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58-735: The Larsen Glacier ( 75°6′S 162°28′E  /  75.100°S 162.467°E  / -75.100; 162.467 ) is a glacier flowing southeast from Reeves Névé , through the Prince Albert Mountains and entering the Ross Sea just south of Mount Crummer in Victoria Land , Antarctica. The Larsen Glacier was discovered by the South Magnetic Party of Ernest Shackleton 's British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–09 , who followed its course on their way to

116-688: A contractor or grantee; copyrighted material assigned to the U.S. Government; or copyrighted information from other sources. Further, the copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States is governed by its own set of laws. The first Federal statute concerning copyright in government publications was the Printing Law enacted in 1895 . Section 52 of that Act provided that copies of "Government Publications" could not be copyrighted. Prior to 1895, no court decision had occasion to consider any claim of copyright on behalf of

174-553: A government-published set of Presidential proclamations. Section 7 of the Copyright Act of 1909 (later codified as Section 8 of title 17 U.S.C.) provided that "No copyright shall subsist ... in any publication of the United States Government, or any reprint, in whole or in part, thereof ..." Section 7 also contained a "savings clause", which stated that "The publication or republication by

232-506: A state or local government may be subject to copyright. Some states have placed much of their work into the public domain by waiving some or all of their rights under copyright law. For example, the constitution and laws of Florida have placed its government's works in the public domain. Unorganized territories (such as American Samoa and the former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands ) are treated, for copyright purposes, as

290-502: A westward projection at the south end of Eisenhower Range, about 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) west of Mount Nansen, in Victoria Land. Named by US-ACAN for Michael G. Thern, station engineer at McMurdo Station with the 1965-66 summer party and the 1967 winter party. 74°42′S 162°17′E  /  74.700°S 162.283°E  / -74.700; 162.283 . A mountain, 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) high, at

348-408: Is not required to assert claim to copyright. Whenever the contractor asserts claim to copyright in works other than computer software, the government, and others acting on its behalf, are granted a license to reproduce, prepare derivative works , distribute, perform and display the copyrighted work. For computer software produced under FAR contract, the scope of the government's license does not include

406-472: Is printed", with the proviso "that no publication reprinted from such stereotype or electrotype plates and no other Government publication shall be copyrighted". The provision in the Printing Act concerning copyright of government works was probably the result of the "Richardson Affair" , which involved an effort in the late 1890s by Representative James D. Richardson (1843–1914) to privately copyright

464-432: Is published or republished commercially, it has frequently been the practice to add some "new matter" in the form of an introduction, editing, illustrations, etc., and to include a general copyright notice in the name of the commercial publisher. This in no way suggests to the public that the bulk of the work is uncopyrightable and therefore free for use. "To make the notice meaningful rather than misleading", section 403 of

522-636: The Department of Commerce under the Standard Reference Data Act. National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), FY2020, granted civilian members of the faculty at twelve federal government institutions the authority to retain and own copyright of works produced in the course of employment for publication by a scholarly press or journal. The lack of copyright protection for works of the United States government does not apply to works of U.S. subnational governments. Thus, works created by

580-741: The United States Geological Survey . Reeves N%C3%A9v%C3%A9 The Reeves Glacier was discovered and named by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–09 , under Ernest Shackleton . The New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) reported that the glacier is probably named for William Pember Reeves , former New Zealand Cabinet Minister, and the Agent-General for New Zealand in London, 1896–1909. The Reeves Glacier originates in

638-547: The United States Postal Service are typically subject to normal copyright. Most USPS materials, artwork, and design and all postage stamps as of January 1, 1978, or after are subject to copyright laws. Works of the former United States Post Office Department are in the public domain (due to its former position as a cabinet department). 15 U.S.C.   § 290e authorizes U.S. Secretary of Commerce to secure copyright for works produced by

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696-584: The military may differ significantly from civilian agency contracts. Civilian agencies and NASA are guided by the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR). There are a number of FAR provisions that can affect the ownership of the copyright. FAR Subpart 27.4—Rights in Data and Copyright provides copyright guidance for the civilian agencies and NASA. Additionally, some agencies may have their own FAR Supplements that they follow. Under

754-401: The public domain . This act only applies to U.S. domestic copyright as that is the extent of U.S. federal law. The U.S. government asserts that it can still hold the copyright to those works in other countries. Publication of an otherwise protected work by the U.S. government does not put that work in the public domain. For example, government publications may include works copyrighted by

812-454: The 1976 Act required that, when the copies consist " 'preponderantly of one or more works of the United States Government', the copyright notice (if any) identify those parts of the work in which copyright is claimed. A failure to meet this requirement would be treated as an omission of the notice", resulting, absent the application of some exception, in the loss of copyright protection. The Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 amended

870-536: The Copyright Act that now govern U.S. Government work were enacted in 1976 as part of the Copyright Act of 1976 . The House Report to the enacted legislation stated that "the basic premise of section 105 of the bill is the same" as section 8 of the former title 17. Section 403 of the 1976 Act introduced a new provision concerning documents consisting preponderantly of one or more government works. In essence, such works would be denied copyright protection unless

928-480: The FAR general data rights clause (FAR 52.227-14), the government has unlimited rights in all data first produced in performance of or delivered under a contract, unless the contractor asserts a claim to copyright or the contract provides otherwise. Unless provided otherwise by an Agency FAR Supplement, a contractor may assert claim to copyright in scientific and technical articles based on or containing data first produced in

986-597: The Federal Government had no right to claim copyright in a work prepared by him for the Government. Other decisions had held that individuals could not have copyright in books consisting of the text of Federal or State court decisions, statutes, rules of judicial procedures, etc., i.e., governmental edicts and rulings. Copyright was denied on the grounds of public policy: such material as the laws and governmental rules and decisions must be freely available to

1044-445: The Government itself. Courts had, however, considered whether copyright could be asserted as to the text of laws, court decisions, governmental rules, etc., and concluded that such material were not subject to copyright as a matter of public policy. But other material prepared for State Governments by their employees, notably the headnotes, syllabi, annotations, etc. prepared by court reporters, had been held copyrightable on behalf of

1102-460: The Government, either separately or in a public document, of any material in which copyright is subsisting shall not be taken to cause any abridgment or annulment of the copyright or to authorize any use or appropriation of such copyright material without the consent of the copyright proprietor." The committee report on the bill that became the Act of 1909 explains that the savings clause was inserted "for

1160-849: The Hansen Nunatak and Teall Nunatak. To its north it flows past the Thern Promontory and Mount Matz, past which it is joined by the Anderton Glacier, then past Andersson Ridge, where the Carnein Glacier joins it in the Nansen Ice Sheet. 74°25′S 160°00′E  /  74.417°S 160.000°E  / -74.417; 160.000 . An extensive névé lying westward of the Eisenhower Range . Reeves Glacier, which drains southeastward to

1218-805: The Reeves Névé on the polar plateau. This large névé is surrounded by scattered isolated features, including the Shepard Cliff, The Boil, Calfee Nunatak and Mount Fenton. Ice flows from the north past Mount Mackintosh and the Skinner Ridge to join the head of the Reeves Glacier below the Reeves Névé. The glacier flows east-southeast through the Prince Albert Mountains to the Nansen Ice Sheet . To its south it passes Mount Larsen and Mount Janetschek, and flows past both sides of

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1276-497: The State. Such copyrights for the benefit of the State were sustained by the courts. Two cases before 1895 may also be noted with regard to the question of the rights of individual authors (or their successors) in material prepared for, or acquired by, the United States Government. In Heine v. Appleton , an artist was held to have no right to secure copyright in drawings prepared by him as a member of Commodore Perry's expedition, since

1334-529: The States. The Copyright Act of 1909 was the first copyright statute to address government publications. Section 7 of the Act (later codified as Section 8 of title 17 U.S.C.) provided that "No copyright shall subsist   ... in any publication of the United States Government, or any reprint, in whole or in part, thereof". Prior to the Printing Act of 1895, no statute governed copyright of U.S. government works. Court decisions had established that an employee of

1392-531: The U.S. government. Their works therefore fall under § 105 and lack copyright protection. Certain works, particularly logos and emblems of government agencies, while not copyrightable, are still protected by other laws that are similar in effect to trademark laws. Such laws are intended to protect indicators of source or quality. For example, some uses of the Central Intelligence Agency logo, name, and initialism are regulated under

1450-576: The beginning of commercial whaling operations in the Antarctic. Larsen led numerous whaling expeditions until his death in December 1925 while directing operations in the Ross Sea. 74°54′S 162°16′E  /  74.900°S 162.267°E  / -74.900; 162.267 . A mountain, 1,455 metres (4,774 ft) high, standing between Mount Larsen and Widowmaker Pass at the south side of

1508-516: The coast of Victoria Land, marking the south side of the terminus of Larsen Glacier where it enters the Ross Sea. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1957-62. Named by US-ACAN for John P. Fleming, Senior Chief Construction Electrician, United States Navy, a member of the McMurdo Station winter party, 1962 and 1966. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of

1566-731: The coast, has its source in this névé. Named by the NZ-APC in association with Reeves Glacier. 74°08′S 161°09′E  /  74.133°S 161.150°E  / -74.133; 161.150 . An isolated cliff, 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) long, at the northeast margin of the Reeves Névé. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1956-62. Named by US-ACAN for Danny L. Shepard, United States Navy, construction electrician at South Pole Station in 1966. 74°09′S 161°32′E  /  74.150°S 161.533°E  / -74.150; 161.533 . A prominent snow eminence marked by rock exposures on

1624-399: The copies or phonorecords embodying any work or works protected under this title". Unlike works of the U.S. government, works produced by contractors under government contracts are protected under U.S. copyright law . The holdership of the copyright depends on the terms of the contract and the type of work undertaken. Contract terms and conditions vary between agencies; contracts to NASA and

1682-467: The court decisions. These cases may be said to have established the principle that material prepared by a government employee outside of the scope of the public policy rule was copyrightable; and that the employee who prepared such material on his own could secure copyright therein. There appears to be no court decision before 1895 dealing directly with the question of whether the United States Government might obtain or hold copyright in material not within

1740-425: The drawings belonged to the Government. In Folsom v. Marsh , where a collection of letters and other private writings of George Washington had been published and copyrighted by his successors, the purchase of the manuscripts by the United States Government was held not to affect the copyright. The contention of the defendant that the Government's ownership of the manuscripts made them available for publication by anyone

1798-611: The east side of Reeves Névé, 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) west of Mount Fenton. Mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1956-62. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for David W. Calfee, field assistant at McMurdo Station, 1965-66. 74°20′S 161°55′E  /  74.333°S 161.917°E  / -74.333; 161.917 . A peak, 2,480 metres (8,140 ft) high, rising from

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1856-474: The federal government of the United States A work of the United States government is defined by the United States copyright law , as "a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person's official duties". Under section 105 of the Copyright Act of 1976 , such works are not entitled to domestic copyright protection under U.S. law and are therefore in

1914-444: The federal government purchased former U.S. President James Madison 's manuscripts from his widow, Dolley Madison , for $ 30,000. If this is construed as covering copyright as well as the physical papers, it would be an example of such a transfer. Works by certain independent agencies, corporations and federal subsidiaries may not be considered "government works" and may, therefore, be copyrightable. For instance, material produced by

1972-405: The law to make the use of a copyright notice optional on copies of works published on and after March 1, 1989 and also revised Section 403. After the adoption of this act, a copyright notice was no longer necessary to secure copyright protection. Including the notice, however, does continue to confer certain benefits, notably in the challenging a defendant's claim of innocent infringement, where

2030-579: The middle of the glacier about 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) northeast of Mount Larsen and 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) northwest of Teall Nunatak. Discovered by the BrNAE, 1901-04, the area was more fully explored by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-09, which named this feature. 74°50′S 162°33′E  /  74.833°S 162.550°E  / -74.833; 162.550 . A large nunatak at

2088-925: The mouth of Backstairs Passage Glacier and Mount Crummer to the north, and Fleming Head to the south, to enter Relief Inlet in the Terra Nova Bay . Features of the glacier and the terrain it flows through include: 74°49′S 161°58′E  /  74.817°S 161.967°E  / -74.817; 161.967 . A cluster of nunataks that form a divide between the upper portions of the Reeves Glacier and Larsen Glacier, 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) west of Hansen Nunatak . Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy aerial photographs, 1956-62. Named by US-ACAN for David Reed, USGS Topographic Engineer at McMurdo Station, 1964-65. 74°59′S 161°51′E  /  74.983°S 161.850°E  / -74.983; 161.850 . A nunatak along

2146-625: The mouth of Reeves Glacier, standing 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) southeast of Hansen Nunatak. Discovered by the BrNAE, 1901-04. The area was more fully explored by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-09, which named this feature for Sir Jethro Justinian Harris Teall , Director of the Geological Survey and Museum of Practical Geology, London, 1901-13. 74°33′S 162°06′E  /  74.550°S 162.100°E  / -74.550; 162.100 . A high, ice-covered promontory, 2,220 metres (7,280 ft) high, forming

2204-414: The mouth of Reeves Glacier. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1955-63. Named by US-ACAN for Heinz Janetschek, biologist at McMurdo Station, 1961-62 season. 74°48′S 162°20′E  /  74.800°S 162.333°E  / -74.800; 162.333 . A prominent beehive-shaped nunatak, 965 metres (3,166 ft) high, near the terminus of Reeves Glacier, rising above

2262-491: The north side of Mount Crummer to the Ross Sea. The Magnetic Pole Party, led by T.W. Edgeworth David , of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-09, ascended this glacier from the Ross Sea, then continued the ascent via Larsen Glacier to the plateau of Victoria Land. So named by David's party because of the circuitous route to get to Larsen Glacier. 75°10′S 162°38′E  /  75.167°S 162.633°E  / -75.167; 162.633 . A prominent rock headland on

2320-622: The north side standing 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) southwest of Hansen Nunatak at the south side of the mouth of Reeves Glacier. Discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition (BrNAE) (1901-04) under Scott, who named it for Captain Carl Anton Larsen , noted Norwegian Antarctic explorer whose explorations along the east coast of Antarctic Peninsula in the Jason, 1892-93, marked

2378-513: The north wall of Reeves Glacier between the mouths of Anderton Glacier and Carnein Glacier. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1955-63. Named by US-ACAN for Lars E. Andersson, cosmic radiation scientist, South Pole Station winter party of 1966. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey . Copyright status of works by

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2436-497: The northeast side of Larsen Glacier between Widowmaker Pass and Backstairs Passage Glacier. Discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition , 1901-04, and named for Lieutenant Adrien de Gerlache . 75°02′S 162°36′E  /  75.033°S 162.600°E  / -75.033; 162.600 . A glacier about 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) long, draining east along

2494-655: The northeast side of the Reeves Névé. It rises over 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) high and stands 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) east of Shepard Cliff. The descriptive name was apparently applied by the Southern Party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE) during a visit to the feature in December 1962. 74°19′S 161°40′E  /  74.317°S 161.667°E  / -74.317; 161.667 . An isolated nunatak at

2552-519: The northern part of Skinner Ridge, 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) northeast of Mount Mackintosh. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1956-62. Named by US-ACAN for Michael D. Fenton, geologist at McMurdo Station, 1965-66. 74°22′S 161°49′E  /  74.367°S 161.817°E  / -74.367; 161.817 . A peak, 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) high, that rises from Skinner Ridge, 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) southwest of Mount Fenton, on

2610-489: The performance of a contract and published in academic, technical or professional journals, symposia proceedings, or the like. The express written permission of the Contracting Officer is required before the contractor may assert or enforce the copyright in all other works first produced in the performance of a contract. However, if a contract includes Alternate IV of the clause, the Contracting Officer's approval

2668-463: The plateau area beyond. They named it Larsen Glacier because it flowed past the foot of Mount Larsen , which was constantly in view as they ascended the course of the glacier. The Larsen Glacier forms to the southeast of Reeves Névé between the Reed Nunataks and Tomovick Nunatak. It flows southeast past Widowmaker Pass and Mount Gerlache in the Prince Albert Mountains . It continues past

2726-408: The public and made known as widely as possible; hence there must be no restriction on the reproduction and dissemination of such documents. While copyright was denied in the text of court decisions, material added by a court reporter on his own – such as leadnotes, syllabi, annotations, indexes, etc. – was deemed copyrightable by him, although he was employed by the government to take down and compile

2784-592: The public policy rule. But the question did arise with respect to State Governments. In the nineteenth century much of the public printing for the States was done under contract by private publishers. The publisher would not bear the expense of printing and publishing, however, unless he could be given exclusive rights. To enable the State to give exclusive rights to a publisher, a number of States enacted statutes providing that court reporters or other State officials who prepared copyrightable material in their official capacity should secure copyright in trust for or on behalf of

2842-442: The question of proper notice may be a factor in assessing damages in infringement actions. Under the revised Section 403, these benefits are denied to a work consisting predominantly U.S. Government works "unless the notice of copyright appearing on the published copies or phonorecords to which a defendant in the copyright infringement suit had access includes a statement identifying, either affirmatively or negatively, those portions of

2900-426: The reason that the Government often desires to make use in its publications of copyrighted material, with the consent of the owner of the copyright, and it has been regarded heretofore as necessary to pass a special act every time this was done, providing that such use by the Government should not be taken to give to anyone the right to use the copyrighted material found in the Government publication". The Sections of

2958-467: The required copyright notice included a statement specifically identifying those parts of the work that were not U.S. Government work, and therefore subject to copyright protection. According to the House Report, this provision was aimed at a publishing practice that, while technically justified under the present law, has been the object of considerable criticism. In cases where a Government work

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3016-401: The right to distribute to the public, but for " commercial off the shelf software", the government typically obtains no better license than would any other customer. The federal government can hold copyrights that are transferred to it. Copyright law's definition of work of the United States government does not include work that the government owns but did not create. For example, in 1837,

3074-468: The south slopes of Eisenhower Range to enter Reeves Glacier between Mount Matz and Andersson Ridge. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1955-63. Named by US-ACAN for Peter W. Anderton, glaciologist at McMurdo Station, summer 1965-66. 74°43′S 162°37′E  /  74.717°S 162.617°E  / -74.717; 162.617 . A ridge, 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) long, in southern Elsenhower Range, forming

3132-576: The southern side of the upper portion of Larsen Glacier, 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) west of Mount Gerlache. Mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1956-62. Named by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Donald S. Tomovick, United States Navy, utilitiesman at South Pole Station in 1966. 74°59′S 162°26′E  /  74.983°S 162.433°E  / -74.983; 162.433 . A prominent mountain, 980 metres (3,220 ft) high, standing on

3190-480: The west side of the terminus of Anderton Glacier, forming the end of a ridge descending south from Elsenhower Range to Reeves Glacier. Mapped by USGS from surveys and United States Navy air photos, 1955-63. Named by US-ACAN for David B. Matz, geologist at McMurdo Station, 1965-66 season. 74°41′S 162°22′E  /  74.683°S 162.367°E  / -74.683; 162.367 . A tributary glacier, 7 nautical miles (13 km; 8.1 mi) long, descending

3248-534: The western margin of the Eisenhower Range. Charted by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–09 under Ernest Shackleton, who named it for Aeneas Mackintosh , Second Officer on the expedition ship, the Nimrod . 74°24′S 161°45′E  /  74.400°S 161.750°E  / -74.400; 161.750 . A ridge, 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) long, that descends southwest ward from

3306-495: The western side of Eisenhower Range. Mount Fenton and Mount Mackintosh are astride the northern part of this ridge. The feature was visited by the Southern Party of the NZGSAE (1962-63), who named it for D.N.B. Skinner, geologist with the expedition. 74°51′S 162°12′E  /  74.850°S 162.200°E  / -74.850; 162.200 . A mountain, 1,560 metres (5,120 ft) high, presenting sheer granite cliffs on

3364-553: Was denied. The Printing Law of 1895, which was designed to centralize in the Government Printing Office, the printing, binding, and distribution of Government documents, contained the first statutory prohibition of copyright in Government publications. Section 52 of that Law provides for the sale by the Public Printer of "duplicate stereotype or electrotype plates from which any Government publication

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