Misplaced Pages

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78-642: In the past, many internet radio stations used RealAudio to stream their programming over the internet in real time. In recent years, however, the format has become less common and has given way to more popular audio formats. RealAudio was heavily used by the BBC websites until 2009, though it was discontinued due to its declining use. BBC World Service , the last of the BBC websites to use RealAudio, discontinued its use in March 2011. RealAudio files were originally identified by

156-550: A "one-to-many" link, an "extended link" or a "multi-tailed link") is a hyperlink which leads to multiple endpoints; the link is a set-valued function . Tim Berners-Lee saw the possibility of using hyperlinks to link any information to any other information over the Internet . Hyperlinks were therefore integral to the creation of the World Wide Web . Web pages are written in the hypertext mark-up language HTML . This

234-411: A "trail" of related information, and then scroll back and forth among pages in a trail as if they were on a single microfilm reel. In a series of books and articles published from 1964 through 1980, Nelson transposed Bush's concept of automated cross-referencing into the computer context, made it applicable to specific text strings rather than whole pages, generalized it from a local desk-sized machine to

312-450: A $ 50,000 "cap" on those fees with SoundExchange. However, DiMA and SoundExchange continue to negotiate over the per song, per listener fees. SoundExchange has also offered alternative rates and terms to certain eligible small webcasters, that allow them to calculate their royalties as a percentage of their revenue or expenses, instead of at a per performance rate. To be eligible, a webcaster had to have revenues of less than US$ 1.25 million

390-560: A 41 percent share. As of 2014, 47% of all Americans ages 12 and older—an estimated 124 million people—said they have listened to online radio in the last month, while 36% (94 million people) have listened in the last week. These figures are up from 45% and 33%, respectively, in 2013. The average amount of time spent listening increased from 11 hours, 56 minutes per week in 2013 to 13 hours 19 minutes in 2014. As might be expected, usage numbers are much higher for teens and younger adults, with 75% of Americans ages 12–24 listening to online radio in

468-402: A Last.fm employee, they were unable to participate because participation "may compromise ongoing license negotiations." SoundExchange , representing supporters of the increase in royalty rates, pointed out that the rates were flat from 1998 through 2005 (see above), without being increased to reflect cost-of-living increases. They also declared that if Internet radio is to build businesses from

546-561: A document, e.g. a webpage , or other resource, or to a position in a webpage. The latter is achieved by means of an HTML element with a "name" or "id" attribute at that position of the HTML document. The URL of the position is the URL of the webpage with a fragment identifier  – "# id attribute " – appended. When linking to PDF documents from an HTML page the " id attribute " can be replaced with syntax that references

624-674: A filename extension of .ra (for Real Audio). In 1997, RealNetworks also began offering a video format called RealVideo. The combination of the audio and video formats was called RealMedia and used the file extension .rm . However, the latest version of RealProducer, Real's flagship encoder, reverted to using .ra for audio-only files, and began using .rv for video files (with or without audio), and .rmvb for VBR video files. The .ram (Real Audio Metadata) and .smil (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language) file formats are sometimes encountered as links from web pages (see .Streaming Audio section below). The official player for RealMedia content

702-431: A graphical user interface, the appearance of a mouse cursor may change into a hand motif to indicate a link. In most graphical web browsers, links are displayed in underlined blue text when they have not been visited, but underlined purple text when they have. When the user activates the link (e.g., by clicking on it with the mouse ) the browser displays the link's target. If the target is not an HTML file, depending on

780-562: A hyperlink is known as its source document. For example, in content from Misplaced Pages or Google Search , many words and terms in the text are hyperlinked to definitions of those terms. Hyperlinks are often used to implement reference mechanisms such as tables of contents, footnotes , bibliographies , indexes , and glossaries . In some hypertext, hyperlinks can be bidirectional: they can be followed in two directions, so both ends act as anchors and as targets. More complex arrangements exist, such as many-to-many links. The effect of following

858-421: A hyperlink may vary with the hypertext system and may sometimes depend on the link itself; for instance, on the World Wide Web most hyperlinks cause the target document to replace the document being displayed, but some are marked to cause the target document to open in a new window (or, perhaps, in a new tab ). Another possibility is transclusion , for which the link target is a document fragment that replaces

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936-407: A new window to be created. It is especially common to see this type of link when one large website links to an external page. The intention in that case is to ensure that the person browsing is aware that there is no endorsement of the site being linked to by the site that was linked from. However, the attribute is sometimes overused and can sometimes cause many windows to be created even while browsing

1014-541: A page number or another element of the PDF, for example, "# page=386 ". A web browser usually displays a hyperlink in some distinguishing way, e.g. in a different color , font or style , or with certain symbols following to visualize link target or document types. This is also called link decoration . The behavior and style of links can be specified using the Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) language. In

1092-499: A proprietary protocol called PNA or PNM to send streaming audio data. RealNetworks later switched to the IETF standardized Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) but they use RTSP only to manage the connection. The actual audio data is sent with their own proprietary RDT protocol, which they initially kept secret. Recently, some specifications for the RDT protocol have been made public through

1170-473: A regular window , but in a special hover box , which disappears when the cursor is moved away (sometimes it disappears anyway after a few seconds, and reappears when the cursor is moved away and back). Mozilla Firefox , IE , Opera , and many other web browsers all show the URL. In addition, the URL is commonly shown in the status bar . Normally, a link opens in the current frame or window, but sites that use frames and multiple windows for navigation can add

1248-562: A single document (1966), and soon after for connecting between paragraphs within separate documents (1968), with NLS . Ben Shneiderman working with graduate student Dan Ostroff designed and implemented the highlighted link in the HyperTIES system in 1983. HyperTIES was used to produce the world's first electronic journal, the July 1988 Communications of the ACM , which was cited as the source for

1326-542: A single site. Another special page name is "_top", which causes any frames in the current window to be cleared away so that browsing can continue in the full window. The term "link" was coined in 1965 (or possibly 1964) by Ted Nelson at the start of Project Xanadu . Nelson had been inspired by " As We May Think ", a popular 1945 essay by Vannevar Bush . In the essay, Bush described a microfilm-based machine (the Memex ) in which one could link any two pages of information into

1404-465: A special "target" attribute to specify where the link loads. If no window exists with that name, a new window is created with the ID, which can be used to refer to the window later in the browsing session. Creation of new windows is probably the most common use of the "target" attribute. To prevent accidental reuse of a window, the special window names "_blank" and "_new" are usually available, and always cause

1482-424: A theoretical proprietary worldwide computer network, and advocated the creation of such a network. Though Nelson's Xanadu Corporation was eventually funded by Autodesk in the 1980s, it never created this proprietary public-access network. Meanwhile, working independently, a team led by Douglas Engelbart (with Jeff Rulifson as chief programmer ) was the first to implement the hyperlink concept for scrolling within

1560-437: A typical web browser, this would display as the underlined word "Example" in blue, which when clicked would take the user to the example.com website. This contributes to a clean, easy to read text or document. By default, browsers will usually display hyperlinks as such: When the cursor hovers over a link, depending on the browser and graphical user interface, some informative text about the link can be shown, popping up, not in

1638-414: A whole document or to a specific element within a document. Hypertext is text with hyperlinks. The text that is linked from is known as anchor text . A software system that is used for viewing and creating hypertext is a hypertext system , and to create a hyperlink is to hyperlink (or simply to link ). A user following hyperlinks is said to navigate or browse the hypertext. The document containing

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1716-555: A wireless communication network connected to a switch packet network (the internet) via a disclosed source. Internet radio involves streaming media , presenting listeners with a continuous stream of audio that typically cannot be paused or replayed, much like traditional broadcast media; in this respect, it is distinct from on-demand file serving. Internet radio is also distinct from podcasting , which involves downloading rather than streaming. Internet radio services offer news, sports, talk, and various genres of music—every format that

1794-442: A year and stream less than 5 million "listener hours" a month (or an average of 6830 concurrent listeners). These restrictions would disqualify independent webcasters like AccuRadio , Digitally Imported , Club977 and others from participating in the offer, and therefore many small commercial webcasters continue to negotiate a settlement with SoundExchange. An August 16, 2008 Washington Post article reported that although Pandora

1872-522: Is RealNetworks' RealPlayer SP , currently at version 16, and is available for various platforms in binary form. Several features of this program have proven controversial (most recently, RP11's ability to record unprotected streaming media from web sites), and many alternative players have been developed. RealNetworks initially tried to discourage development of alternative players by keeping their audio format secret. However, in recent years, RealNetworks has made efforts to be somewhat more open, and has founded

1950-579: Is a distinction between the mere act of linking to someone else's website, and linking to content that is illegal (e.g., gambling illegal in the US) or infringing (e.g., illegal MP3 copies). Several courts have found that merely linking to someone else's website, even if by bypassing commercial advertising, is not copyright or trademark infringement, regardless of how much someone else might object. Linking to illegal or infringing content can be sufficiently problematic to give rise to legal liability. Compare for

2028-623: Is added. In certain jurisdictions , it is or has been held that hyperlinks are not merely references or citations , but are devices for copying web pages. In the Netherlands, Karin Spaink was initially convicted in this way of copyright infringement by linking, although this ruling was overturned in 2003. The courts that advocate this view see the mere publication of a hyperlink that connects to illegal material to be an illegal act in itself, regardless of whether referencing illegal material

2106-439: Is available on traditional broadcast radio stations. Many Internet radio services are associated with a corresponding traditional (terrestrial) radio station or radio network , although low start-up and ongoing costs have allowed a substantial proliferation of independent Internet-only radio stations. The first Internet radio service was launched in 1993. As of 2017, the most popular Internet radio platforms and applications in

2184-488: Is continuously transmitted serially (streamed) over the local network or internet in TCP or UDP packets , then reassembled at the receiver and played a second or two later. The delay is called lag , and is introduced at several stages of digital audio broadcasting. A local tuner simulation program includes all the online radios that can also be heard in the air in the city. In 2003, revenue from online streaming music radio

2262-438: Is identified by a four character code . Below is a list of the codecs and the version in which each was introduced: While the newest version of RealPlayer should be able to play any RealAudio file, other programs may not support all codecs. Internet radio Internet radio , also known as Online radio , web radio , net radio , streaming radio , e-radio and IP radio , is a digital audio service transmitted via

2340-463: Is illegal. In 2004, Josephine Ho was acquitted of 'hyperlinks that corrupt traditional values' in Taiwan . In 2000, British Telecom sued Prodigy , claiming that Prodigy infringed its patent ( U.S. patent 4,873,662 ) on web hyperlinks. After litigation , a court found for Prodigy, ruling that British Telecom 's patent did not cover web hyperlinks. In United States jurisprudence , there

2418-443: Is not allowed without permission. Contentious in particular are deep links , which do not point to a site's home page or other entry point designated by the site owner, but to content elsewhere, allowing the user to bypass the site's own designated flow, and inline links , which incorporate the content in question into the pages of the linking site, making it seem part of the linking site's own content unless an explicit attribution

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2496-741: Is what a hyperlink to the home page of the W3C organization could look like in HTML code: This HTML code consists of several tags : Webgraph is a graph , formed from web pages as vertices and hyperlinks, as directed edges. The W3C recommendation called XLink describes hyperlinks that offer a far greater degree of functionality than those offered in HTML. These extended links can be multidirectional , remove linking from, within, and between XML documents. It can also describe simple links , which are unidirectional and therefore offer no more functionality than hyperlinks in HTML. Permalinks are URLs that are intended to remain unchanged for many years into

2574-511: Is why a link to a fragment is called an anchor link (that is, a link to an anchor). For example, in XML , the element <anchor id="name" />" provides anchoring capability (as long as the DTD or schema defines it), and in wiki markup , {{anchor|name}} is a typical example of implementing it. In word processor apps, anchors can be inserted where desired and may be called bookmarks . In URLs ,

2652-496: The Helix Community project. By around 2004 the open-source MPlayer project developed a means of playing the RDT streams. In many cases, web pages do not link directly to a RealAudio file. Instead, they link to a .ram (Real Audio Metadata) or SMIL file. This is a small text file containing a link to the audio stream. When a user clicks on such a link, the user's web browser downloads the .ram or .smil file and launches

2730-528: The Helix Community , a collaborative open source project, to extend their media framework. When RealAudio was introduced, RealNetworks disclosed no technical details about the audio format or how it was encoded, but it was soon noticed that some of the audio codecs used in RealAudio were identical to those used in cellular telephones and digital television . As these formats had been described in detail in various technical papers and standards documents, it

2808-457: The Internet . Broadcasting on the Internet is usually referred to as webcasting since it is not transmitted broadly through wireless means. It can either be used as a stand-alone device running through the Internet, or as a software running through a single computer. Internet radio is generally used to communicate and easily spread messages through the form of talk. It is distributed through

2886-509: The file type and on the browser and its plugins , another program may be activated to open the file. The HTML code contains some or all of the five main characteristics of a link: It uses the HTML element "a" with the attribute "href" (HREF is an abbreviation for "Hypertext REFerence" ) and optionally also the attributes "title", "target", and " class " or "id": To embed a link into a web page, blogpost, or comment, it may take this form: In

2964-508: The Copyright Royalty Board were required to pay to SoundExchange an annual, nonrefundable minimum fee of $ 500 for each channel and station, the fee for services with greater than 100 stations or channels being $ 50,000 annually. Hyperlink In computing , a hyperlink , or simply a link , is a digital reference to data that the user can follow or be guided to by clicking or tapping . A hyperlink points to

3042-490: The UK. For example, Ofcom has very strict rules about presenters endorsing products and product placement; being an Internet radio station they are free of this constraint. One of the large controversies regarding internet radio revolved around a dispute between regulators over the amount of royalties Internet radio stations had to pay out. The Copyright Royalty Board initially wanted internet radio stations to pay out 100% royalties to

3120-668: The US Copyright Royalty Board announced that "it will apply royalties to streaming net services based on revenue." Since then, websites like Pandora Radio , AccuRadio, Mog , 8tracks and recently Google Music have changed the way people discover and listen to music. The Webcaster Settlement Act of 2009 expired in January 2016, ending a 10-year period in which smaller online radio stations, Live365 among them, could pay reduced royalties to labels. On January 31, 2016, webcasters who are governed by rules adopted by

3198-631: The US, more than one in seven persons aged 25–54 years old listen to online radio each week. In 2008, 13 percent of the American population listened to the radio online, compared to 11 percent in 2007. Internet radio functionality is also built into many dedicated Internet radio devices , which give an FM like receiver user experience. In the fourth quarter (Q4) of 2012, Pandora, TuneIn Radio, iHeart Radio, and other subscription-based and free Internet radio services accounted for nearly one quarter (23 percent) of

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3276-587: The United States, and Chrysalis in the United Kingdom, restrict listening to in-country due to music licensing and advertising issues. Internet radio is also suited to listeners with special interests, allowing users to pick from a multitude of different stations and genres less commonly represented on traditional radio. Internet radio is typically listened to on a standard home PC or similar device, through an embedded player program located on

3354-536: The advent of streaming RealAudio over HTTP, streaming became more accessible to a number of radio shows. One such show, TechEdge Radio in 1997, was broadcast in three formats – live on the radio, live from a RealAudio server and streamed from the web over HTTP. In 1998, the longest running internet radio show, The Vinyl Lounge , began netcasting from Sydney, Australia, from Australia's first Internet radio station, NetFM (www.netfm.net). In 1999, Australian telco "Telstra" launched The Basement Internet Radio Station but it

3432-485: The average weekly music listening time among consumers between the ages of 13 and 35, an increase from a share of 17 percent the previous year. As Internet-radio listening rose among the 13-to-35 age group, listening to AM/FM radio, which now accounts for 24 percent of music-listening time, declined 2 percentage points. In the 36-and-older age group, by contrast, Internet radio accounted for just 13 percent of music listening, while AM/FM radio dominated listening methods with

3510-661: The concert by saying, "I want to say a special welcome to everyone that's, uh, climbed into the Internet tonight and, uh, has got into the M-bone . And I hope it doesn't all collapse." On November 7, 1994, WXYC (89.3 FM Chapel Hill, North Carolina , USA) became the first traditional radio station to announce broadcasting on the Internet. WXYC used an FM radio connected to a system at SunSite, later known as Ibiblio , running Cornell's CU-SeeMe software. WXYC had begun test broadcasts and bandwidth testing as early as August 1994. WREK (91.1 FM, Atlanta , GA USA) started streaming on

3588-580: The first European radio station to broadcast its full program live on the Internet. It broadcast its FM signal, live from the source, simultaneously on the Internet 24 hours a day. On May 1, 1997, Radio306.com (now Pure Rock Radio ) launched in Saskatoon, Canada. The internet-only station purerockradio.net celebrated 20 years on air in 2017 as the longest-running Canadian internet station. Internet radio also provided new opportunities to mix music with advocacy messages. In February 1999, Zero24-7 Web Radio

3666-485: The full linked content is not needed, as is the case when rearranging a page layout . An anchor hyperlink (anchor link) is a link bound to a portion of a document, which is often called a fragment . The fragment is generally a portion of text or a heading, though not necessarily. For instance, it may also be a hot area in an image ( image map in HTML ), a designated, often irregular part of an image. Fragments are marked with anchors (in any of various ways), which

3744-621: The future, yielding hyperlinks that are less susceptible to link rot . Permalinks are often rendered simply, that is, as friendly URLs, so as to be easy for people to type and remember. Permalinks are used in order to point and redirect readers to the same Web page , blog post or any online digital media. The scientific literature is a place where link persistence is crucial to the public knowledge. A 2013 study in BMC Bioinformatics analyzed 15,000 links in abstracts from Thomson Reuters' Web of Science citation index, founding that

3822-438: The hash character (#) precedes the name of the anchor for the fragment. One way to define a hot area in an image is by a list of coordinates that indicate its boundaries. For example, a political map of Africa may have each country hyperlinked to further information about that country. A separate invisible hot area interface allows for swapping skins or labels within the linked hot areas without repetitive embedding of links in

3900-587: The initial public stock offering for Broadcast.com set a record at the time for the largest jump in price in stock offerings in the United States. The offering price was US$ 18 and the company's shares opened at US$ 68 on the first day of trading. The company was losing money at the time and indicated in a prospectus filed with the Securities Exchange Commission that they expected the losses to continue indefinitely. Yahoo! purchased Broadcast.com on July 20, 1999, for US$ 5.7 billion. With

3978-532: The last month, compared to 50% of Americans ages 25–54 and 21% of Americans 55+. The weekly figures for the same age groups were 64%, 37% and 13%, respectively. In 2015, it was recorded that 53% of Americans, or 143 million people, ages 12 and up currently listen to internet radio. Some stations, such as Primordial Radio , use Internet radio as a platform as opposed to other means such as FM or DAB , as it gives greater freedom to broadcast as they see fit, without being subject to regulatory bodies such as Ofcom in

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4056-422: The latest advances in digital compression" and delivered "AM radio-quality sound in so-called real time." Eventually, companies such as Nullsoft and Microsoft released streaming audio players as free downloads. As the software audio players became available, "many Web-based radio stations began springing up." In 1995, Scott Bourne founded NetRadio.com as the world's first Internet-only radio network. NetRadio.com

4134-456: The link anchor within the source document. Not only persons browsing the document may follow hyperlinks. These hyperlinks may also be followed automatically by programs. A program that traverses the hypertext, following each hyperlink and gathering all the retrieved documents is known as a Web spider or crawler . An inline link displays remote content without the need for embedding the content. The remote content may be accessed with or without

4212-586: The link concept in Tim Berners-Lee 's Spring 1989 manifesto for the Web. In 1988, Ben Shneiderman and Greg Kearsley used HyperTIES to publish "Hypertext Hands-On!", the world's first electronic book. Released in 1987 for the Apple Macintosh , the database program HyperCard allowed for hyperlinking between various pages within a document, as well as to other documents and separate applications on

4290-412: The median lifespan of Web pages was 9.3 years, and just 62% were archived. The median lifespan of a Web page constitutes high-degree variable, but its order of magnitude usually is of some months. A link from one domain to another is said to be outbound from its source anchor and inbound to its target. The most common destination anchor is a URL used in the World Wide Web . This can refer to

4368-417: The musicians whose songs were played compared to the 15% that satellite radio stations had to pay. This disagreement was temporarily postponed when the webmaster act of 2008 and 2009 was passed. Internet radio was pioneered by Carl Malamud . In 1993, Malamud launched " Internet Talk Radio ", which was the "first computer-radio talk show, each week interviewing a computer expert". The first Internet concert

4446-466: The new rates, many smaller Internet radio stations will have to shut down." The Digital Media Association (DiMA) said that even large companies, like Yahoo! Music, might fail due to the proposed rates. Some observers said that some U.S.-based Internet broadcasts might be moved to foreign jurisdictions where US royalties do not apply. Many of these critics organized SaveNetRadio.org, "a coalition of listeners, artists, labels and webcasters" that opposed

4524-562: The product of recordings, the performers and owners of those recordings should receive fair compensation. On May 1, 2007, SoundExchange came to an agreement with certain large webcasters regarding the minimum fees that were modified by the determination of the Copyright Royalty Board . While the CRB decision imposed a $ 500 per station or channel minimum fee for all webcasters, certain webcasters represented through DiMA negotiated

4602-644: The proposed royalty rates. To focus attention on the consequences of the impending rate hike, many US Internet broadcasters participated in a "Day of Silence" on June 26, 2007. On that day, they shut off their audio streams or streamed ambient sound, sometimes interspersed with brief public service announcements voiced, written and produced by popular voiceover artist Dave Solomon. Notable participants included Rhapsody , Live365 , MTV , Pandora , Digitally Imported and SHOUTcast . Some broadcasters did not participate, such as Last.fm , which had just been purchased for US$ 280 million by CBS Music Group . According to

4680-530: The publicly available information about the formats, and do not use the RealPlayer or Helix software. It is also possible to obtain codecs which allow Windows Media Player to play some versions of RealAudio. Although RealNetworks has made the Helix player available as an open source project, they have kept some of the audio codecs proprietary, and the Helix player can not play all RealAudio files. RealAudio

4758-467: The respective station's website or on a smartphone app. In recent years, dedicated devices that resemble and offer the listener a similar experience to a traditional radio receiver have arrived on the market. Streaming technology is used to distribute Internet radio, typically using a lossy audio codec . Streaming audio formats include MP3 , Ogg Vorbis , Ogg Opus , Windows Media Audio , RealAudio , AAC and HE-AAC (or aacPlus ). Audio data

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4836-479: The same computer. In 1990, Windows Help , which was introduced with Microsoft Windows 3.0 , had widespread use of hyperlinks to link different pages in a single help file together; in addition, it had a visually different kind of hyperlink that caused a popup help message to appear when clicked, usually to give definitions of terms introduced on the help page. The first widely used open protocol that included hyperlinks from any Internet site to any other Internet site

4914-577: The same day using their own custom software called CyberRadio1. However, unlike WXYC, this was WREK's beta launch and the stream was not advertised until a later date. On December 3, 1994, KJHK 90.7 FM, a campus radio station located in Lawrence, Kansas , at the University of Kansas , became one of the first radio stations in the world to broadcast a live and continuous stream over Internet radio. Time magazine said that RealAudio took "advantage of

4992-488: The same reasons. On September 30, 2008, the United States Congress passed "a bill that would put into effect any changes to the royalty rate to which [record labels and web casters] agree while lawmakers are out of session." Although royalty rates are expected to decrease, many webcasters nevertheless predict difficulties generating sufficient revenue to cover their royalty payments. In January 2009,

5070-449: The user following the link. An inline link may display a modified version of the content; for instance, instead of an image, a thumbnail , low resolution preview , cropped section, or magnified section may be shown. The full content is then usually available on demand, as is the case with print publishing software – e.g., with an external link . This allows for smaller file sizes and quicker response to changes when

5148-473: The user's media player. The media player reads the PNM or RTSP URL from the file and then plays the stream. With RealPlayer SP , it is now possible to save an audio stream to a file. Other programs, including MPlayer , RM Downloader , VLC media player , StreamBox VCR , HiDownload and Real7ime Converter can also save streams to a file. RealAudio files are compressed using several audio codecs . Each codec

5226-497: The various skin elements. Text hyperlink. Hyperlink is embedded into a word or a phrase and makes this text clickable. Image hyperlink. Hyperlink is embedded into an image and makes this image clickable. Bookmark hyperlink. Hyperlink is embedded into a text or an image and takes visitors to another part of a web page. E-mail hyperlink. Hyperlink is embedded into e-mail address and allows visitors to send an e-mail message to this e-mail address. A fat link (also known as

5304-681: The world include (but are not limited to) TuneIn Radio , iHeartRadio , and Sirius XM . In the U.S., unlike over-the-air broadcast radio, an FCC license is not required to operate an Internet radio service. Internet radio services are usually accessible from anywhere in the world with a suitable internet connection available; one could, for example, listen to an Australian station from Europe and America. This has made internet radio particularly suited to and popular among expatriate listeners. Nevertheless, some major networks like TuneIn Radio , Audacy , Pandora Radio , iHeartRadio and Citadel Broadcasting (except for news/talk and sports stations) in

5382-431: Was "one of the nation's most popular Web radio services, with about 1 million listeners daily...the burgeoning company may be on the verge of collapse" due to the structuring of performance royalty payment for webcasters. "Traditional radio, by contrast, pays no such fee. Satellite radio pays a fee but at a less onerous rate, at least by some measures." The article indicated that "other Web radio outfits" may be "doomed" for

5460-533: Was US$ 49 million. By 2006, that figure rose to US$ 500 million. A February 21, 2007 "survey of 3,000 Americans released by consultancy Bridge Ratings & Research" found that "[a]s much as 19% of U.S. consumers 12 and older listen to Web-based radio stations." In other words, there were "some 57 million weekly listeners of Internet radio programs. More people listen to online radio than to satellite radio, high-definition radio, podcasts, or cell-phone-based radio combined." An April 2008 Arbitron survey showed that, in

5538-617: Was a pioneer in Internet radio. It was the first Internet-only network to be licensed by ASCAP. NetRadio eventually went on to an IPO in October 1999. Most of the current Internet radio providers followed the path that NetRadio.com carved out in digital media. In mid December 1995, Vancouver-based AM radio station CKNW became the first commercial radio station in Canada to stream 24/7 over the internet. In March 1996, Virgin Radio – London became

5616-493: Was broadcast on June 24, 1993, by the band Severe Tire Damage . In March 1994, an unofficial automated rebroadcast of Irish radio news was setup as the RTE To Everywhere Project, allowing Irish people across the world daily access to radio news from home until it was rendered obsolete in 1998. In November 1994, a Rolling Stones concert was the "first major cyberspace multicast concert." Mick Jagger opened

5694-523: Was developed as a streaming media format, meaning that it can be played while it is downloaded. It is possible to stream RealAudio using HTTP . In this case, the RealAudio file is retrieved similarly to a normal web page, but playback begins as soon as the first part is received and continues while the rest of the file is downloaded. Using HTTP streaming works best with pre-recorded files so some alternative protocols have been developed which work better for live broadcasts. The first version of RealAudio used

5772-489: Was later shut down in 2003 as it was not a viable business for the company. From 2000 onwards, most Internet radio stations increased their stream quality as bandwidth became more economical. Today , most stations stream between 64 kbit/s and 128 kbit/s providing near CD quality audio. As of 2017 the mobile app Radio Garden , a research project of the Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision ,

5850-422: Was launched. It was the first Internet radio station to be crowdsourced and programmed by professional broadcasters and crowdfunded by a unique partnership of people, charities and businesses. Out of Washington DC, the station mixed progressive music and green messages. It was created by BBC and WHFS veteran Mark Daley . Internet radio attracted significant media and investor attention in the late 1990s. In 1998,

5928-563: Was possible to write software capable of playing RealAudio based on this information. A variety of unofficial players now exist, including MPlayer , and Real Alternative . However, Real Alternative does not decode the audio data by itself, but relies on the dynamically linked libraries (DLLs) from the official RealPlayer. Thus Real Alternative requires RealPlayer to be installed (or at least its DLLs) in order to function. Most other players are based on FFmpeg , which has its own audio codec library. The audio codecs in ffmpeg were written based on

6006-898: Was streaming approximately 8,000 radio stations to a global audience. In October 1998, the US Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), one result of which is that performance royalties are to be paid for satellite radio and Internet radio broadcasts in addition to publishing royalties. In contrast, traditional radio broadcasters pay only publishing royalties and no performance royalties. A rancorous dispute ensued over how performance royalties should be assessed for Internet broadcasters. Some observers said that royalty rates that were being proposed were overly burdensome and intended to disadvantage independent Internet-only stations —that "while Internet giants like AOL may be able to afford

6084-581: Was the Gopher protocol from 1991. It was soon eclipsed by HTML after the 1993 release of the Mosaic browser (which could handle Gopher links as well as HTML links). HTML's advantage was the ability to mix graphics, text, and hyperlinks, unlike Gopher, which just had menu-structured text and hyperlinks. While hyperlinking among webpages is an intrinsic feature of the web , some websites object to being linked by other websites; some have claimed that linking to them

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