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68-658: The swastika (卍 wàn ; "infinity", "all") in Chinese and other cultures is a symbol of the universe, or the manifestation and creativity of God. It was one of a number of new redemptive societies founded in early 20th-century China , that compared to previous redemptive societies that focused on salvation of China, aimed for salvation of the world, drawing upon Western examples such as the Red Cross to build charitable institutions grounded in Asian traditional religions. The use of

136-589: A 1992 paper, contends that the swastika-like comet on the Han-dynasty manuscript was labelled a "long tailed pheasant star" ( dixing ) because of its resemblance to a bird's foot or footprint. Similar comparisons had been made by J.   F. Hewitt in 1907, as well as a 1908 article in Good Housekeeping . Kobres goes on to suggest an association of mythological birds and comets also outside of China. In Native American culture , particularly among

204-450: A chiral irregular icosagon (20-sided polygon ) with fourfold (90°) rotational symmetry . Such a swastika proportioned on a 5   ×   5 square grid and with the broken portions of its legs shortened by one unit can tile the plane by translation alone. The main Nazi flag swastika used a 5   ×   5 diagonal grid, but with the legs unshortened. The swastika was adopted as

272-475: A late paleolithic figurine of a bird, carved from mammoth ivory, found in Mezine , Ukraine. However, the age of 10,000 BCE is a conservative estimate, and the true age may be as old as 17,000 BCE. It has been suggested that this swastika may be a stylised picture of a stork in flight. As the carving was found near phallic objects, this may also support the idea that the pattern was a fertility symbol. In

340-401: A letter from Max Müller that quotes Burnouf. The term sauwastika is used in the sense of 'backward swastika' by Eugène Goblet d'Alviella (1894): "In India it [the gammadion ] bears the name of swastika , when its arms are bent towards the right, and sauwastika when they are turned in the other direction." Other names for the symbol include: In various European languages, it

408-418: A major Jain text, lists 16 observances that lead to the bandha (bondage) of this karma : Five auspicious events called Pañca kalyāṇaka mark every tirthankara 's life: After attaining kevalajñāna , the tirthankara preaches the path to liberation in the samavasarana . According to Jain texts, devas (heavenly beings) erect the heavenly pavilion where devas , humans, and animals assemble to hear

476-658: A mapping in the original Big5 character set, but the former does not (although it is in Big5+ ). In Unicode 5.2, two swastika symbols and two swastikas were added to the Tibetan block : swastika U+0FD5 ࿕ RIGHT-FACING SVASTI SIGN , U+0FD7 ࿗ RIGHT-FACING SVASTI SIGN WITH DOTS , and swastikas U+0FD6 ࿖ LEFT-FACING SVASTI SIGN , U+0FD8 ࿘ LEFT-FACING SVASTI SIGN WITH DOTS . European uses of swastikas are often treated in conjunction with cross symbols in general, such as

544-676: A right angle. The word swastika comes from Sanskrit : स्वस्तिक , romanized :  svastika , meaning 'conducive to well-being'. In Hinduism , the right-facing symbol (clockwise) ( 卐 ) is called swastika , symbolizing surya ('sun'), prosperity and good luck, while the left-facing symbol (counter-clockwise) ( 卍 ) is called sauvastika , symbolising night or tantric aspects of Kali . In Jain symbolism , it represents Suparshvanatha  – the seventh of 24 Tirthankaras ( spiritual teachers and saviours ), while in Buddhist symbolism it represents

612-554: A standard character in Chinese , " 卍 " ( pinyin : wàn ) and as such entered various other East Asian languages , including Chinese script . In Japanese the symbol is called " 卍 " ( Hepburn : manji ) or " 卍字 " ( manji ) . The swastika is included in the Unicode character sets of two languages. In the Chinese block it is U+534D 卍 (left-facing) and U+5350 for the swastika 卐 (right-facing); The latter has

680-576: Is prohibited by law . However, the swastika remains a symbol of good luck and prosperity in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain countries such as Nepal, India, Thailand, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, China and Japan, and carries various other meanings for peoples around the world, such as the Akan , Hopi , Navajo , and Tlingit peoples. It is also commonly used in Hindu marriage ceremonies and Dipavali celebrations. With well-being ( swasti ) we would follow along our path, like

748-504: Is a sacred symbol in the Bön religion, native to Tibet . The swastika is an important Hindu symbol. The swastika symbol is commonly used before entrances or on doorways of homes or temples, to mark the starting page of financial statements, and mandalas constructed for rituals such as weddings or welcoming a newborn. Tirthankara In Jainism , a Tirthankara ( IAST : tīrthaṅkara ; lit.   ' ford -maker ' )

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816-407: Is a saviour and supreme preacher of the dharma (righteous path). The word tirthankara signifies the founder of a tirtha , a fordable passage across saṃsāra , the sea of interminable birth and death. According to Jains, tirthankaras are the supreme preachers of dharma , who have conquered saṃsāra on their own and made a path for others to follow. After understanding the true nature of

884-619: Is a swastika symbol used to decorate objects, traditional clothing and in archaeological excavations . According to painter Stanisław Jakubowski, the "little sun" (Polish: słoneczko ) is an Early Slavic pagan symbol of the Sun; he claimed it was engraved on wooden monuments built near the final resting places of fallen Slavs to represent eternal life. The symbol was first seen in his collection of Early Slavic symbols and architectural features, which he named Prasłowiańskie motywy architektoniczne (Polish: Early Slavic Architectural Motifs ). His work

952-593: Is believed that during this speech, there is no unhappiness for miles around the site. Jainism postulates that time has no beginning or end. It moves like the wheel of a cart. The wheel of time is divided into two halves, Utsarpiṇī (ascending half cycle) and Avasarpiṇī (descending half cycle). 24 tirthankaras are born in each half of this cycle. In Jain tradition, the tirthankaras were royal in their final lives, and Jain texts record details of those lives. Their clan and families are also among those recorded in legendary stories. According to Jain canons, Rishabhanatha ,

1020-536: Is called yung drung . All swastikas are bent crosses based on a chiral symmetry, but they appear with different geometric details: as compact crosses with short legs, as crosses with large arms and as motifs in a pattern of unbroken lines. Chirality describes an absence of reflective symmetry , with the existence of two versions that are mirror images of each other. The mirror-image forms are typically described as left-facing or left-hand (卍) and right-facing or right-hand (卐). The compact swastika can be seen as

1088-533: Is clearly marked on a hilt and sword belt found at Bifrons in Kent, in a grave of about the 6th century. Hilda Ellis Davidson theorised that the swastika symbol was associated with Thor , possibly representing his Mjolnir  – symbolic of thunder – and possibly being connected to the Bronze Age sun cross. Davidson cites "many examples" of swastika symbols from Anglo-Saxon graves of

1156-582: Is depicted among the magical symbols on the drums of Sami noaidi , used in their religious ceremonies before Christianity was established. The name of the Sami thunder god was Horagalles , thought to derive from "Old Man Thor" ( Þórr karl ). Sometimes on the drums, a male figure with a hammer-like object in either hand is shown, and sometimes it is more like a cross with crooked ends, or a swastika. The icon has been of spiritual significance to Indian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The swastika

1224-459: Is identifiable by the locks of hair falling on his shoulders. Sometimes Suparshvanath is shown with a small snake-hood. The symbols are marked in the centre or the corner of the statue's pedestal. The Jain sects Digambara and Śvetāmbara have different depictions of idols. Digambara images are naked without any ornamentation, whereas Śvetāmbara ones are clothed and decorated with temporary ornaments. The images are often marked with Srivatsa on

1292-791: Is known as the fylfot , gammadion , tetraskelion , or cross cramponnée (a term in Anglo-Norman heraldry ); German: Hakenkreuz ; French: croix gammée ; Italian: croce uncinata ; Latvian : ugunskrusts . In Mongolian it is called [хас] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) ( khas ) and mainly used in seals. In Chinese it is called 卍字 ( wànzì ), pronounced manji in Japanese, manja (만자) in Korean and vạn tự or chữ vạn in Vietnamese . In Balti / Tibetan language it

1360-464: Is represented either in the lotus position ( Padmasana ) or in the meditation Khadgasana ( Kayotsarga ) posture. The latter, which is similar to the military standing at attention , is a difficult posture to hold for long and is preferred by Jains because it minimizes the amount of the body in contact with the earth, and thus the risk to sentient creatures living in or on it. If seated, they are usually depicted seated with their legs crossed in front,

1428-509: Is usual in Indian sculpture, the depiction takes relatively little interest in accurate depiction of musculature and bones but is interested in modeling outer surfaces as broad swelling forms. The ears are extremely elongated, alluding to the heavy earrings the figures wore in their early lives before they took the path to enlightenment, when most were wealthy, if not royal. Sculptures with four heads are not uncommon in early sculpture, but unlike

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1496-502: The Avar khans depicted a wolf with a standard with a double-spiral swastika. Petroglyphs with swastikas were depicted on medieval Vainakh tower architecture (see sketches by scholar Bruno Plaetschke from the 1920s). Thus, a rectangular swastika was made in engraved form on the entrance of a residential tower in the settlement Khimoy , Chechnya . Iron Age attestations of swastikas can be associated with Indo-European cultures such as

1564-637: The Hisarlik mound near the Aegean Sea coast for the history of Troy. Schliemann linked his findings to the Sanskrit swastika . By the 19th century, the term swastika was adopted into the English lexicon, replacing the previous gammadion from Greek γαμμάδιον . In 1878, Irish scholar Charles Graves used swastika as the common English name for the symbol, after defining it as equivalent to

1632-540: The Illyrians , Indo-Iranians , Celts , Greeks , Germanic peoples and Slavs . In Sintashta culture 's " Country of Towns ", ancient Indo-European settlements in southern Russia, it has been found a great concentration of some of the oldest swastika patterns. Swastika shapes have been found on numerous artefacts from Iron Age Europe. The swastika shape (also called a fylfot ) appears on various Germanic Migration Period and Viking Age artifacts, such as

1700-652: The Pima people of Arizona , the swastika is a symbol of the four winds. Anthropologist Frank Hamilton Cushing noted that among the Pima the symbol of the four winds is made from a cross with the four curved arms (similar to a broken sun cross ) and concludes "the right-angle swastika is primarily a representation of the circle of the four wind gods standing at the head of their trails, or directions." The earliest known swastikas are from 10,000 BCE – part of "an intricate meander pattern of joined-up swastikas" found on

1768-700: The Soviet Union . In addition, it had offices in Paris , London , and Tokyo and professors of Esperanto within its membership. Perhaps its most documented impact on the history of China was for helping the victims of the Nanjing Massacre . The rampage of the occupying Japanese forces through the city left thousands of bodies in the streets, and the Red Swastika Society stepped in to assist in burials. Records of these activities from

1836-1024: The Swastika Stone . Swastikas have also been found on pottery in archaeological digs in Africa, in the area of Kush and on pottery at the Jebel Barkal temples, in Iron Age designs of the northern Caucasus ( Koban culture ), and in Neolithic China in the Majiayao culture. Swastikas are also seen in Egypt during the Coptic period. Textile number T.231-1923 held at the V&;A Museum in London includes small swastikas in its design. This piece

1904-552: The sun cross of Bronze Age religion . Beyond its certain presence in the " proto-writing " symbol systems, such as the Vinča script , which appeared during the Neolithic . According to René Guénon , the swastika represents the north pole, and the rotational movement around a centre or immutable axis ( axis mundi ), and only secondly it represents the Sun as a reflected function of

1972-442: The tirthankara . A samavasarana is a three-level structure. The lowest level, made of rajat (silver), is the parking space for vehicles. The second is the svarna (gold) level. All animals reside in the svarna level, while the highest level, made of precious gems, is reserved for various important figures, such as kings and their families, the devas and the ascetics. Humans and animals hear a tirthankara 's speech in their language. It

2040-518: The 19th and early 20th century, such as suastika . It was derived from the Sanskrit term ( Devanagari स्वस्तिक ), which transliterates to svastika under the commonly used IAST transliteration system , but is pronounced closer to swastika when letters are used with their English values. The earliest known use of the word swastika is in Pāṇini 's Aṣṭādhyāyī , which uses it to explain one of

2108-581: The 23rd tirthankara . A tirthankara organises the sangha , a fourfold order of male and female monastics , srāvakas (male followers) and śrāvikā s (female followers). The tirthankara's teachings form the basis for the Jain canons . The inner knowledge of tirthankara is believed to be perfect and identical in every respect, and their teachings contain no contradictions. The degree of elaboration varies according to society's spiritual advancement and purity during their period of leadership. The higher

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2176-640: The 3rd-century Værløse Fibula from Zealand, Denmark, the Gothic spearhead from Brest-Litovsk , today in Belarus, the 9th-century Snoldelev Stone from Ramsø , Denmark, and numerous Migration Period bracteates drawn left-facing or right-facing. The pagan Anglo-Saxon ship burial at Sutton Hoo , England, contained numerous items bearing swastikas, now housed in the collection of the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology . A swastika

2244-616: The French term croix gammée  – a cross with arms shaped like the Greek letter gamma (Γ). Shortly thereafter, British antiquarians Edward Thomas and Robert Sewell separately published their studies about the symbol, using swastika as the common English term. The concept of a "reversed" swastika was probably first made among European scholars by Eugène Burnouf in 1852 and taken up by Schliemann in Ilios (1880), based on

2312-604: The Pacific and even North America (especially Moundville ). In Armenia the swastika is called the " arevakhach " and "kerkhach" ( Armenian : կեռխաչ ) and is the ancient symbol of eternity and eternal light (i.e. God). Swastikas in Armenia were found on petroglyphs from the copper age, predating the Bronze Age. During the Bronze Age it was depicted on cauldrons , belts, medallions and other items. Swastikas can also be seen on early Medieval churches and fortresses, including

2380-532: The Red Swastika Society have provided important primary resources for research into the scale of the atrocity and the location of mass graves. Although it seems to have been suppressed during the Maoist rule in mainland China , the Red Swastika Society continues today as a religious organisation focused on charity. It has branches in areas of the Chinese diaspora , with headquarters in Taiwan . Besides charity work,

2448-740: The Red Swastika runs two schools in Hong Kong ( Tuen Mun and Tai Po ) and one in Singapore ( Red Swastika School ). Swastika The swastika ( 卐 or 卍 ) is a symbol used in various Eurasian religions and cultures, and it is also seen in some African and American ones. In the Western world, it is more widely recognized as a symbol of the German Nazi Party who appropriated it for their party insignia starting in

2516-436: The Sanskrit grammar rules, in the context of a type of identifying mark on a cow's ear. Most scholarship suggests that Pāṇini lived in or before the 4th century BCE, possibly in 6th or 5th century BCE. An important early use of the word swastika in a European text was in 1871 with the publications of Heinrich Schliemann , who discovered more than 1,800 ancient samples of swastika symbols and variants thereof while digging

2584-538: The Sun and the Moon. May we meet up with one who gives in return, who does not smite (harm), with one who knows. — The Rigveda V.52.15 The word swastika is derived from the Sanskrit root swasti , which is composed of su 'good, well' and asti 'is; it is; there is'. The word swasti occurs frequently in the Vedas as well as in classical literature, meaning 'health, luck, success, prosperity', and it

2652-710: The archaeological record around 3000 BCE in the Indus Valley Civilisation. It also appears in the Bronze and Iron Age cultures around the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea . In all these cultures, swastika symbols do not appear to occupy any marked position or significance, appearing as just one form of a series of similar symbols of varying complexity. In the Zoroastrian religion of Persia ,

2720-582: The auspicious footprints of the Buddha . In the different Indo-European traditions, the swastika symbolises fire , lightning bolts, and the sun . The symbol is found in the archaeological remains of the Indus Valley civilisation and Samarra , as well as in early Byzantine and Christian artwork . Although used for the first time as a symbol of international antisemitism by far-right Romanian politician A. C. Cuza prior to World War I , it

2788-409: The chest and Tilaka on the forehead. Srivatsa is one of the ashtamangala (auspicious symbols), which sometimes resembles fleur-de-lis , an endless knot , a flower, or a diamond-shaped symbol. The bodies of tirthankara statues are exceptionally consistent throughout over 2,000 years of the historical record. The bodies are rather slight, with very wide shoulders and a narrow waist. Even more than

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2856-545: The comparable Hindu images, these represent four different tirthanakaras , not four aspects of the same deity. Multiple extra arms are avoided in tirthanakara images, though their attendants or guardians may have them. The first Tirthankara , Rishabhanatha is mentioned in Hindu texts like the Rigveda , Vishnupurana , and Bhagwata Purana . The Yajurveda mentions the name of three Tīrthaṅkaras: Ṛiṣhabha, Ajitnātha and Ariṣṭanemi. The Bhāgavata Purāṇa includes legends about

2924-454: The early 20th century. The appropriation continues with its use by neo-Nazis around the world. The swastika was and continues to be used as a symbol of divinity and spirituality in Indian religions , including Hinduism , Buddhism , and Jainism . It generally takes the form of a cross , the arms of which are of equal length and perpendicular to the adjacent arms, each bent midway at

2992-679: The first tirthankara , founded the Ikshvaku dynasty , from which 21 other tirthankaras rose over time. Two tirthankaras – Munisuvrata , the 20th, and Neminatha , the 22nd – belonged to the Harivamsa dynasty. In Jain tradition, the 20 tirthankaras attained moksha on Mount Shikharji , in the present Indian state of Jharkhand . Rishabhanatha attained nirvana on Mount Ashtāpada (Mount Kailash), Vasupujya in Champapuri , Bihar , Neminatha on Mount Girnar , Gujarat , and Mahavira,

3060-470: The founder of a tirtha , a fordable passage across saṃsāra , the sea of interminable births and deaths. Tirthankaras are variously called "Teaching Gods", "Ford-Makers", "Crossing Makers", and "Makers of the River-Crossing. Jain texts propound that a special type of karma , the tīrthaṅkara nama-karma , raises a soul to the supreme status of a Tīrthaṅkara . The Tattvartha Sutra ,

3128-537: The last tirthankara , at Pawapuri , near modern Patna . Twenty-one of the tirthankaras are said to have attained moksha in the kayotsarga (standing meditation posture), while Rishabhanatha, Neminatha, and Mahavira are said to have done so in the Padmasana ( lotus position ). In chronological order, the names, emblems and colours of the 24 tirthankaras of this age are: The next 24 tirthankaras , who will be born in utsarpinī age, are: A tīrthaṅkara

3196-512: The level of society's spiritual advancement and purity of mind, the lower the elaboration required. While Jains document and revere tirthankaras , their grace is said to be available to all living beings regardless of religion. Tīrthaṅkaras are arihants who, after attaining kevala jñāna (pure infinite knowledge), preach the dharma . An Arihant is also called Jina (victor), one who has conquered inner enemies such as anger, attachment, pride, and greed. They dwell exclusively within

3264-524: The mountains of Iran , there are swastikas or spinning wheels inscribed on stone walls, which are estimated to be more than 7,000 years old. One instance is in Khorashad, Birjand , on the holy wall Lakh Mazar. Mirror-image swastikas (clockwise and counter-clockwise) have been found on ceramic pottery in the Devetashka cave , Bulgaria, dated to 6,000 BCE. In Asia, swastika symbols first appear in

3332-584: The north pole. As such it is a symbol of life, of the vivifying role of the supreme principle of the universe, the absolute God, in relation to the cosmic order. It represents the activity (the Hellenic Logos , the Hindu Om , the Chinese Taiyi , 'Great One') of the principle of the universe in the formation of the world. According to Guénon, the swastika in its polar value has

3400-604: The oldest examples of the symbol in Sintashta culture , the swastika symbolises the universe, representing the spinning constellations of the celestial north pole centred in α Ursae Minoris , specifically the Little and Big Dipper (or Chariots), or Ursa Minor and Ursa Major. Likewise, according to René Guénon-the swastika is drawn by visualising the Big Dipper/Great Bear in the four phases of revolution around

3468-490: The pagan period, with particular prominence on cremation urns from the cemeteries of East Anglia. Some of the swastikas on the items, on display at the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, are depicted with such care and art that, according to Davidson, it must have possessed special significance as a funerary symbol . The runic inscription on the 8th-century Sæbø sword has been taken as evidence of

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3536-471: The pole star. In their 1985 book Comet , Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan argue that the appearance of a rotating comet with a four-pronged tail as early as 2,000 years BCE could explain why the swastika is found in the cultures of both the Old World and the pre-Columbian Americas . The Han dynasty Book of Silk (2nd century BCE) depicts such a comet with a swastika-like symbol. Bob Kobres, in

3604-514: The principal tower in Armenia's historical capital city of Ani . The same symbol can be found on Armenian carpets , cross-stones ( khachkar ) and in medieval manuscripts, as well as on modern monuments as a symbol of eternity . Old petroglyphs of four-beam and other swastikas were recorded in Dagestan , in particular, among the Avars . According to Vakhushti of Kartli , the tribal banner of

3672-436: The realm of their soul and are entirely free of kashayas , inner passions, and personal desires. As a result of this, unlimited siddhis , or spiritual powers, are readily available to them, which they use exclusively for living beings' spiritual elevation. Through darśana , divine vision, and deshna , divine speech, they help others attain kevalajñana and moksha (final liberation). The word tirthankara signifies

3740-570: The same meaning of the yin and yang symbol of the Chinese tradition, and of other traditional symbols of the working of the universe, including the letters Γ ( gamma ) and G, symbolising the Great Architect of the Universe of Masonic thought. According to the scholar Reza Assasi, the swastika represents the north ecliptic north pole centred in ζ Draconis , with the constellation Draco as one of its beams. He argues that this symbol

3808-484: The self or soul, the Tīrthaṅkara attains kevala jnana (omniscience). A Tirthankara provides a bridge for others to follow them from saṃsāra to moksha (liberation). In Jain cosmology , the wheel of time is divided into two halves, Utsarpiṇī , the ascending time cycle, and avasarpiṇī , the descending time cycle (said to be current now). In each half of the cycle, exactly 24 tirthankaras grace this part of

3876-566: The swastika as a symbol of Thor in Norse paganism . The bronze frontispiece of a ritual pre-Christian ( c.  350–50 BCE ) shield found in the River Thames near Battersea Bridge (hence " Battersea Shield ") is embossed with 27 swastikas in bronze and red enamel. An Ogham stone found in Aglish, County Kerry , Ireland ( CIIC 141) was modified into an early Christian gravestone, and

3944-403: The swastika include veterok ("breeze"), ognevtsi ("little flames"), "geese", "hares" (a towel with a swastika was called a towel with "hares"), or "little horses". The similar word " koleso " ("wheel") was used for rosette-shaped amulets, such as a hexafoil -thunder wheel [REDACTED] ) in folklore, particularly in the Russian North . An object very much like a hammer or a double axe

4012-438: The swastika was a symbol of the revolving sun, infinity, or continuing creation. It is one of the most common symbols on Mesopotamian coins. Some researchers put forth the hypothesis that the swastika moved westward from the Indian subcontinent to Finland, Scandinavia , the Scottish Highlands and other parts of Europe. In England, neolithic or Bronze Age stone carvings of the symbol have been found on Ilkley Moor , such as

4080-594: The symbol in various Asian cultures predates, and is therefore not related to, the symbol's use in Nazi iconography . Reports of its strength during the 1920s and 1930s seem to vary widely, with citations of 30,000 "members" in 1927 to 7–10 million "followers" in 1937. Generally, its mission was a broad-based effort of philanthropy and moral education. It ran poorhouses and soup kitchens , as well as modern hospitals and other relief works. It had an explicit internationalist focus, extending relief efforts to Tokyo after earthquakes and also in response to natural disasters in

4148-406: The toes of one foot resting upon the knee of the other leg, and the right hand lying over the left in the lap. Tirthankara images have no distinctive facial features, clothing, or (mostly) hairstyles, and are differentiated based on the symbol or emblem ( Lanchhana ) belonging to each tirthanakara except Parshvanatha . Statues of Parshvanatha have a snake crown. The first Tirthankara, Rishabha ,

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4216-418: The universe. There have been infinitely many tirthankaras in the past. The first tirthankara in the present cycle (Hunda Avsarpini) was Rishabhanatha , who is credited with formulating and organising humans to live in a society harmoniously. The 24th and last tirthankara of the present half-cycle was Mahavira (599 BC–527 BC). History records the existence of Mahavira and his predecessor, Parshvanatha ,

4284-422: Was a symbol of auspiciousness and good luck for most of the Western world until the 1930s, when the German Nazi Party adopted the swastika as an emblem of the Aryan race . As a result of World War II and the Holocaust , in the West it continues to be strongly associated with Nazism , antisemitism , white supremacism , or simply evil . As a consequence, its use in some countries, including Germany ,

4352-408: Was commonly used as a greeting. The final ka is a common suffix that could have multiple meanings. According to Monier-Williams , a majority of scholars consider the swastika to originally be a solar symbol . The sign implies well-being, something fortunate, lucky, or auspicious. It is alternatively spelled in contemporary texts as svastika , and other spellings were occasionally used in

4420-636: Was decorated with a cross pattée and two swastikas. The Book of Kells ( c.  800 CE ) contains swastika-shaped ornamentation. At the Northern edge of Ilkley Moor in West Yorkshire, there is a swastika-shaped pattern engraved in a stone known as the Swastika Stone . A number of swastikas have been found embossed in Galician metal pieces and carved in stones, mostly from the Castro culture period, although there also are contemporary examples (imitating old patterns for decorative purposes). The ancient Baltic thunder cross symbol ( pērkona krusts (cross of Perkons ); also fire cross, ugunskrusts )

4488-472: Was found at Qau-el-Kebir, near Asyut , and is dated between 300 and 600 CE. The Tierwirbel (the German for "animal whorl" or "whirl of animals" ) is a characteristic motif in Bronze Age Central Asia, the Eurasian Steppe , and later also in Iron Age Scythian and European ( Baltic and Germanic ) culture, showing rotational symmetric arrangement of an animal motif , often four birds' heads. Even wider diffusion of this "Asiatic" theme has been proposed to

4556-436: Was later attested as the four-horse chariot of Mithra in ancient Iranian culture. They believed the cosmos was pulled by four heavenly horses who revolved around a fixed centre in a clockwise direction. He suggests that this notion later flourished in Roman Mithraism , as the symbol appears in Mithraic iconography and astronomical representations. According to the Russian archaeologist Gennady Zdanovich , who studied some of

4624-451: Was published in 1923. The Boreyko coat of arms with a red swastika was used by several noble families in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . According to Boris Kuftin , the Russians often used swastikas as a decorative element and as the basis of the ornament on traditional weaving products. Many can be seen on a women's folk costume from the Meshchera Lowlands . According to some authors, Russian names popularly associated with

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