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37-463: The Red Rose Girls were given their nickname by Howard Pyle , who taught the three artists in his first illustration class at Drexel Institute . Prolific and highly successful as artists, the Red Rose Girls were exemplars of the artistic style of Romantic realism . They helped to establish Philadelphia as a national center for book and magazine illustration. Their unconventional life style as

74-574: A bout but was likely to be murdered because he was a stranger. Pyle adapted it and gave the wrestler the identity of David of Doncaster , one of Robin's band in the story " Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow ". In his novelistic treatment of the tales, he thus developed several characters who had been mentioned in only one ballad, such as David of Doncaster or Arthur a Bland . Men of Iron is an 1891 novel about squire Myles Falworth who hopes to become

111-465: A close familial group for mutual support was influenced in part by Howard Pyle's outspoken opinion that once a woman married "that was the end of her" professionally. Pyle was not the only person to emphasize the difficulty, for a woman, of managing both family and professional commitments. Anna Lea Merritt , a member of The Plastic Club , wrote in Lippincott's Magazine , that "The chief obstacle to

148-648: A double-paged spread in the Harper's Weekly issue of March 9, 1878 and was paid $ 75—five times what he had expected. He became increasingly successful and was an established artist by the time that he returned to Wilmington in 1880. Pyle continued illustrating for magazines. He also collaborated on several books, particularly in American history. He wrote and illustrated his own stories, beginning with The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood in 1883. This book won international attention from critics such as William Morris . Over

185-419: A flamboyant style incorporating elements of Romani dress. His work influenced the design of costumes for movie pirates from Errol Flynn to Johnny Depp . It has been noted as highly impractical for working sailors. In 1910, Pyle and his family went to Italy where he planned to study the old masters . Suffering poor health, he felt depressed and drained of energy. After one year in the country, he suffered

222-459: A four-volume set on King Arthur . He is also well known for his illustrations of pirates , and is credited with creating what has become the modern stereotype of pirate dress. He published his first novel Otto of the Silver Hand in 1888. He also illustrated historical and adventure stories for periodicals such as Harper's Magazine and St. Nicholas Magazine . His novel Men of Iron

259-487: A generation of illustrators who were artistically and financially successful. He hoped that through this, he would foster an American style of painting, something he felt the country lacked. In order to develop that intrinsically American style, Pyle believed that his students must spend time outdoors, taking in the scenery and the history of their country. To help facilitate this, Pyle frequently brought his students to Chadds Ford, where he would tell his students stories about

296-489: A group of young female artists living together received criticism at the time but also demonstrated that women could become successful professional artists, serving as a model for later women. The three girls' choice to live together on an inn and studio in the suburb of Philadelphia was a bold act in the 1910s, consistent with the feminist ideal of the “ New Woman ”. The Red Rose girls received several criticisms for their "untraditional" living arrangements. Their formation of

333-599: A kidney infection and died in Florence at the age of 58. In 1937, his niece, Caroline Ashton Pyle married his student N. C. Wyeth 's son Nathaniel Convers Wyeth . Pyle wrote and illustrated a number of books, in addition to numerous illustrations done for Harper's Weekly , other periodical publications, and various works of fiction for children and young adults. Pyle synthesized many traditional Robin Hood legends and ballads in this work, while toning them down to make them suitable for children. For instance, he modified

370-570: A knight, thereby redeeming his family's honor. His father was falsely implicated in a plot to kill King Henry IV . The adventure tale follows Myles through his intensive training for knighthood and ends with him becoming a knight and challenging the wicked Lord Brookhurst Alban to trial by combat. The novel was adapted into the 1954 film The Black Shield of Falworth starring Tony Curtis and Janet Leigh . The remaining etchings are titled: “Friar” Bacon in His Study, and "Izaak" Walton Pyle

407-492: A major influence on his work. Pyle is remembered primarily as an illustrator, but his books have also been analyzed for their literary qualities, particularly The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood . Taimi M. Ranta and Jill P. May have examined their influence on children's literature. May writes from a feminist sensibility. Susan F. Beegel has studied his influence on Ernest Hemingway . Alethia Helbig has reviewed his poetry, which since his death has not been as highly valued as it

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444-414: A woman's success is that she can never have a wife... It is exceedingly difficult to be an artist without this time-saving help." Alice Carter, author of The Red Rose Girls: An Uncommon Story of Art and Love describes their work and relationships in detail. The activities of Henrietta Cozens, who took on the role of "wife" in the day-to-day management of the household, were both important and recognized by

481-728: Is still standing and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Pyle was an early member of The Franklin Inn Club in Philadelphia. According to Robert Vitz, the Howard Pyle School of Art developed a common set of themes in its work: attention to realism and expression of optimism and a faith in the goodness of America. His work also continued to inspire well after his death; for example, comic book artist Tony Harris (born 1969) has cited Pyle as

518-515: The Bishop of Hereford ", so that the victim keeps a third and another third is dedicated to the poor. Pyle did not have much concern for historical accuracy, but he renamed the queen in the story " Robin Hood and Queen Katherine " as Eleanor (of Aquitaine). This made her compatible historically with King Richard the Lion-Hearted , with whom Robin eventually makes peace. Many of the tales in

555-1243: The Moon , which is about death and bears the dedication: "To the little Boy in the Moon Garden This Book is dedicated by His Father." From 1894 to 1900, he taught illustration at the Drexel Institute. In 1900, he created his own school in Wilmington where he taught a small number of students in depth. In 1903, Pyle painted his first murals for the Delaware Art Museum. He took up mural painting more seriously in 1906 and painted The Battle of Nashville in Saint Paul , as well as two other murals for courthouses in New Jersey (the Essex and Hudson County Courthouses). Pyle developed his own ideas for illustrating pirate dress, as few examples existed of authentic pirate outfits and few, if any, drawings had been preserved. He created

592-564: The Robin Hood book dated to the late Middle Ages. His achievement was to integrate them into a unified story, which he also illustrated. For example, he included " Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar " in the narrative order to reintroduce Friar Tuck . He needed a cooperative priest for the wedding of outlaw Allan a Dale to his sweetheart Ellen. In the original " A Gest of Robyn Hode ", the life is saved of an anonymous wrestler who had won

629-589: The area’s revolutionary history while they painted landscapes. Pyle advocated against studying in Europe, hoping that his students would find fame and success through an American education. The school and studio, which are still standing, are located a short walk from the Brandywine Park , a stretch of riverside park designed by Frederick Law Olmsted . Of the 500 students who applied to attend Pyle's school in its first year, only twelve were accepted. It

666-475: The artistic style of the “Red Rose Girls” could be categorized as “romantic realism,” a combination of Romanticism and Realism , two popular art styles in the end of 19th century and at the beginning of 20th century. The Red Rose Girls could be said to represent one of the peaks of the artistic style of Romantic realism, although the popularity of the style declined in American High Art circles after

703-681: The early 20th century. Pyle’s teachings would influence such notable illustrators as N.C. Wyeth , Maxfield Parrish , Harvey Dunn , and Norman Rockwell . Pyle himself would come to be known as the "Father of American Illustration." Many works related to the Brandywine School may be seen at the Brandywine River Museum of Art , in Chadds Ford. Pyle, one of the foremost illustrators in the United States at

740-426: The following decades, he published many more illustrated works for children, many of which are still in print today. Pyle married singer Anne Poole on April 12, 1881, and the couple had seven children. In 1889, he and his wife sailed to Jamaica, leaving their children in the care of relatives. While they were overseas, their son Sellers died unexpectedly. This loss likely inspired his children's book The Garden Behind

777-951: The founder of a distinctly American school of illustration and art, as the innovator who introduced the total-design approach, and as the great reinventor of children's books, would outshine any single work he did, so that he is remembered less for any one project than for his total stance. He had a lasting influence on a number of artists who became notable in their own right. Some of his more notable students were N. C. Wyeth , Frank Schoonover , Elenore Abbott , Ethel Franklin Betts , Anna Whelan Betts , Harvey Dunn , Clyde O. DeLand , Philip R. Goodwin , Thornton Oakley , Violet Oakley , Ellen Bernard Thompson Pyle , Olive Rush , Blanche Grant , Ethel Leach, Allen Tupper True , Elizabeth Shippen Green , Arthur E. Becher , William James Aylward , Jessie Willcox Smith , and Charlotte Harding . Pyle taught his students at his home and studio in Wilmington, which

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814-500: The group was active, due to the dominance of Abstract Expressionism in the Post War era. Their works achieved great success. Oakley began as an illustrator and was acclaimed for her large mural projects and works in stained glass. Smith and Green were prolific illustrators, celebrated for their work in children's books and periodicals such as Collier's , Scribner's Magazine , and Harper's Magazine . A group show featuring

851-602: The island and submitted it to Scribner's Monthly . One of the magazine's owners was Roswell Smith, who encouraged him to move to New York and pursue illustration professionally. Pyle initially struggled in New York; his lack of professional experience made it difficult for him to translate his ideas into forms for publication. He was encouraged by several working artists, however, including Edwin Austin Abbey , A. B. Frost , and Frederick S. Church . He finally published

888-553: The late 17th century ballad " Robin Hood's Progress to Nottingham ", changing it from Robin killing fourteen foresters for not honoring a bet to Robin defending himself against an attempt on his life by one of the foresters. Pyle has Robin kill only two men, one who shoots at him first when he was a youth, the other a hated assassin named Guy of Gisborne whom the Sheriff sent to slay him. Tales are changed in which Robin steals all that an ambushed traveler carried, such as " Robin Hood and

925-524: The next 63 years, and in 1942 he used it to open his own school, where he taught artists such as Ellen du Pont Wheelwright. After Pyle's death, Arthurs purchased the Pyle studio and continued the school from 1912 to 1950. Wyeth stayed in his Wilmington studio for a time before moving to Chadds Ford, where he taught his own children, including artist Andrew Wyeth . In his study The Brandywine Tradition (1968), author and illustrator Henry Clarence Pitz wrote of

962-526: The other members of the group. Throughout their years together the four women formed intimate bonds of friendship and love and enriched each other's professional lives by sharing ideas and inspiration. The group disbanded in 1911 after Elizabeth Shippen Green married following a seven-year engagement. According to Dr. Mark Sullivan, PhD in the Art History Department at Bryn Mawr College and professor of Art History at Villanova University ,

999-745: The period real and alive. Unless noted otherwise, all titles are listed in The Dictionary of American Biography . Brandywine School The Brandywine School was a style of illustration —as well as an artists colony in Wilmington, Delaware and in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania , near the Brandywine River —both founded by artist Howard Pyle (1853–1911) at the end of the 19th century. The works produced there were widely published in adventure novels, magazines, and romances in

1036-476: The ten years he ran his school in Wilmington. The Brandywine School continued on in Pyle's students even after his death in 1911. Several of his students, inspired by Pyle's example, taught the next generation of the school's students. In 1905, Wilmington philanthropist Samuel Bancroft constructed a set of buildings to house and provide studios for four of Pyle's most successful students: Wyeth, Schoonover, Dunn, and Ashley. Schoonover remained in his studio for

1073-589: The term Brandywine School for the illustration artists and Wyeth family artists of the Brandywine region, several of whom had studied with Pyle. He had a lasting influence on a number of artists who became notable in their own right; N. C. Wyeth , Frank Schoonover , Thornton Oakley , Allen Tupper True , Stanley Arthurs, and numerous others studied under him. His 1883 classic publication The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood remains in print, and his other books frequently have medieval European settings, including

1110-617: The time, began teaching art classes at Drexel University in 1895. However, he was dissatisfied with the confines of formal art education, and beginning in 1898, he began teaching students during the summers at the Turner Mill in Chadds Ford. The mill, alongside the Brandywine, provided views of a scenic landscape to inspire the artists. Pyle also hosted artists' gatherings at his residence at Painter's Folly . In 1900, he left Drexel and opened his own school attached to his personal art studio. Pyle created this school so that he might train

1147-620: The work of the Red Rose Girls occurred at the Norman Rockwell Museum from November 8, 2003, through May 31, 2004. Works from the Red Rose Girls were featured in the American Watercolor show at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 2017. Howard Pyle Howard Pyle (March 5, 1853 – November 9, 1911) was an American illustrator , painter , and author , primarily of books for young people. He

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1184-466: Was a native of Wilmington , Delaware , and he spent the last year of his life in Florence , Italy. In 1894, he began teaching illustration at the Drexel Institute of Art, Science, and Industry (now Drexel University ). Among his students there were Violet Oakley , Maxfield Parrish , and Jessie Willcox Smith . After 1900, he founded his own school of art and illustration named the Howard Pyle School of Illustration Art. Scholar Henry C. Pitz later used

1221-417: Was adapted as the movie The Black Shield of Falworth (1954). Pyle travelled to Florence, Italy in 1910 to study mural painting. He died there in 1911 of a sudden kidney infection ( Bright's disease ). Pyle was born in Wilmington, Delaware, the son of William Pyle and Margaret Churchman Painter. As a child, he attended private schools and was interested in drawing and writing from a very young age. He

1258-515: Was an indifferent student, but his parents encouraged him to study art, particularly his mother. He studied for three years at the studio of F. A. Van der Wielen in Philadelphia, and this constituted the whole of his artistic training, aside from a few lessons at the Art Students League of New York . In 1876, he visited the island of Chincoteague off Virginia and was inspired by what he saw. He wrote and illustrated an article about

1295-480: Was in his own time. Malcolm Usrey wrote that Otto of the Silver Hand has all the marks of a good historical novel: it has an exciting plot, with ample conflict and believable characters; it uses language and dialect appropriate to its setting and the characters; it has a significant, universal theme, and it presents the details of daily life in Germany of the thirteenth century accurately and unobtrusively, making

1332-617: Was through the absorption of Pyle's particular style and teaching that the tradition known as the "Brandywine School" emerged. Pyle continued to operate the school until 1910, during which time he was mentor to such successful artists as N. C. Wyeth , Frank E. Schoonover , Stanley M. Arthurs , William James Aylward , Thornton Oakley , Violet Oakley , Clifford Ashley , Anna Whelan Betts , Ethel Franklin Betts , Ellen Bernard Thompson Pyle , Jessie Willcox Smith , Olive Rush , Blanche Grant , Philip R. Goodwin , Allen Tupper True , and Harvey Dunn . In all, 75 artists were trained by Pyle during

1369-615: Was widely respected during his life and continues to be well regarded by illustrators and fine artists. His contemporary Vincent van Gogh wrote in a letter to his brother Theo that Pyle's work "struck me dumb with admiration." Pyle's reputation stems from his innovation in form and illustration, creating an American school of illustration and art, and for the revival of children's books. His illustrations are vivid and imaginative, yet not overly fantastic or contrived, lending them an air of colorful realism. Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism notes: As time passed, Pyle's historical position as

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