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27-530: Struve Putsch (21–25 September 1848): Staufen Baden Mutiny (9 May – 23 July 1849): Rastatt Fortress ( German : Bundesfestung Rastatt ) was built from 1842 to 1852. The construction of this federal fortress was one of the few projects that the German Confederation was able to complete. The fortress site covered the Baden town of Rastatt and, in 1849, played an important role during

54-687: A Baden republic —subordinated to a greater Germany—under the sovereignty of the people , and aligned themselves against the ruling princes. Their high points were the Hecker uprising in April 1848, the Struve Putsch of September 1848 and the rebellion as part of the Imperial Constitution campaign ( Reichsverfassungskampagne ) in May 1849 which assumed civil war -like proportions and

81-799: The Baden Revolution . It was abandoned in 1890 and most of it was eventually demolished. On 3 November 1815, in the margins of the Paris Peace Conference the four victorious powers - Austria , Great Britain Prussia and Russia Mainz , Luxemburg and Landau were designated as fortresses of the German Confederation and, moreover, they envisaged that a fourth federal fortress on the Upper Rhine, for which 20 million French francs were to be set aside from

108-459: The war reparations . As early as 1819 to 1824 a fortress construction commission was formed in which Baden, Bavarian, Württemberg and Austrian engineers jointly produced the plans, which were then shelved for 20 years for political reasons. Whilst Austria wanted to extend Ulm , Prussia and the south German states nearer to France favoured the construction of a fortress in Rastatt. In October 1836

135-668: The Baden Revolution as Struve's adjutant . The socialist Friedrich Engels who, during the March revolution wrote for the Neue Rheinische Zeitung published in Cologne by Karl Marx , also took an active part in 1849 in the final phase of the Baden Revolution in the fighting against counter-revolutionary Prussian troops. Finally, the married couple Fritz and Mathilde Franziska Anneke from Cologne joined

162-403: The Baden Revolution in 1849, work restarted in 1850, but came to a provisional halt in 1852. After serious disputes over its further expansion and funding, especially between Prussia and Austria, – the town defences and the station lunettes were finished in the period 1852–1854, and, in 1856, two outworks were completed. Rastatt Fortress was abandoned in 1890, because it had lost its position on

189-699: The Baden rebels. The basis of the revolution in Baden was based on the Volksvereine or popular associations. The following table shows the connexion between the revolution in Baden, the events in the German Confederation and Europe. Hungary: Hungarian Revolution /1849; March 1848 to August 1849 Berlin: Barricade Uprising ; March Revolution victims ; Vienna: Revolutions in the Austrian Empire ; Revolution in Sigmaringen Battle on

216-477: The Scheideck ; Battle of Günterstal ; Storming of Freiburg ; Battle of Dossenbach Battle of Staufen Baden Revolutionary Government ; Baden constitutional assembly ; Battle of Waghäusel ; Rastatt Fortress ; Dresden Uprising ; Palatine Uprising ; Iserlohn Uprising ; Elberfeld Uprising The revolution had failed. The Baden Army was disbanded and later rebuilt under Prussian leadership. Many of

243-593: The abandoned Rastatt Fortress still had to be demolished. The casemates are accessible and guided tours are offered. In the eastern part of the old Leopold Fortress 500 metres of passageway may be visited. Struve Putsch Struve Putsch (21–25 September 1848): Staufen Baden Mutiny (9 May – 23 July 1849): The Struve Putsch ( German : Struve-Putsch ), also known as the Second Baden Uprising ( Zweiter badischer Aufstand ) or Second Baden Rebellion ( Zweite badische Schilderhebung ),

270-702: The border and hence its importance. The site was mostly sold in 1892 to the town of Rastatt as a source of construction material. After the German Empire had lost the First World War , it was laid down in the Treaty of Versailles in Article 180, that Germany had to slight its fortresses east of the Rhine along a 50-mile corridor. The Interallied Military Control Commission also laid down which remains of

297-429: The court ( Hofgericht ) and county council ( Kreisregierung ). The Austrian lieutenant colonel, Georg Eberle was appointed as the senior fortress construction engineer and almost all the management staff were from Austria . The large number of construction workers employed (in 1844 4,000) made the expansion of municipal infrastructure (police and medical services) necessary, the financing of which caused disputes between

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324-532: The death sentence, was reprieved and his sentence commuted to imprisonment. Following court martial -like proceedings three revolutionaries were sentenced to death in 1849 in Freiburg and executed by firing squad at Wiehre Cemetery on the dates shown: In Mannheim five death sentences were pronounced. Theodor Mögling , who was also sentenced to death in Mannheim, was reprieved and his sentence commuted to

351-487: The king of Württemberg, William I, proposed a compromise which was to build or extend both towns into fortresses. In 1838/39 Bavaria and Austria were won over. Not until the Rhine Crisis of 1840/41 did it happen, however, that the states of the German Confederation come to an understanding about defence measures against France and the federal assembly on 26 March 1841 agreed the construction of both fortresses. Rastatt

378-633: The last fortress commandant of Rastatt, Gustav Tiedemann) and pronounced long gaol sentences in Prussian prisons against other revolutionaries. In the casemates of Rastatt, where many revolutionaries were held prisoner, typhoid fever broke out and caused many deaths. From 27 July to 27 October 1849, courts martial took place in Mannheim, Rastatt and Freiburg. A total of 27 death sentences were pronounced and carried out – four other death sentences were not carried out. In Rastatt, 19 death sentences were pronounced. Otto von Corvin , who had also been given

405-684: The most prominent leaders were Friedrich Hecker, Gustav Struve and his wife Amalie , Gottfried Kinkel , Georg Herwegh and his wife Emma . Furthermore, Wilhelm Liebknecht , who at that time was relatively unknown but later co-founded the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP), the predecessor party of SPD (the socialist party in Germany), participated in September 1848 in the uprising in Lörrach and in May 1849 in

432-647: The outbreak of the French Revolution of 1848 in Paris and the proclamation of the Second Republic in France, the revolutionary spark initially jumped to Baden before the other countries of the German Confederation gave way to revolutionary unrest and uprisings. The German March revolution not only started in Baden, but also ended there when Rastatt Fortress , the last bastion of the revolutionaries,

459-634: The rebels at the last battle in July 1849 in Rastatt . Characteristic of the Baden Revolution, unlike other uprisings in the German Confederation, was the persistent demand for a democratic republic . By contrast, the revolutionary councils and parliaments of the other principalities of the Confederation favoured a constitutional and hereditary monarchy . Radical democratic and early socialist revolutionaries were strongly represented in Baden. Some of

486-442: The rebels escaped into exile including Struve, Brentano, Carl Schurz , Friedrich Engels and Friedrich Beust ; others were arrested and brought before courts martial with Prussian and Baden boards. Following the fall of Rastatt, the Prussian commander, Karl Alois Fickler , the brother of Baden agitator, Joseph Fickler , was charged with the defence of the accused. The courts sentenced 27 rebels to death by firing squad (including

513-660: The rejection of the Constitution of St. Paul's Church by most of the royal houses of the German Parliament—with the May insurrections of 1849, not only in Baden, but also in other German states (especially in the Bavarian Rhenish Palatinate ). They represented an attempt to enforce the constitution (the so-called Imperial Constitution Campaign ). This second phase ended in Baden with the defeat of

540-407: The town, the grand duchy and federal military authorities. The majority of the construction stone came from a roughly 500-metre-long bunter sandstone quarry on the hill of Eichelberg near Oberweier and was transported to Rastatt on a 14.5-kilometre-long, horse-drawn wagonway , its capacity being 400 cubic metres per day. In the quarry 400-1200 workers were employed, for whom a special hutted camp

567-480: Was a regional uprising in the Grand Duchy of Baden which was part of the revolutionary unrest that gripped almost all of Central Europe at that time. As part of the popular liberal March Revolution in the states of the German Confederation the revolution in the state of Baden in what is now southwestern Germany was driven to a great extent by radical democratic influences: they were striving to create

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594-674: Was a regional, South Baden element of the German Revolution of 1848/1849 . It began with the proclamation of the German Republic on 21 September 1848 by Gustav Struve in Lörrach and ended with his arrest on 25 September 1848 in Wehr . Baden Revolution Struve Putsch (21–25 September 1848): Staufen Baden Mutiny (9 May – 23 July 1849): The Baden Revolution ( German : Badische Revolution ) of 1848/1849

621-596: Was also known as the May Revolution. The rebellion ended on 23 July 1849 with the military defeat of the last revolt and the capture of Rastatt Fortress by German Federal Army troops under Prussian leadership. At the Hambach Festival of 1832 the signs of political upheaval, known as the Vormärz ("pre-March") were evident. Among the participants at the festival was Johann Philipp Becker . After

648-418: Was built. In addition to locals, there were workers from Württemberg, Austria, South Tyrol and Italy. It was planned to complete the construction in 1849, but this did not come to fruition due to financial problems and the intervention of the Baden Revolution . In 1848 the fortress was opened with the appointment of its first governor, Lieutenant General Carl Felix von Lassolaye. Following its interruption by

675-550: Was captured by Prussian troops on 23 July 1849. The Baden Revolution had two phases: between the beginning of March 1848 and September 1848 there were two attempts to form a republic in southwestern Germany: the Hecker Uprising and the rebellion led by Gustav Struve in Lörrach . With the defeat of Friedrich Hecker and his followers at Kandern and his flight into exile, and the arrest of Gustav Struve in September, this first phase ended. The second phase began—after

702-502: Was designated as a linking and border fortress, as well as an armoury for the VIII Army Corps . The Grand Duchy of Baden was given the right to appoint the governor, the commandant and the chief of artillery, the chief of engineers was to be appointed by Austria . Work on the federal fortress of Rastatt began on 15 November 1842 although its foundation stone was not laid until 18 October 1844, because laborious preparatory work

729-407: Was needed. This included the purchase of parcels of land or their requisition in return for compensation. In addition, to municipal and royal land, the properties of 345 private individuals were bought or requisitioned for the fortress. The construction of the fortress resulted in an enormous economic upturn for the town, which was later paid for however with the departure of public facilities such as

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