable point in the Crown of Aragon. But he was unsuccessful, and the Castillian economy would suffer from an enmity with France, who had supported John II with the Treaty of Bayonne . Henry IV therefore agreed to a settlement in the Judgment of Bayonne , resulting in the abandonment of the Catalans . During his reign as king, Henry IV spent

3835-415: Was known by the name Martim Fernandes de Tovar , for having aligned himself with King Afonso V against the Catholic Monarchs and in favour of Joanna la Beltraneja . He was also known as the father of the navigator Sancho de Tovar and as the head of the Tovar family in the country. Tovar was born under the name Juan, son of Sancho Fernández de Tovar, Lord of Cevico, and Chief-guard to John II of Castile ,

3900-514: Was sentenced to death, and the total loss of his landholdings, confiscated by the Spanish Crown. Tovar's protests were to no avail, deciding to sell Cevico de la Torre and Caracena. On 26 January 1486 the Catholic Monarchs issued a decree to the municipalities of Medina del Campo , Tordesillas and Dueñas forbidding the purchase of places and lands from these, under penalty of losing the properties. Their definitive confiscation took place by

3965-456: Was succeeded by his brother, John II of Navarre. King John II resumed his interference in Castillian politics, supporting the aristocratic opposition to Juan Pacheco's ambitions. With the support of the King Henry, Pacheco moved to seize Álvaro de Luna's assets, but his widow allied herself with the Mendoza family, causing a division among the aristocracy. This process resulted in the formation of

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4030-422: Was that the inhabitants pay Tovar 75 bushels of bread, namely: 50 of wheat and 25 of rye , per day of San Miguel further authorizing the inhabitants of these three villages the cutting of wood from all the hills of Caracena whenever its destination was for the use of the mill. The inhabitants of the three counties were obliged to give the peons that were necessary for the mill's work, preventing them from using

4095-463: Was the alliance with Portugal. He achieved this by marrying a second time to Joan of Portugal , daughter of King Edward of Portugal , in 1455; and by meeting her brother King Afonso V of Portugal in Elvas in 1456. His other main concerns were the possibility of intervention from King John II of Navarre , establishing peace with France and Aragon, and pardoning various aristocrats. Henry IV convened

4160-497: Was then already called Martín Fernández de Tovar, was one of the conjurors. He provided cover for a new invasion of Castile by Afonso V of Portugal, and occupied the town of Alcalá de Henares in the name of la Beltraneja. ' The final defeat of the Portuguese army and its partisans brought harsh punishments for the latter: Diego López Pacheco lost a large part of the towns and lands of the Marquesado de Vilhena, Juan de Tovar

4225-412: Was twenty-six years old when his half-sister Isabella was born. She was the daughter of his father's second marriage in 1447, to Isabella of Portugal . Henry made a number of attempts throughout his reign to arrange a politically advantageous marriage for his much younger sister. The first attempt was when the six-year-old Isabella was betrothed to Ferdinand , son of John II of Navarre (a cadet branch of

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