44-803: Sri Ranganatha Ramayanamu (Telugu: శ్రీ రంగనాథ రామాయణము) is a rendition of Valmiki 's Rāmāyaṇa in Telugu language. It was written by the poet Ranganatha—also known as Gona Budda Reddy —between 1300 and 1310 CE. It was composed in 17,290 couplets (in Dwipada metre ). This metre is lyrical and can either be recited like the Valmiki Ramayana (written in Anustupa metre) or sung like the Ramcharitmanas (written in Doha - Chaupai ). Telugu has
88-517: A patron saint, with a plethora of mandirs (temples) dedicated to him. In the Siddhar tradition of Tamil Nadu , Valmiki is known as Vanmeegar and is revered as one of the 18 esteemed Siddhars of yore. The Ettukudi Murugan Temple, Nagapattinam is home to his Jeeva Samadhi . An area in Chennai , Tiruvanmiyur is believed to derive its name from Sage Valmiki, Thiru-Valmiki-Oor. There
132-818: A commentary on the Sūta Saṁhitā by Madhavācārya is also available. These texts discuss cosmogony, theology, philosophical questions on virtues and vice, questions such as what is evil, the origin of evil, how to deal with and cure evil. The manuscripts of several other texts which claim to be part of the Skanda Purāṇa are found partially or wholly. Some of the notable regional texts amongst these are: Himavat Khaṇḍa which contains Nepalamahatmya (30 chapters, Nepal Tirtha region), Kanakādri Khaṇḍa , Bhīma Khaṇḍa , Śivarahasya Khaṇḍa , Sahyādri Khaṇḍa , Ayodhyā Khaṇḍa , Mathurā Khaṇḍa and Pātāla Khaṇḍa . Kaverimahatmya presents stories and
176-401: A major pilgrimage region or site. The chapters are Mahatmyas , or travel guides for pilgrimage tourists. The Maheśvara Khaṇḍa consists of 3 sections: The Viṣṇu Khaṇḍa or Vaiṣṇava Khaṇḍa consists of nine sections: The Brahma Khaṇḍa has three sections (four in some manuscripts): The Kāśī Khaṇḍa (100 chapters, Varanasi and Vindhya Tirtha region )
220-599: A pilgrim guide for the Kaveri river (Karnataka) and Coorg Tirtha region. Vivsamitrimahatmya presents mythology and a guide for the Vadodara Tirtha region. The oldest known 1st-millennium palm-leaf manuscripts of this text mention many major Hindu pilgrimage sites, but do not describe Kailash-Manasarovar . The later versions do, particularly in Manasakhanda . The Skanda Purana , like many Puranas, include
264-463: A thief before turning into a rishi. The Nagara Khanda of the Skanda Purana in its section on the creation of Mukhara Tirtha mentions that Valmiki was born a Brahmin , with the name of Lohajangha and was a devoted son to his parents. He had a beautiful wife and both of them were faithful to each other. Once, when there was no rain in the region of Anarta , for twelve long years, Lohajangha, for
308-457: A very rich literary tradition, starting in the 11th century CE. Although there are more than forty adaptions of the Valmiki Ramayana which are partly or completely in Telugu, only four adaptions have covered the entire theme of the original epic . They are Ranganatha Ramayanam , Bhaskara Ramayanam , Molla Ramayanam , and Ramayana Kalpavruksham . Although Ranganatha follows the theme of
352-577: Is a temple for Valmiki located in this place, which is believed to be 1300 years old. Shree Valmiki Mata Maha Samsthana is a temple dedicated to Valmiki in Rajanahalli, Karnataka . Valmiki Ashram , a site considered to be the original ashram of Valmiki, is located in Chitwan district of Nepal . The site is near the Triveni Dham pilgrimage site. Several Indian films have been made on
396-435: Is also quoted as being the contemporary of Rama. Menen claims Valmiki is "the first author in all history to bring himself into his own composition." Valmiki was born as Agni Sharma to a Brahmin named Pracheta (also known as Sumali) of Bhrigu gotra. According to legend he once met the great sage Narada and had a discourse with him on his duties. Moved by Narada's words, Agni Sharma began to perform penance and chanted
440-526: Is among of the oldest dated manuscripts discovered in Nepal. A palm-leaf manuscript of the text is preserved at the National Archives of Nepal (NAK 2–229), and its digital version has been archived by Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project (NGMCP B 11–4). It is likely that the manuscript was copied by the scribe on Monday, March 10 811 CE, though there is some uncertainty with this date because
484-501: Is attributed to the sage Vyasa . Haraprasad Shastri and Cecil Bendall , in about 1898, discovered an old palm-leaf manuscript of Skanda Purana in a Kathmandu library in Nepal , written in Gupta script . They dated the manuscript to 8th century CE, on paleographic grounds. This suggests that the original text existed before this time. R. Adriaensen, H.Bakker, and H. Isaacson dated
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#1732765556620528-632: Is considered the first shloka in Sanskrit literature . Valmiki later composed the entire Ramayana in the same meter. Valmiki is revered as Adi Kavi (the first poet); the Ramayana is revered as the first kavya (poem). Valmiki played an important role in Uttarakāṇḍa, the last chapter of the epic Ramayana . The Uttarakāṇḍa may not have been originally worked by Valmiki. The scholars Robert and Sally Goldman, for example, have pointed out: "Much of
572-454: Is divided into two parts: The Āvantya Khaṇḍa consists of: The Nāgara Khaṇḍa (279 chapters) consists of Tirtha-māhātmya (Hāṭakeśvara-kṣetra or Vadnagar region). The Prabhāsa Khaṇḍa (491 chapters) consists of four sections: The second type of division of the Skanda Purana is found in some texts like Hālasyamāhātmya of the Agastya Saṁhitā or
616-576: Is of Shaivite literature, titled after Skanda , a son of Shiva and Parvati (who is also known as Murugan in Tamil literature). While the text is named after Skanda, he does not feature either more or less prominently in this text than in other Shiva-related Puranas. The text has been an important historical record and influence on the Hindu traditions and rituals related to the war-god Skanda. The earliest text titled Skanda Purana likely existed by
660-437: Is to a place of mind, of truth, charity, patience, compassion, soft speech, soul. — Skanda Purana The whole corpus of texts which are considered as part of the Skanda Purana is grouped in two ways. According to one tradition, these are grouped in six saṁhitā s, each of which consists of several khaṇḍa s. According to another tradition, these are grouped in seven khaṇḍa s, each named after
704-856: Is written in transitional Gupta script, Sanskrit. The 1910 edition included seven khaṇḍa s (parts): Maheśvara , Viṣṇu or Vaiṣṇava , Brahma, Kāśī , Āvantya , Nāgara and Prabhāsa . In 1999–2003, an English translation of this text was published by the Motilal Banarsidass , New Delhi in 23 volumes. This translation is also based on a text divided into seven khaṇḍa s. The Skandapurāṇa , vol. I, adhyāyas 1-25, edited by Rob Adriaensen, Hans T. Bakker , and Harunaga Isaacson, 1998; vol. IIa, adhyāyas 26-31.14, ed. by Hans T. Bakker and Harunaga Isaacson, 2005; vol. IIb, adhyāyas 31-52, ed. by Hans T. Bakker, Peter C. Bisschop, and Yuko Yokochi, 2014; vol. III, adhyāyas 34.1-61, 53-69, ed. by Yuko Yokochi, 2013. Supplement to
748-538: The Śaṁkarī Saṁhitā , Sambhava Kāṇḍa of the Śaṁkarī Saṁhitā , Śivamāhātmya Khaṇḍa of the Sūta Saṁhitā and Kālikā Khaṇḍa of the Sanatkumāra Saṁhitā . According to these texts, the Skanda Purana consists of six saṁhitā s (sections): The manuscripts of the Sanatkumāra Saṁhitā , the Śaṁkarī Saṁhitā , the Sūta Saṁhitā and the Saura Saṁhitā are extant. A manuscript of
792-635: The Ramayana . Bala Kanda of the epic also tells the story of Valmiki narrating the Ramayana to Lava and Kusha, who become his disciples. Valmiki was alive during the Mahabharata , and he was one of the many sages that visited Yudhisthira after the war. He told Yudhisthira the benefits of worshipping Shiva . Once upon a time, some ascetic possessors of the homa fire cursed Valmiki as guilty of brahminicide . The sin possessed him as soon as he
836-474: The samvat of this manuscript is unclear. Michael Witzel dates this Nepalese manuscript to about 810 CE. This manuscript was discovered as one in a group of seven different texts bound together. The group included fourteen manuscripts mostly Buddhist, six of which are very old Saddharma Pundarika Sutra manuscripts, one of Upalisutra , one Chinese Buddhist text, and one Bhattikavya Buddhist yamaka text. The Skanda Purana found in this manuscripts collection
880-445: The 3rd century CE, although original date of composition is unknown. As with many traditional epics, it has gone through a process of interpolations and redactions, making it impossible to date accurately. British satirist Aubrey Menen says that Valmiki was "recognized as a literary genius," and thus was considered, "an outlaw," presumably because of his " philosophic scepticism ," as part of an "Indian Enlightenment" period. Valmiki
924-432: The 8th century CE, but the Skanda Purana that has survived into the modern era exists in many versions. It is considered as a living text, which has been widely edited, over many centuries, creating numerous variants. The common elements in the variant editions encyclopedically cover cosmogony , mythology , genealogy , dharma , festivals, gemology, temples, geography, discussion of virtues and evil, of theology and of
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#1732765556620968-598: The Himalayan region of South Asia such as Nepal, and the northeastern states of India such as Assam . The critical editions of the text, for scholarly studies, rely on the Nepalese manuscripts. Additional texts style themselves as khandas (sections) of Skandapurana, but these came into existence after the 12th century. It is unclear if their root texts did belong to the Skandapurana, and in some cases replaced
1012-592: The Skanda Purana. Stylistically, the Skanda Purana is related to the Mahabharata , and it appears that its composers borrowed from the Mahabharata . The two texts employ similar stock phrases and compounds that are not found in the Ramayana . Some of the mythology mentioned in the present version of the Skanda Purana is undoubtedly post- Gupta period, consistent with that of medieval South India . This indicates that several additions were made to
1056-488: The Valmiki Ramayana , he still made changes in some incidents which effects the course of events. The theme of the Ranganatha Ramayana has been classified under seven cantos . Ranganatha added some significant incidents to make the theme more natural and reliable. For example, when the bridge was built, a squirrel thinks that it should help Sri Rama to achieve his end; it dips in the sea water, rolls down in
1100-479: The bird. He saw a hunter with a bow and arrows, nearby. Valmiki became very angry. His lips opened and he cried out, मा निषाद प्रतिष्ठां त्वमगमः शाश्वतीः समाः। यत्क्रौञ्चमिथुनादेकमवधीः काममोहितम्॥' mā niṣāda pratiṣṭhā tvamagamaḥ śāśvatīḥ samāḥ yat krauñcamithunādekam avadhīḥ kāmamohitam You will find no rest for the long years of Eternity For you killed a bird in love and unsuspecting Emerging spontaneously from Valmiki's rage and grief, this couplet
1144-767: The corresponding chapters of the original. The version of the earliest known recension was later expanded in two later versions namely the Revakhanda and Ambikakhanda recensions. The only surviving manuscript of the Revakhanda recension is from 1682. The four surviving manuscripts of the Ambikakhhnda recension are of a later period and contains much more alterations. Judit Törzsök says a similar recension to these two recensions seems to have been known to Laskhmidhara, thus it existed before 12th century. Ballala Sena quotes content found only in these two recensions, thus
1188-453: The legends of the Daksha's sacrifice , Shiva's sorrow, churning of the ocean ( Samudra manthan ) and the emergence of Amrita , the story of the demon Tarakasura , the birth of Goddess Parvati, her pursuit of Shiva, and her marriage to Lord Shiva, among others. The central aim of the Skandapurana text, states Hans Bakker, is to sanctify the geography and landscape of South Asia, and legitimize
1232-527: The length of the full text of the Mahabharata or about four times the length of the Iliad . The Ramayana tells the story of a prince, Rama of the city of Ayodhya in the Kingdom of Kosala , whose wife Sita is abducted by Ravana , the demon-king ( Rakshasa ) of Lanka . The scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text ranging from the 8th to 4th centuries BCE, and later stages extending up to
1276-443: The life of the poet, beginning with G. V. Sane's Valmiki (1921); it was followed by Surendra Narayan Roy's Ratnakar (1921), Ellis Dungan 's Valmiki (1946), Bhalji Pendharkar 's Valmiki (1946), Sundarrao Nadkarni 's Valmiki (1946), C.S.R. Rao 's Valmiki (starring Rajkumar 1963) and Valmiki (starring N. T. Rama Rao ; 1963), and Arvind Bhatt's Sant Valmiki (1991). Bhatt's film which starred Suresh Oberoi in
1320-497: The narrative focuses on figures other than Rāma and is narrated only indirectly by Vālmīki, being placed in the mouths of other figures such as Agastya." It is believed to have been taken up from Sesha Ramayana. According to the legend, Rama sent Sita to the forest. Sita finds refuge in Sage Valmiki's ashram, where she gives birth to twin boys Lava and Kusha . Lava and Kusha were Valmiki's first disciples, to whom he taught
1364-510: The nature and qualities of Shiva as the Absolute and the source of true knowledge. The editions of Skandapurana text also provide an encyclopedic travel handbook with meticulous Tirtha Mahatmya (pilgrimage tourist guides), containing geographical locations of pilgrimage centers in India, Nepal and Tibet, with related legends, parables, hymns and stories. This Mahāpurāṇa , like others,
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1408-403: The oldest surviving palm-leaf manuscript of Skanda Purana to 810 CE, but Richard Mann adds that earlier versions of the text likely existed in the 8th century CE. Hans Bakker states that the text specifies holy places and details about the 4th and 5th-century Citraratha of Andhra Pradesh , and thus may have an earlier origin. The oldest versions of the Skandapurana texts have been discovered in
1452-484: The original text over the centuries. The Kashi Khanda, for example, acquired its present form around the mid-13th century CE. The latest part of the text might have been composed in as late as the 15th century CE. Tirtha: Holy Pilgrimage Tirtha are of three kinds, Jangam Tirtha is to a place movable, of a sadhu , a rishi , a guru , Sthawar Tirtha is to a place immovable, like Benaras, Hardwar, Mount Kailash, holy rivers, Manas Tirtha
1496-484: The regional Shaiva communities across the land, as it existed at the time the edition was produced. The text reflects the political uncertainties, the competition with Vaishnavism, and the cultural developments with the Pashupata Hindus during the periods it was composed. The Skanda Purana manuscripts have been found in Nepal, Tamil Nadu ( Tamil : கந்த புராணம்) and other parts of India. The Skanda Purana
1540-481: The sages returned and heard the sound of the mantra coming from the ant-hill, they blessed him and said, "Since you achieved great Siddhi seated within a Valmīka (an anthill), you will become well-known in the world as Vālmīki." Valmiki was going to the river Ganges for his daily ablutions. A disciple by the name Bharadwaja was carrying his clothes. On the way, they came across the Tamasa Stream. Looking at
1584-539: The sake of his hungry family, started robbing people that he found in the forest. In the course of this life he met the seven sages or the Saptarishi and tried to rob them as well. But the learned sages felt pity on him and showed him the folly of his ways. One of them, Pulaha gave him a Mantra to meditate upon and the Brahmin turned thief got so engrossed in its recitation that ant-hills came up around his body. When
1628-443: The sand and gets rid of the sand in the middle of the rocks under construction. Knowing this, Sri Rama blesses squirrel for its devotion and draws three lines on its back with his fingers. The three white lines on the back of squirrels are supposed to have come into existence in this way. Valmiki Valmiki ( / v ɑː l ˈ m iː k i / ; Sanskrit : वाल्मीकि , romanized : Vālmīki , [ʋɑːlmiːki] )
1672-490: The stream, Valmiki said to his disciple, "Look, how clear is this water, like the mind of a good man! I will bathe here today." When he was looking for a suitable place to step into the stream, he saw a crane couple mating. Valmiki felt very pleased on seeing the happy birds. Suddenly, hit by an arrow, the male bird died on the spot. Filled by sorrow, its mate screamed in agony and died of shock. Valmiki's heart melted at this pitiful sight. He looked around to find out who had shot
1716-528: The title role remains unreleased after a case was filed against Oberoi for remarks deemed offensive by members of the Valmiki caste in India. Skanda Purana Divisions Sama vedic Yajur vedic Atharva vedic Vaishnava puranas Shaiva puranas Shakta puranas The Skanda Purana ( IAST : Skanda Purāṇa) is the largest Mukhyapurana , a genre of eighteen Hindu religious texts. The text contains over 81,000 verses, and
1760-476: The version known at that time was similar to the ancient version of these two recensions. There are a number of texts and manuscripts that bear the title Skanda Purana . Some of these texts, except for the title, have little in common with the well-known Skandapurana traced to the 1st millennium CE. The original text has accrued several additions, resulting in several different versions. It is, therefore, very difficult to establish an exact date of composition for
1804-401: The word "Mara" which meant "die". As he performed his penance for several years, the word became "Rama", a name of the god Vishnu. Huge anthills formed around Agni Sharma and this earned him the name of Valmiki. Agni Sharma, rechristened as Valmiki, learnt the scriptures from Narada and became the foremost of ascetics, revered by everyone. There also exist some legends about Valmiki having been
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1848-406: Was a legendary poet who is celebrated as the traditional author of the epic Ramayana , based on the attribution in the text itself. He is revered as Ādi Kavi , the first poet, author of Ramayana , the first epic poem. The Ramayana , originally written by Valmiki, consists of 24,000 shlokas and seven cantos (kaṇḍas). The Ramayana is composed of about 480,002 words, being a quarter of
1892-542: Was cursed. So he prayed to Shiva and he became cleansed of all his sins. Valmiki told Yudhisthira that he should also pray to Shiva like him. Vishnudharmottara Purana says that Valmiki was born in the Treta Yuga as a form of Brahma who composed Ramayana and that people desirous of earning knowledge should worship Valmiki. He was later reincarnated as Tulsidas , who composed the Ramcharitamanas , which
1936-511: Was the Awadhi - Hindi version of the Ramayana . The full moon day of Hindu month of Ashvin is celebrated as the birth anniversary of the poet. The day is also known as Pargat Diwas or Valmiki Jayanti, and is a major festival of the followers of the Balmiki religious sect of Hinduism. The Balmiki sect of Hinduism reveres Valmiki, where he is also known as Lal Beg or Bala Shah , as
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