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53-502: The term can refer to the rights , prerogatives , and privileges that are held exclusively by any sovereign, regardless of title ( emperor , grand duke , etc.). An example of that is the right to mint coins, and especially coins that bear one's own effigy . In many cases, especially in feudal societies and generally weak states , such rights have in time been eroded by grants to, or usurpations by, lesser vassals . Some emblems , symbols , or paraphernalia possessed by rulers are

106-498: A claim right. So a person's liberty right of walking extends precisely to the point where another's claim right limits his or her freedom. In one sense, a right is a permission to do something or an entitlement to a specific service or treatment from others, and these rights have been called positive rights . However, in another sense, rights may allow or require inaction, and these are called negative rights ; they permit or require doing nothing. For example, in some countries, e.g.

159-515: A distinguishing part of honorific orders and are mostly worn along with decorations and medals. Today, various members of most European royal families wear sashes (also known as ribands) as part of their royal (and/or military) regalia on formal occasions. Some merit orders (such as the French Legion of Honour ) also include sashes as part of the senior-most grades' insignia. Likewise, Italian military officers wear light blue sashes over

212-492: A peace-time mark of rank by officers of the Imperial German, Austro-Hungarian and Russian armies, amongst others. The barrel sash is a type of belt traditionally worn by hussars . Since then sashes have been part of formal military attire (compare the sword-belt known as a baldric , and the cummerbund ). Thus several other modern armies retain waist-sashes for wear by officers in ceremonial uniforms. These include

265-425: A person has a claim right against someone else, then that other person's liberty is limited. For example, a person has a liberty right to walk down a sidewalk and can decide freely whether or not to do so, since there is no obligation either to do so or to refrain from doing so. But pedestrians may have an obligation not to walk on certain lands, such as other people's private property, to which those other people have

318-463: A royal funeral. Such objects, with or without intrinsic symbolism , can include Apart from the sovereign himself, attributes (especially a crown) can be used for close relatives who are allowed to share in the pomp. For example, in Norway, the queen consort and the crown prince are the only other members of the royal family to possess these attributes and share in the sovereign's royal symbolism. In

371-629: A scarlet sash for wear in certain orders of dress by sergeants and above serving in infantry regiments , over the right shoulder to the left hip. A similar crimson silk net sash is worn around the waist by officers of the Foot Guards in scarlet full dress and officers of line infantry in dark blue "Number 1" dress. The same practice is followed in some Commonwealth armies. The present-day armies of India and Pakistan both make extensive use of waist-sashes for ceremonial wear. The colours vary widely according to regiment or branch and match those of

424-658: A symbol of the 1837 Lower Canada Rebellion Patriotes and the Métis Nation. In modern times, Bonhomme Carnaval , the snowman mascot of the Quebec Winter Carnival , wears a ceinture fléchée as part of his attire in recognition of the province's heritage. In the British Isles , especially Northern Ireland , the sash is a symbol of the Orange Order . Orange Order sashes were originally of

477-694: A university degree (or similar), or hold a status that entitles them to assume them (e.g., undergraduate students at certain old universities). It is also known as academicals and, in the United States, as academic regalia. Another example of non-royal regalia is the traditional dress that is worn by Native American peoples in the United States, and First Nations peoples in Canada for ceremonial purposes, such as powwow and hoop dancing . Rights Rights are legal , social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement ; that is, rights are

530-620: A visual representation of imperial , royal , or sovereign status. Some are shared with divinities , either to symbolize a god(ess)'s role as, say, king of the Pantheon (e.g. Brahman 's scepter) or to allow mortal royalty to resemble, identify with, or link to, a divinity . The term " crown jewels " is commonly used to refer to regalia items that are designed to lend luster to occasions such as coronations. They feature some combination of precious materials, artistic merit, and symbolic or historical value. Crown jewels may have been designated at

583-431: Is goodness?" and "How can we tell what is good from what is bad?", seeking to understand the nature of ethical properties and evaluations. Rights ethics is an answer to the meta-ethical question of what normative ethics is concerned with (meta-ethics also includes a group of questions about how ethics comes to be known, true, etc. which is not directly addressed by rights ethics). Rights ethics holds that normative ethics

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636-411: Is an important symbol of the continuity of the presidency, and is only worn by the president. Its value as a symbol of the office of the head of state can be compared to that of a crown in monarchies. Presidents leaving office formally present the sash to their successor as part of the official inauguration ceremony. Presidential sashes are usually very colorful and very large and designed to resemble

689-488: Is concerned with rights. Alternative meta-ethical theories are that ethics is concerned with one of the following: Rights ethics has had considerable influence on political and social thinking. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights gives some concrete examples of widely accepted rights. Some philosophers have criticised some rights as ontologically dubious entities. The specific enumeration of rights has differed greatly in different periods of history. In many cases,

742-404: Is conflicts between unions and their members. For example, individual members of a union may wish a wage higher than the union-negotiated wage, but are prevented from making further requests; in a so-called closed shop which has a union security agreement , only the union has a right to decide matters for the individual union members such as wage rates. So, do the supposed "individual rights" of

795-547: Is expected from the holder. Thus the Imperial Regalia of Japan ( Japanese : 三種の神器 , romanized :  Sanshu no Jingi , or "Three Sacred Treasures"), also known as the Three Sacred Treasures of Japan as follows: Since 690, the presentation of these items to the emperor by the priests at the shrine are a central part of the imperial enthronement ceremony. As this ceremony is not public,

848-455: Is the branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties , statements, attitudes, and judgments. Meta-ethics is one of the three branches of ethics generally recognized by philosophers , the others being normative ethics and applied ethics . While normative ethics addresses such questions as "What should one do?", thus endorsing some ethical evaluations and rejecting others, meta-ethics addresses questions such as "What

901-468: Is used by the economists to justify individual rights . Similarly, the author Ayn Rand argued that only individuals have rights, according to her philosophy known as Objectivism . However, others have argued that there are situations in which a group of persons is thought to have rights, or group rights . Other distinctions between rights draw more on historical association or family resemblance than on precise philosophical distinctions. These include

954-672: The Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps also still wears a waist sash, but no sidearms. At the time of the American Civil War (1861–65) generals of the regular US Army wore silk sashes in buff. Officers were authorized silk sashes in crimson (medical officers: emerald ) while red woolen sashes were entitled to senior non-commissioned officers ( Army Regulations of 1861 ). In the Confederate Army sashes were worn by all sergeant ranks and officers. The colour indicated

1007-530: The Roman Empire , the color Tyrian purple , produced with an extremely expensive Mediterranean mollusk extract , was in principle reserved for the imperial court . The use of this dye was extended to various dignitaries, such as members of the Roman senate , who wore stripes of Tyrian purple on their white togas , for whom the term purpuratus was coined as a high aulic distinction. In late imperial China,

1060-754: The United States , citizens have the positive right to vote and they have the negative right to not vote; people can choose not to vote in a given election without punishment. In other countries, e.g. Australia , however, citizens have a positive right to vote but they do not have a negative right to not vote, since voting is compulsory . Accordingly: Though similarly named, positive and negative rights should not be confused with active rights (which encompass "privileges" and "powers") and passive rights (which encompass "claims" and "immunities"). There can be tension between individual and group rights. A classic instance in which group and individual rights clash

1113-484: The 18th century. As a powerful multi-use tool, this sash found use in the fur trade , which brought it into the North West by means of French voyageurs . During this period, the weave got tighter and size expanded, with some examples more than four metres in length. Coloured thread was widely used. The sash is a shared cultural emblem between French-Canadians and Métis peoples. Today, it is considered to be primarily

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1166-404: The above rights, and the discussion about which behaviors are included as "rights" is an ongoing political topic of importance. The concept of rights varies with political orientation. Positive rights such as a "right to medical care" are emphasized more often by left-leaning thinkers, while right-leaning thinkers place more emphasis on negative rights such as the "right to a fair trial". Further,

1219-563: The armies of Norway (crimson sashes), Sweden (yellow and blue), Greece (light blue and white), the Netherlands (orange), Portugal (crimson) and Spain (red and gold for generals, light blue for general staff and crimson for infantry officers). The Spanish Regulares (infantry descended from colonial regiments formerly recruited in Spanish Morocco ) retain their historic waist-sashes for all ranks in colours that vary according to

1272-517: The ceremonial shoulder-to-hip variety, as worn by the British military. Over the course of the 20th century, the sash was mostly replaced by V-shaped collarettes, which are still generally referred to as sashes. The item is celebrated in the song " The Sash my Father Wore ". Sashes are also worn by: Sashes are part of the diplomatic uniform of many countries. Many modern schools of Chinese martial arts use sashes of various colors to denote rank, as

1325-476: The color sparingly. In republics, the presidential sash , common especially in Latin American countries but appearing elsewhere in the world as well, has a role similar to that of royal regalia: distinguishing the head of state . Academic dress is a traditional form of clothing for academic settings, primarily tertiary (and sometimes secondary) education, worn mainly by those who have been admitted to

1378-539: The color yellow was reserved for the emperor, as it had a multitude of meanings. Yellow was a symbol of gold, and thus wealth and power, and since it was also the color that symbolized the center in Chinese cosmology (the five elements, or wu xing(五行) ), it was the perfect way to refer to the emperor, who was always in the center of the universe. Consequently, peasants and noblemen alike were forbidden to wear robes made entirely out of yellow, although they were allowed to use

1431-622: The commander in chief in the absence of formal uniforms. He later gave up the sash as "unrepublican" and "pretentious for all but the highest-ranking aristocracy", according to historians. Washington is seen wearing the sash in Charles Wilson Peale 's 1779 painting Washington at Princeton . Sashes continued to be used in the United States Army for sergeants and officers. In 1821 the red sashes (crimson for officers) were limited to first sergeants and above. In 1872

1484-588: The corps or status of the wearer. For example: yellow for cavalry, burgundy for infantry, black for chaplains, red for sergeants, green or blue for medics, and grey or cream for general officers. Japanese officers continued the practice in full dress uniform until 1940. A presidential sash is a cloth sash worn by presidents of many nations in the world. Such sashes are worn by presidents in Africa, Asia, Europe and, most notably, in Latin America. The sash

1537-561: The distinction between civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights , between which the articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are often divided. Another conception of rights groups them into three generations . These distinctions have much overlap with that between negative and positive rights , as well as between individual rights and group rights , but these groupings are not entirely coextensive. Rights are often included in

1590-567: The distinctive sash colour of the House of Habsburg was red while their French opponents wore white or blue sashes and the Swedish voted for blue sashes. Beginning from the end of the 17th century, commissioned officers in the British Army wore waist sashes of crimson silk. The original officer's sash was six inches wide by eighty-eight inches long with a ten-inch (gold or silver) fringe. It

1643-435: The existence of natural rights, whereas Thomas Aquinas held that rights purported by positive law but not grounded in natural law were not properly rights at all, but only a facade or pretense of rights. Liberty rights and claim rights are the inverse of one another: a person has a liberty right permitting him to do something only if there is no other person who has a claim right forbidding him from doing so. Likewise, if

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1696-404: The form of governments, the content of laws , and the shape of morality as it is currently perceived". Some thinkers see rights in only one sense while others accept that both senses have a measure of validity. There has been considerable philosophical debate about these senses throughout history. For example, Jeremy Bentham believed that legal rights were the essence of rights, and he denied

1749-645: The foundational questions that governments and politics have been designed to deal with. Often the development of these socio-political institutions have formed a dialectical relationship with rights. Rights about particular issues, or the rights of particular groups, are often areas of special concern. Often these concerns arise when rights come into conflict with other legal or moral issues, sometimes even other rights. Issues of concern have historically included Indigenous rights , labor rights , LGBT rights , reproductive rights , disability rights , patient rights and prisoners' rights . With increasing monitoring and

1802-504: The fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people according to some legal system, social convention , or ethical theory. Rights are an important concept in law and ethics , especially theories of justice and deontology . The history of social conflicts has often involved attempts to define and redefine rights. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , "rights structure

1855-399: The information society, information rights , such as the right to privacy are becoming more important. Some examples of groups whose rights are of particular concern include animals , and amongst humans , groups such as children and youth , parents (both mothers and fathers ), and men and women . Accordingly, politics plays an important role in developing or recognizing

1908-765: The names of battle honours. In the United States, George Washington , who served as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and later served as the first President of the United States , was noted for wearing a blue ribbed sash, similar to that of the British Order of the Garter , early in the war, as he had in 1775 prescribed the use of green, pink, and blue sashes to identify aides de camp, brigade-majors, brigadiers general, majors general, and

1961-459: The nation's flag, especially those of Latin American presidents. They are usually worn over the right shoulder to the left side of the hip. The national coat of arms is also usually placed on the sash. A national order 's star or chain of office can also be worn. With the genesis of complex systems of military and civilian awards during the 18th century in most European countries, sashes became

2014-428: The power imbalance of employer-employee relationships in capitalism as a cause of inequality and often see unequal outcomes as a hindrance to equality of opportunity. They tend to identify equality of outcome as a sign of equality and therefore think that people have a right to portions of necessities such as health care or economic assistance or housing that align with their needs. In philosophy , meta-ethics

2067-430: The regalia are by tradition only seen by the emperor and certain priests, and no known photographs or drawings exist. Some regalia objects are presented and/or used in the formal ceremony of enthronement / coronation . They can be associated with an office or court sinecure (cfr. archoffices) that enjoys the privilege to carry, present and/or use it at the august occasion, and sometimes on other formal occasions, such as

2120-430: The right of a father to be respected by his son did not indicate a right of the son to receive something in return for that respect; and the divine right of kings , which permitted absolute power over subjects, did not leave much possibility for many rights for the subjects themselves. In contrast, modern conceptions of rights have often emphasized liberty and equality as among the most important aspects of rights, as

2173-458: The right shoulder on ceremonial occasions. In Latin America and some countries of Africa , a special presidential sash indicates a president 's authority. In France and Italy , sashes – featuring the national flag tricolours and worn on the right shoulder – are used by public authorities and local officials (such as legislators) during public ceremonial events. In the United States ,

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2226-480: The sash from shoulder to hip is worn on ceremonial occasions only. Ceremonial sashes are also found in a V-shaped format, draping straight from both shoulders down, intersecting and forming an angle over the chest or abdomen. In the mid- and late-16th century waist and shoulder sashes came up as mark of (high) military rank or to show personal affection to a political party or nation. During the Thirty Years' War

2279-488: The sash has acquired a more ceremonial and less practical purpose. Sashes are used at higher education commencement ceremonies , by high school homecoming parade nominees, in beauty pageants , and by corporations to acknowledge high achievement. In Canada , hand-woven sashes (known as ceintures fléchées or sometimes "L'Assomption sashes" after a Quebec town named L'Assomption in which they were mass-produced) were derived from Iroquois carrying belts sometime during

2332-613: The sashes were abolished by all ranks but generals who continued to wear their buff silk sashes in full dress until 1917. Waist sashes (in combination with a sabre) in the old style are still worn by the officers and senior NCOs of the Commander-in-Chief's Guard of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) as well by the West Point Band drum major along with the West Point cadet officers. The drum major of

2385-496: The start of a dynasty, accumulated through many years of tradition, or sent as tangible recognition of legitimacy by some leader such as the pope to an emperor or caliph . Each culture, even each monarchy and dynasty within one culture, may have its own historical traditions, and some even have a specific name for its regalia, or at least for an important subset, such as: But some elements occur in many traditions. Regalia can also stand for other attributes or virtues, i.e. what

2438-492: The system of rights promulgated by one group has come into sharp and bitter conflict with that of other groups. In the political sphere, a place in which rights have historically been an important issue, constitutional provisions of various states sometimes address the question of who has what legal rights. Historically, many notions of rights were authoritarian and hierarchical , with different people granted different rights, and some having more rights than others. For instance,

2491-440: The term equality which is often bound up with the meaning of "rights" often depends on one's political orientation. Conservatives and right-wing libertarians and advocates of free markets often identify equality with equality of opportunity , and want what they perceive as equal and fair rules in the process of making things, while agreeing that sometimes these fair rules lead to unequal outcomes. In contrast, socialists see

2544-473: The turbans where worn. Typically two or more colours are incorporated in the sash, in vertical stripes. One end hangs loose at the side and may have an ornamental fringe. The practice of wearing distinctive regimental sashes or cummerbunds goes back to the late nineteenth century. Cross-belts resembling sashes are worn by drum majors in the Dutch, British and some Commonwealth armies. These carry scrolls bearing

2597-479: The unit. Sashes are a distinctive feature of some regiments of the modern French Army for parade dress. They are worn around the waist in the old Algerian or zouave style ("ceinture de laine"). Traditionally these sashes were more than 4 m (13 ft) in length and 40 cm (16 in) in width. In the historic French Army of Africa , sashes were worn around the waist in either blue for European or red for indigenous troops. The modern British Army retains

2650-414: The workers prevail about the proper wage? Or do the "group rights" of the union regarding the proper wage prevail? The Austrian School of Economics holds that only individuals think, feel, and act whether or not members of any abstract group. The society should thus according to economists of the school be analyzed starting from the individual. This methodology is called methodological individualism and

2703-484: Was evident in the American and French revolutions. Important documents in the political history of rights include: Organisations: Presidential sash A sash is a large and usually colorful ribbon or band of material worn around the human body, either draping from one shoulder to the opposing hip and back up, or else encircling the waist. The sash around the waist may be worn in daily attire, but

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2756-406: Was large enough to form a hammock stretcher to carry a wounded officer. From about 1730 to 1768, the officer's sash was worn baudericke wise, i.e. from the right shoulder to the left hip, and afterwards around the waist again. Sergeants were permitted sashes of crimson wool, with a single stripe of facing colour following the clothing regulations of 1727. Whereas it remained vague whether the sash

2809-423: Was to be worn over the shoulder or around the waist, it was clarified in 1747 that sergeants had to wear their sashes around the waist. From 1768, the sergeant's waist sash had one (until 1825) resp. three (until 1845) stripes of facing colour; in regiments with red or purple facings the sergeant's sash had white stripes or remained plain crimson. Until 1914 waist-sashes in distinctive national colours were worn as

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