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72-399: Legend says that the stacks originated when two trolls dragged a three-masted ship to land unsuccessfully and when daylight broke they became needles of rock. Contemporary legends note the story of a husband who found his wife taken by the two trolls, frozen at night. The husband made the two trolls swear to never kill anyone ever again. His wife was the love of his life, whose free spirit he

144-611: A political and skin color -based category for specific populations with a mid- to dark brown complexion . Not all people considered "black" have dark skin ; in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification in the Western world , the term "black" is used to describe persons who are perceived as dark-skinned compared to other populations. It is most commonly used for people of sub-Saharan African ancestry, Indigenous Australians and Melanesians , though it has been applied in many contexts to other groups, and

216-528: A broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims , especially those of Arab or Berber ancestry, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Sub-Saharan Africans and Europeans alike. Isidore of Seville , writing in the 7th century, claimed that the Latin word Maurus

288-479: A collective term for supernatural beings who should be respected and avoided rather than worshipped. Troll could later have become specialized as a description of the larger, more menacing Jötunn-kind whereas Huldrefolk may have developed as the term for smaller trolls. John Arnott MacCulloch posited a connection between the Old Norse vættir and trolls, suggesting that both concepts may derive from spirits of

360-510: A farm or estate. Lindow states that the etymology of the word "troll" remains uncertain, though he defines trolls in later Swedish folklore as "nature beings" and as "all-purpose otherworldly being[s], equivalent, for example, to fairies in Anglo - Celtic traditions". They "therefore appear in various migratory legends where collective nature-beings are called for". Lindow notes that trolls are sometimes swapped out for cats and "little people" in

432-462: A father who was a lighter-skinned Egyptian . In response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish". Due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more African women than men. The female slaves were often put to work in domestic service and agriculture. The men interpreted

504-661: A history of discrimination. These descendants of the Zanj have sought minority status from the government, which would reserve some seats in Parliament for representatives of their population. According to Alamin M. Mazrui et al., generally in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, most of these communities identify as both black and Arab. Afro-Iranians are people of black African ancestry residing in Iran. During

576-579: A noun, but rather as an adjective qualifying some other descriptor (e.g. "black ****"). As desegregation progressed after the 1967 referendum, some Aboriginals adopted the term, following the American fashion, but it remains problematic. Several American style guides, including the AP Stylebook , changed their guides to capitalize the 'b' in 'black', following the 2020 murder of George Floyd , an African American . The ASA Style Guide says that

648-501: A particular type of being. Numerous tales are recorded about trolls in which they are frequently described as being extremely old, very strong, but slow and dim-witted, and are at times described as man-eaters and as turning to stone upon contact with sunlight. However, trolls are also attested as looking much the same as human beings, without any particularly hideous appearance about them, but living far away from human habitation and generally having "some form of social organization"—unlike

720-417: A series of monumental troll sculptures that can be seen in several botanic gardens and similar installations. It has been hypothesized that the troll myth might have its origin in real-life interactions between anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals . [REDACTED] Media related to trolls at Wikimedia Commons Black people Black is a racialized classification of people, usually

792-482: A slave; his mother was Fulani and a concubine of his father. In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa people of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs (specifically, people of Nilotic ancestry). Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government

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864-585: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Troll A troll is a being in Nordic folklore , including Norse mythology . In Old Norse sources, beings described as trolls dwell in isolated areas of rocks, mountains, or caves, live together in small family units, and are rarely helpful to human beings. In later Scandinavian folklore, trolls became beings in their own right, where they live far from human habitation, are not Christianized , and are considered dangerous to human beings. Depending on

936-478: Is a South African woman who was classified as Coloured by authorities during the apartheid era, due to her skin colour and hair texture , although her parents could prove at least three generations of European ancestors. At age 10, she was expelled from her all-white school. The officials' decisions based on her anomalous appearance disrupted her family and adult life. She was the subject of the 2008 biographical dramatic film Skin , which won numerous awards. During

1008-466: Is classified "black", and these social constructs have changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, and the social criteria for "blackness" vary. In the United Kingdom, "black" was historically equivalent with " person of color ", a general term for non-European peoples. While the term "person of color" is commonly used and accepted in

1080-500: Is critical of Motz's interpretation and calls this theory "unsupported by any convincing evidence". Ármann highlights that the term is used to denote various beings, such as a jötunn or mountain-dweller, a witch, an abnormally strong or large or ugly person, an evil spirit, a ghost, a blámaðr , a magical boar, a heathen demi-god, a demon, a brunnmigi , or a berserker . Later in Scandinavian folklore, trolls become defined as

1152-416: Is much confusion and overlap in the use of Old Norse terms jötunn , troll , þurs , and risi , which describe various beings. Lotte Motz theorized that these were originally four distinct classes of beings: lords of nature ( jötunn ), mythical magicians ( troll ), hostile monsters ( þurs ), and heroic and courtly beings ( risi ), the last class being the youngest addition. On the other hand, Ármann Jakobson

1224-486: Is no indicator of any close ancestral relationship whatsoever. Indigenous African societies do not use the term black as a racial identity outside of influences brought by Western cultures. Contemporary anthropologists and other scientists, while recognizing the reality of biological variation between different human populations, regard the concept of a unified, distinguishable "Black race" as socially constructed . Different societies apply different criteria regarding who

1296-822: Is reported that African immigrants in Turkey regularly face economic and social challenges, notably racism and opposition to immigration by locals. The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan . Members are descended from the Bantu peoples of Southeast Africa . Some were merchants, sailors, indentured servants , slaves or mercenaries. The Siddi population is currently estimated at 270,000–350,000 individuals, living mostly in Karnataka , Gujarat , and Hyderabad in India and Makran and Karachi in Pakistan. In

1368-648: Is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e., "little black person"); it is what the Spaniards called the aborigines that they encountered in the Philippines . The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang , although this term actually refers to a specific group. They have dark skin, often curly-hair and Asiatic facial characteristics, and are stockily built. Negritos in

1440-617: The Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game . Beginning in the 1950s, Troll dolls were a popular toy based on the folklore creature. Trolls based on the dolls appeared in the Hollywood animated movie Trolls (2016) and its subsequent sequels Trolls World Tour (2020), and Trolls Band Together (2023). Troll is the name, and main antagonist, of a 2022 Norwegian movie released by Netflix on December 1, 2022. The Danish artist Thomas Dambo has created from recycled wood

1512-682: The Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan , these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani. There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry. Negritos , are a collection of various, often unrelated peoples, who were once considered a single distinct population of closely related groups, but genetic studies showed that they descended from

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1584-686: The Negev town of Dimona . Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea , particularly the Niger-Congo -speaking Nuba groups of

1656-537: The Netherlands who are of Black African or Afro-Caribbean ancestry. They tend to be from the former and present Dutch overseas territories of Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , Sint Maarten and Suriname . The Netherlands also has sizable Cape Verdean and other African communities. As of 2021, there were at least 232,000 people of recent Black-African immigrant background living in Portugal . They mainly live in

1728-602: The Qajar dynasty , many wealthy households imported black African women and children as slaves to perform domestic work. This slave labor was drawn exclusively from the Zanj, who were Bantu -speaking peoples that lived along the African Great Lakes , in an area roughly comprising modern-day Tanzania , Mozambique and Malawi . About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel , amounting to just over 2% of

1800-454: The Quran to permit sexual relations between a male master and his enslaved females outside of marriage (see Ma malakat aymanukum and sex ), leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab master's child, she was considered as umm walad or "mother of a child", a status that granted her privileged rights. The child was given rights of inheritance to

1872-795: The Southall Black Sisters , which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association , which has a membership of "African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin". As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia . Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many black Africans. This extended beyond

1944-584: The United States , the near-sounding term " colored person " is considered highly offensive, except in South Africa, where it is a descriptor for a person of mixed race . In other regions such as Australasia , settlers applied the adjective "black" to the indigenous population. It was universally regarded as highly offensive in Australia until the 1960s and 70s. "Black" was generally not used as

2016-636: The Western Cape ). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary political position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa. It imposed a system of legal racial segregation, a complex of laws known as apartheid . The apartheid bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the Population Registration Act of 1945 to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce

2088-404: The rå and näck , who are attested as "solitary beings". According to John Lindow , what sets them apart is that they are not Christian, and those who encounter them do not know them. Therefore, trolls were in the end dangerous, regardless of how well they might get along with Christian society, and trolls display a habit of bergtagning ('kidnapping'; literally "mountain-taking") and overrunning

2160-592: The İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work. Apart from the historical Afro-Turk presence Turkey also hosts a sizeable immigrant black population since the end of the 1990s. The community is composed mostly of modern immigrants from Ghana, Ethiopia, DRC, Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya, Eritrea, Somalia and Senegal. According to official figures 1.5 million Africans live in Turkey and around 25% of them are located in Istanbul . Other studies state

2232-545: The 'b' should not be capitalized. Some perceive the term 'black' as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result neither use nor define it, especially in African countries with little to no history of colonial racial segregation . Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa , some dating from prehistoric communities. Others descend from migrants via

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2304-426: The 9th-century skald Bragi Boddason . According to the section, Bragi was driving through "a certain forest" late one evening when a troll woman aggressively asked him who he was, in the process describing herself: Old Norse : Anthony Faulkes translation: John Lindow translation: Bragi responds in turn, describing himself and his abilities as a skillful skald , before the scenario ends. There

2376-517: The ANC ( African National Congress )". In 2008, the High Court in South Africa ruled that Chinese South Africans who were residents during the apartheid era (and their descendants) are to be reclassified as "Black people," solely for the purposes of accessing affirmative action benefits, because they were also "disadvantaged" by racial discrimination. Chinese people who arrived in the country after

2448-600: The Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practicing Arab apartheid. In the Sahara , the native Tuareg Berber populations kept " negro " slaves. Most of these captives were of Nilo-Saharan extraction, and were either purchased by

2520-575: The Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was of those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush and, hence, those who migrated between 1948 and 1970 are known as the Windrush generation . The preferred official umbrella term is "black, Asian and minority ethnic" ( BAME ), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism , as in

2592-529: The European colonialists acquired control of territory, they generally pushed the mixed-race and African populations into second-class status. During the first half of the 20th century, the white-dominated government classified the population according to four main racial groups: Black , White , Asian (mostly Indian ), and Coloured . The Coloured group included people of mixed Bantu, Khoisan, and European ancestry (with some Malay ancestry, especially in

2664-591: The Horn of Africa and then sold off to slave merchants. The earliest representation of this tradition dates from a seventh or eighth century BC inscription belonging to the Kingdom of Damat . These captives and others of analogous morphology were distinguished as tsalim barya (dark-skinned slave) in contrast with the Afroasiatic-speaking nobles or saba qayh ("red men") or light-skinned slave; while on

2736-614: The Philippines frequently face discrimination. Because of their traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle, they are marginalized and live in poverty, unable to find employment. While census collection of ethnic background is illegal in France , it is estimated that there are about 2.5 – 5 million black people residing there. As of 2020, there are approximately one million black people living in Germany. Afro-Dutch are residents of

2808-832: The Proto-Germanic word is unknown. Additionally, the Old Norse verb trylla 'to enchant, to turn into a troll' and the Middle High German verb trüllen "to flutter" both developed from the Proto-Germanic verb * trulljanan , a derivative of * trullan . In Norse mythology, troll , like thurs , is a term applied to jötnar and is mentioned throughout the Old Norse corpus. In Old Norse sources, trolls are said to dwell in isolated mountains, rocks, and caves, sometimes live together (usually as father-and-daughter or mother-and-son), and are rarely described as helpful or friendly. The Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál describes an encounter between an unnamed troll woman and

2880-738: The Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc . Due to the slave trade in the Ottoman Empire that had flourished in the Balkans , the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community. In 1878, that community consisted of about 100 people. Indigenous Australians have been referred to as "black people" in Australia since the early days of European settlement . While originally related to skin colour ,

2952-672: The State of Bahia, in the 21st century Afro-multiracials in the Arab world , including Arabs in North Africa, self-identify in ways that resemble multi-racials in Latin America . He claims that darker-toned Arabs, much like darker-toned Latin Americans , consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese ( Sudanese Arab ) woman and

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3024-837: The Tuareg nobles from slave markets in the Western Sudan or taken during raids. Their origin is denoted via the Ahaggar Berber word Ibenheren (sing. Ébenher ), which alludes to slaves that only spoke a Nilo-Saharan language. These slaves were also sometimes known by the borrowed Songhay term Bella . Similarly, the Sahrawi indigenous peoples of the Western Sahara observed a class system consisting of high castes and low castes. Outside of these traditional tribal boundaries were "Negro" slaves, who were drawn from

3096-460: The United States, they are also called "black Asians" or "Blasians". Historically, Afro-Asian populations have been marginalized as a result of human migration and social conflict. In the medieval Arab world, the ethnic designation of "Black" encompassed not only Zanj , or Africans, but also communities like Zutt , Sindis and Indians from the Indian subcontinent . Historians estimate that between

3168-408: The absence of trolls in regions of Scandinavia is described in folklore as being a "consequence of the constant din of the church-bells". This ringing caused the trolls to leave for other lands, although not without some resistance; numerous traditions relate how trolls destroyed a church under construction or hurled boulders and stones at completed churches. Large local stones are sometimes described as

3240-694: The advent of Islam in 650 CE and the abolition of slavery in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-20th century, 10 to 18 million black Africans (known as the Zanj) were enslaved by east African slave traders and transported to the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. This number far exceeded the number of slaves who were taken to the Americas. Slavery in Saudi Arabia and slavery in Yemen

3312-502: The apartheid era, those classed as "Coloured" were oppressed and discriminated against. But, they had limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than those classed as "Black". The government required that Blacks and Coloureds live in areas separate from Whites, creating large townships located away from the cities as areas for Blacks. In the post-apartheid era, the Constitution of South Africa has declared

3384-451: The classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether the individual should be considered Coloured or Black, the " pencil test " was used. A pencil was inserted into a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough to hold the pencil, rather than having it pass through, as it would with smoother hair. If so, the person was classified as Black. Such classifications sometimes divided families. Sandra Laing

3456-655: The country to be a "Non-racial democracy". In an effort to redress past injustices, the ANC government has introduced laws in support of affirmative action policies for Blacks; under these they define "Black" people to include "Africans", "Coloureds" and "Asians". Some affirmative action policies favor "Africans" over "Coloureds" in terms of qualifying for certain benefits. Some South Africans categorized as "African Black" say that "Coloureds" did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. "Coloured" South Africans are known to discuss their dilemma by saying, "we were not white enough under apartheid, and we are not black enough under

3528-535: The dead. Troll , a Norwegian research station in Antarctica , is so named because of the rugged mountains which stand around that place like trolls. It includes a ground station which tracks satellites in polar orbit . Trolls have appeared in many works of modern fiction, most often, in the fantasy genre, with classic examples being the portrayal of trolls in works such as in Tolkien's Middle-earth or

3600-444: The end of apartheid do not qualify for such benefits. Other than by appearance, "Coloureds" can usually be distinguished from "Blacks" by language. Most speak Afrikaans or English as a first language , as opposed to Bantu languages such as Zulu or Xhosa . They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names. " Afro-Asians " or "African-Asians" are persons of mixed sub-Saharan African and Asian ancestry. In

3672-412: The father's property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal , the children inherited their fathers' social status at birth and were born free. Some mixed-race children succeeded their respective fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur , who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a mixed-race child of

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3744-399: The folklore record. A Scandinavian folk belief that lightning frightens away trolls and jötnar appears in numerous Scandinavian folktales, and may be a late reflection of the god Thor 's role in fighting such beings. In connection, the lack of trolls and jötnar in modern Scandinavia is sometimes explained as a result of the "accuracy and efficiency of the lightning strokes". Additionally,

3816-529: The former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea . Today, there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain . According to the Office for National Statistics , at the 2001 census there were more than a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from

3888-547: The historical trans-Saharan trade or, after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, from slaves from the trans-Saharan slave trade in North Africa. In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail "the Warrior King" (1672–1727) raised a corps of 150,000 black soldiers, called his Black Guard . According to Carlos Moore , resident scholar at Brazil's University of

3960-473: The lives of Indigenous Australians – where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents. Aborigines were not allowed to vote and were often confined to reserves and forced into low paid or effectively slave labour. The social position of mixed-race or " half-caste " individuals varied over time. A 1913 report by Baldwin Spencer states that:

4032-456: The majority of Africans in Turkey lives in Istanbul and report Tarlabaşı , Dolapdere , Kumkapı , Yenikapı and Kurtuluş as having a strong African presence. Most of the African immigrants in Turkey come to Turkey to further migrate to Europe. Immigrants from Eastern Africa are usually refugees, meanwhile Western and Central African immigration is reported to be economically driven. It

4104-503: The nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel , most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia . In addition, Israel is home to more than 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are ancestry of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in

4176-589: The other hand, western racial category standards do not differentiate between saba qayh ("red men"—light-skinned) or saba tiqur ("black men"—dark-skinned) Horn Africans (of either Afroasiatic-speaking, Nilotic-speaking or Bantu origin) thus considering all of them as "black people" (and in some case "negro") according to Western society's notion of race. In South Africa , the period of colonisation resulted in many unions and marriages between European and Africans ( Bantu peoples of South Africa and Khoisans ) from various tribes, resulting in mixed-race children. As

4248-566: The poem Beowulf emphasizes not the harrying of Grendel but the cleansing of the hall of Beowulf, so the modern tales stress the moment when the trolls are driven off." Smaller trolls are attested as living in burial mounds and in mountains in Scandinavian folk tradition. In Denmark, these creatures are recorded as troldfolk ("troll-folk"), bjergtrolde ("mountain-trolls"), or bjergfolk ("mountain-folk") and in Norway also as trollfolk ("troll-folk") and tusser . Trolls may be described as small, human-like beings or as tall as men depending on

4320-412: The product of a troll's toss. Additionally, into the 20th century, the origins of particular Scandinavian landmarks, such as particular stones, are ascribed to trolls who may, for example, have turned to stone upon exposure to sunlight. Lindow compares the trolls of the Swedish folk tradition to Grendel , the supernatural mead hall invader in the Old English poem Beowulf , and notes that "just as

4392-435: The region of origin of the story. In Norwegian tradition, similar tales may be told about the larger trolls and the Huldrefolk ("hidden-folk"), yet a distinction is made between the two. The use of the word trow in Orkney and Shetland, to mean beings which are very like the Huldrefolk in Norway, may suggest a common origin for the terms. The word troll may have been used by pagan Norse settlers in Orkney and Shetland as

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4464-494: The regions of Lisbon , Porto , Coimbra . As Portugal doesn't collect information dealing with ethnicity, the estimate includes only people that, as of 2021, hold the citizenship of a Sub Saharan African country or people who have acquired Portuguese citizenship from 2008 to 2021, thus excluding descendants, people of more distant African ancestry or people who have settled in Portugal generations ago and are now Portuguese citizens . The term " Moors " has been used in Europe in

4536-403: The same ancient East Eurasian meta-population which gave rise to modern East Asian peoples , and consist of several separate groups, as well as displaying genetic heterogeneity. They inhabit isolated parts of Southeast Asia , and are now confined primarily to Southern Thailand, the Malay Peninsula, and the Andaman Islands of India. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito

4608-748: The source, their appearance varies greatly; trolls may be ugly and slow-witted, or look and behave exactly like human beings, with no particularly grotesque characteristic about them. Trolls are sometimes associated with particular landmarks in Scandinavian folklore, which at times may be explained as formed from a troll exposed to sunlight. Trolls are depicted in a variety of media in modern popular culture. The Old Norse nouns troll and trǫll (variously meaning "fiend, demon, werewolf , jötunn ") and Middle High German troll, trolle "fiend" (according to philologist Vladimir Orel likely borrowed from Old Norse), possibly developed from Proto-Germanic neuter noun * trullan , meaning "to tread, step on". The origin of

4680-547: The southern Nuba Mountains ; some are illegal immigrants. Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire , tens of thousands of Zanj captives were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul , which gave rise to the Afro-Turk population in present-day Turkey . Some of their ancestry remained in situ , and many migrated to larger cities and towns. Other black slaves were transported to Crete , from where they or their descendants later reached

4752-424: The surrounding areas. In Ethiopia and Somalia , the slave classes mainly consisted of captured peoples from the Sudanese-Ethiopian and Kenyan-Somali international borders or other surrounding areas of Nilotic and Bantu peoples who were collectively known as Shanqella and Adone (both analogues to "negro" in an English-speaking context). Some of these slaves were captured during territorial conflicts in

4824-413: The term is used today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation. Being identified as either "black" or "white" in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries was critical in one's employment and social prospects. Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over

4896-478: Was abolished in 1962, slavery in Dubai in 1963, and slavery in Oman in 1970. Several factors affected the visibility of descendants of this diaspora in 21st-century Arab societies: The traders shipped more female slaves than males, as there was a demand for them to serve as concubines in harems in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Male slaves were castrated in order to serve as harem guards. The death toll of black African slaves from forced labor

4968-432: Was accused of "deftly manipulating Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing . Sudanese Arabs are also black people in that they are culturally and linguistically Arabized indigenous peoples of Sudan of mostly Nilo-Saharan , Nubian , and Cushitic ancestry; their skin tone and appearance resembles that of other black people. American University economist George Ayittey accused

5040-555: Was derived from the Greek mauron , μαύρον, which is the Greek word for "black". Indeed, by the time Isidore of Seville came to write his Etymologies , the word Maurus or "Moor" had become an adjective in Latin, "for the Greeks call black, mauron". "In Isidore's day, Moors were black by definition..." Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West / Central African ancestry. Today, they mainly come from Cameroon , Equatorial Guinea , Ghana , Gambia , Mali , Nigeria and Senegal. Additionally, many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from

5112-450: Was high. The mixed-race children of female slaves and Arab owners were assimilated into the Arab owners' families under the patrilineal kinship system . As a result, few distinctive Afro-Arab communities have survived in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries. Distinctive and self-identified black communities have been reported in countries such as Iraq, with a reported 1.2 million black people ( Afro-Iraqis ), and they attest to

5184-449: Was unable to provide a home for; she found her fate out among the trolls, rocks, and sea at Reynisfjara. Reynisdrangar appears several times throughout Netflix 's Icelandic original series Katla , and is particularly significant to the series' protagonist Gríma as the site of her mother's death. 63°23′57″N 19°01′55″W  /  63.3993°N 19.0319°W  / 63.3993; -19.0319 This Iceland location article

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