A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values . Political movements are usually in opposition to an element of the status quo , and are often associated with a certain ideology . Some theories of political movements are the political opportunity theory , which states that political movements stem from mere circumstances, and the resource mobilization theory which states that political movements result from strategic organization and relevant resources. Political movements are also related to political parties in the sense that they both aim to make an impact on the government and that several political parties have emerged from initial political movements. While political parties are engaged with a multitude of issues, political movements tend to focus on only one major issue.
33-583: Red Russia or Red Russian may refer to: Communism in Russia ; in particular: The Bolsheviks , party that seized power in Russia during the 1917 October Revolution Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–91) Winning side in the Russian Civil War (1917–23) Soviet Union (1922–91), pars pro toto , the Russian SFSR being
66-595: A political movement that is led by a communist party is termed a mass organization by the party and a "Communist front" by detractors. Some of the theories behind social movements have also been applied to the emergence of political movements in specific, like the political opportunity theory and the resource mobilization theory. The political opportunity theory asserts that political movements occur through chance or certain opportunities and have little to do with resources, connections or grievances in society. Political opportunities can be created by possible changes in
99-525: A political party, a political organization seeks to influence or control government policy through conventional methods, usually by nominating their candidates and seating candidates in politics and governmental offices. However, political parties and movements both aim to influence government in one way or another and both are often related to a certain ideology. Parties also participate in electoral campaigns and educational outreach or protest actions aiming to convince citizens or governments to take action on
132-533: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Communism in Russia The first significant attempt to implement communism on a large scale occurred in Russia following the February Revolution of 1917, which resulted in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II . The Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin , capitalized on the discontent with
165-538: Is the second-largest political party in Russia after United Russia . The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union . It began shortly after World War II and lasted until the early 1990s; this era was marked by ideological, political, and military rivalry between the two superpowers and their respective allies. One of the most significant flashpoints of
198-598: The Cold War was Cuba . After Fidel Castro 's revolution in 1959, Cuba became a close ally of the Soviet Union, aligning itself with communist ideology . This alliance was pivotal during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, when the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuban soil brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. The crisis was ultimately resolved through a tense negotiation, resulting in
231-573: The Provisional government and successfully seized power in the October Revolution of the same year. Lenin's government began to transform Russian society through policies such as land redistribution, nationalization of industry, and withdrawal from World War I . After Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin 's rise to power brought about rapid industrialization, forced collectivization, and widespread political repression, which solidified
264-697: The Red Guards took over bridges and telephone exchanges. On 25 and 26 October 1917 the Red Guards took over banks, government buildings, and railways stations. The cruiser Aurora fired blank shots at the Winter Palace signalling the start of the revolution. That night (9:40 pm), the Red Guards took over the Winter Palace and arrested the Provisional Government. On 27 October 1917 Lenin proclaimed that all power now belonged to
297-399: The Soviet Union 's status as a major world power but at a tremendous human cost. Throughout the 20th century communism spread to various parts of the world, largely as a result of Soviet influence, often through revolutionary movements and post- World War II geopolitical shifts. The Cold War period saw a global ideological struggle between the communist bloc, led by the Soviet Union, and
330-695: The animal rights movement , or the inclusive human rights movement. Some have represented class interests, such as the labour movement , socialism , and communism , while others have expressed national aspirations, including both anticolonialist movements, such as Rātana and Sinn Féin , as well as colonialist movements such as Manifest destiny . Political movements can also involve struggles to decentralize or centralize state control, as in anarchism , fascism , and Nazism . Famous recent social movements can be classified as political movements as they have influenced policy changes at all levels of government. Political movements that have recently emerged within
363-407: The ecology movement , alter-globalization and the anti-globalization movement . With globalization , global citizens movements may have also emerged. Many political movements have aimed to establish or broaden the rights of subordinate groups, such as abolitionism , the women's suffrage movement, the civil rights movement , feminism , gay rights movement , the disability rights movement ,
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#1732765947383396-952: The CPSU in the aftermath of the failed coup attempt . The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) would be founded at the Second Extraordinary Congress of Russian Communists on 14 February 1993 as the successor organization of the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (CPRSFSR). The CPRF was the ruling party in the State Duma , the lower house of the Russian Federal Assembly from 1998 to 1999. It
429-642: The Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies. After Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin took over the Soviet Union, many people still opposed the communist party. This led to the Civil War between the White Army and Red Army. The White Army included the opposition party, while the Red Army included the armed forces of the government and people that supported Vladimir Lenin. The Civil War resulted in
462-809: The US are the Black Lives Matter Movement , and the Me Too Movement . While political movements that have happened in recent years within the Middle East is the Arab Spring . While in some cases these political movements remained movements, in others they escalated into revolutions and changed the state of government. Movements may also be named by outsiders, as with the Levellers political movement in 17th century England, which
495-501: The capitalist West, led by the United States. The eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked a significant decline in the global influence of communism, though the ideology persists in some countries and continues to inspire political movements worldwide. In Russia efforts to build communism began after Tsar Nicholas II lost his power during the February Revolution , which started in 1917, and ended with
528-767: The creation of mass movements as a means to overthrow a government and create their own government, the mass movement then being used afterwards to protect the government from being overthrown itself; whereas liberals seek mass participation in the system of representative democracy. The social scientific study of mass movements focuses on such elements as charisma, leadership, active minorities, cults and sects, followers, mass man and mass society, alienation, brainwashing and indoctrination, authoritarianism and totalitarianism. The field emerged from crowd or mass psychology (Le Bon, Tarde a.o.), which had gradually widened its scope from mobs to social movements and opinion currents, and then to mass and media society. One influential early text
561-411: The deaths of 10–30 million people. Lenin argued that in an underdeveloped country such as Russia the capitalist class would remain a threat even after a successful socialist revolution. As a result, he advocated the repression of those elements of the capitalist class that took up arms against the new soviet government, writing that as long as classes existed a state would need to exist to exercise
594-411: The democratic rule of one class (in his view, the working class) over the other (the capitalist class). Lenin wrote that "[d]ictatorship does not necessarily mean the abolition of democracy for the class that exercises the dictatorship over other classes; but it does mean the abolition of democracy (or very material restriction, which is also a form of abolition) for the class over which, or against which,
627-471: The dictatorship is exercised." After World War I , Karl Kautsky became a critic of the Bolshevik Revolution , and was famously denounced by Lenin as a "renegade". The use of violence, terror and rule of a single communist party was criticised by other Marxists , including Karl Kautsky , and Rosa Luxemburg , as well as Anarcho-Communists like Peter Kropotkin . In the early 1930s,
660-747: The dissolution of the USSR in 1991. The Provisional Government was established under the liberal and social-democratic government; however, the Bolsheviks refused to accept the government and revolted in October 1917 , taking control of Russia. Vladimir Lenin , their leader, rose to power and governed between 1917 and 1924. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation remains the second-largest political party after United Russia . The First World War placed an unbearable strain on Russia's weak government and economy, resulting in mass shortages and hunger. In
693-710: The established parties may have neglected this issue in the past. Political scientists Santos and Mercea argue that, in recent years, "the rise of movement parties across Europe has disrupted traditional notions of party politics and opened up new avenues for citizen engagement and political mobilisation. Movement parties are the reflection of a wider socio-political transformation of increasing interconnection between electoral and non-electoral politics". They identify four types of movement parties: green / left-libertarian , far-right , eclectic , and centrist . For groups seeking to influence policy, social movements can provide an alternative to formal electoral politics. For example,
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#1732765947383726-447: The establishment in order to fully develop. Thus, at the beginning and core of a political movement there lies a strategic mobilization of individuals. Political movements are different from political parties since movements are usually focused on a single issue and they have no interest in attaining office in government. A political movement is generally an informal organization and uses unconventional methods to achieve their goals. In
759-635: The issues and concerns which are the focus of the movement. Some political movements have turned into or launched political parties. For example, the 15-M Movement against austerity in Spain led to the creation of the populist party Podemos and the labor movements in Brazil helped form the Brazilian Workers' Party . These types of movement parties serve to raise awareness on the main issue of their initial political movement in government, since
792-641: The meantime, the mismanagement and failures of the war turned the people and importantly, the soldiers against the Tsar, whose decision to take personal command of the army seemed to make him personally responsible for the defeats. In February 1917, the Tsar first lost control of the streets, then of the soldiers, and finally of the Duma, resulting in his forced abdication on 2 March 1917. On 26 February 1917 citywide strikes spread throughout Petrograd . Dozens of demonstrators were killed by troops. The crowds grew hostile, so
825-419: The political scientist S. Laurel Weldon has shown that women's movements and women's policy agencies have tended to be more effective in reducing violence against women than the presence of women in the legislatures. High barriers to entry to the political competition can disenfranchise political movements. Some political movements have aimed to change government policy, such as the anti-war movement ,
858-416: The political system, structure or by other developments in the political sphere and they are the driving force for political movements to be established. The resource mobilization theory states that political movements are the result of careful planning, organizing and fundraising rather than spontaneous uprisings or societal grievances . This theory postulates that movements rely on resources and contact to
891-531: The predominant component of the union Red Ruthenia , a historical region of eastern Europe now split between Ukraine and Poland Red Russian (cocktail) , vodka with either cherry liqueur or strawberry schnapps Red Russia , a 1907 book by John Foster Fraser Red Russia , a 1919 book by John Reed (journalist) Red Russia , a 1931 book by Theodor Seibert See also [ edit ] Soviet Russia (disambiguation) Russian Red , Spanish indie and folk singer-songwriter Topics referred to by
924-616: The removal of the missiles in exchange for a U.S. pledge not to invade Cuba and the secret removal of U.S. missiles from Turkey . Soviet nostalgia remains prevalent among the Russian populace. Per the Levada Center in 2018, 66 percent of Russians said they regretted the Soviet break-up highlighting the enduring impact of this historical period on the collective memory of the nation. Political movement An organization in
957-417: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Red Russia . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Russia&oldid=1155931219 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
990-603: The socialist movements that did not support the Bolshevik party line were condemned by the Communist International and called social fascism . In 1991 Mikhail Gorbachev removed the constitutional role of the Communist Party. Because of this it allowed non-communists to take power. As a result, Boris Yeltsin then became the first president of Russia. Russian President Boris Yeltsin would ban
1023-613: The soldiers had to decide which side they were on. As the situation became critical, soldiers refused to work for the Tsar. On 26 February 1917 the Army abandoned the Tsar; the soldiers mutinied and refused to put down the riots. By 27 February 1917 the workers were in control of the entire city. On 24–25 October 1917 the Bolsheviks and Left Socialist Revolutionaries organized a revolution , occupying government buildings, telegraph stations, and other strategic points. On 24 October 1917,
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1056-477: Was named so as a term of disparagement . Yet admirers of the movement and its aims later came to use the term, and it is this term by which they are most known to history. A mass movement denotes a political party or movement which is supported by large segments of a population. Political movements that typically advocate the creation of a mass movement include the ideologies of communism , fascism , and liberalism . Both communists and fascists typically support
1089-588: Was the double essay on the herd instinct (1908) by British surgeon Wilfred Trotter. It also influenced the key concepts of the superego and identification in Massenpsychologie (1921) by Sigmund Freud, misleadingly translated as Group psychology. They are linked to ideas on sexual repression leading to rigid personalities, in the original Mass psychology of fascism (1933) by Freudo-Marxist Wilhelm Reich (not to be confused with its totally revised 1946 American version). This then rejoined ideas formulated by
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