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42-669: The River Camlad (or just Camlad ) is a minor river in Powys and Shropshire . It forms part of the border between Wales and England in places, before flowing into the River Severn . It is notable for being the only river to cross from England into Wales and does so twice. The river originates in England, in the area between Snead and Lydham , flows west, forming part of the border between Wales and England, before flowing northwest into Wales. It passes through Church Stoke , where

84-705: A further 54 enclosures and settlement sites. Powys is served by the Cambrian Line and Heart of Wales line which offer connections to major towns and cities such as Swansea , Wrexham , Shrewsbury , Birmingham , Wolverhampton , Manchester , Cardiff , Aberystwyth , London and Telford . The county used to be served by key railways such as the Mid-Wales Railway , Oswestry and Newtown Railway , Tanat Valley Light Railway , Llanfyllin Branch , Leominster and Kington Railway , Swansea Vale Railway and

126-640: A homogeneous rule in Anatolia. The further steps towards a single rule by the Ottomans were taken by Selim I who conquered territories of Ramadanids and Dulkadirids in 1515 during his campaign against the Mamluks , and his son Süleyman the Magnificent who more or less completely united the present territories of Turkey (and much more) in his 1534 campaign. Many of the former Anatolian beyliks became

168-464: A seemingly idealized division of kingdoms. The island is traditionally divided into five provinces or "fifths" (Old Irish cóiceda , Modern Irish cúige ), four of which survive today: Ulaid ( Ulster , modern Irish Ulaidh ) in the north, Cóiced Ol nEchmacht ( Connacht ) in the west, Mumha ( Munster , modern Irish an Mhumhain ) in the south west, and Laigin ( Leinster , modern Irish Laighin ) in

210-522: Is a county and preserved county in Wales . It borders Gwynedd , Denbighshire , and Wrexham to the north; the English ceremonial counties of Shropshire and Herefordshire to the east; Monmouthshire , Blaenau Gwent , Merthyr Tydfil , Caerphilly , Rhondda Cynon Taf , and Neath Port Talbot to the south; and Carmarthenshire and Ceredigion to the west. The largest settlement is Newtown , and

252-542: Is a " semé of black lozenges " for the former coal mining industry, while the golden fleece it carries is a reference to the importance of sheep rearing in the county. The county motto is: Powys – the paradise of Wales ( Welsh : Powys Paradwys Cymru ). On 1 April 1974, Powys was created under the Local Government Act 1972. At first, the former administrative counties of Montgomery , Radnor , and Brecknock were districts within it. On 1 April 1996,

294-772: Is now the largest administrative area in Wales by land and area ( Dyfed was until 1996 before several former counties created by the Local Government Act 1972 were abolished). It is bounded to the north by Gwynedd , Denbighshire and Wrexham County Borough ; to the west by Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire ; to the east by Shropshire and Herefordshire ; and to the south by Rhondda Cynon Taf , Merthyr Tydfil County Borough , Caerphilly County Borough , Blaenau Gwent , Monmouthshire and Neath Port Talbot . The largest towns are Newtown , Ystradgynlais , Brecon , Welshpool , Llandrindod Wells and Knighton . Powys has

336-725: Is the region northwest of Welshpool. The county is named after the Kingdom of Powys , which was a Welsh successor state , petty kingdom and principality that emerged during the Middle Ages following the end of Roman rule in Britain . Powys covers the same area as the historic counties of Montgomeryshire , Radnorshire , and Brecknockshire . Powys covers the historic counties of Montgomeryshire and Radnorshire , most of Brecknockshire , and part of historic Denbighshire . With an area of about 2,000 square miles (5,200 km ), it

378-491: The Caliphate of Cordoba in 1031. There were various Christian petty kingdoms as well on the peninsula that, in the Middle Ages, consolidated into the modern states of Spain and Portugal . Over time, these consolidated into two "Crowns" that were themselves unified in the late 15th and early 16th centuries to the unified Kingdom of Spain . These include: The Kingdom of Portugal remained independent throughout most of

420-687: The Five Boroughs of the Danelaw ( a.k.a. Danish Mercia). They also controlled the Kingdom of East Anglia during this period. Prior to the arrival of the Angles, Saxons and Jutes (the later Anglo-Saxons) what is now England was ruled by numerous Brittonic kings, which are discussed under Wales below. The taifa were the various Islamic petty kingdoms that existed in Iberia after the collapse of

462-563: The Hereford, Hay and Brecon Railway , all of which offered connections to South Wales , Hereford , Oswestry , North Wales and West Wales but have all since closed. The gold in the county coat of arms symbolises the wealth of the area. Black is for both mining and the Black Mountains . The fountain is a medieval heraldic charge displayed as a roundel barry wavy argent and azure. It represents water and refers to both

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504-532: The Lord Lieutenant of Montgomeryshire . The Lord Lieutenant of Brecknockshire and Lord Lieutenant of Radnorshire were appointed as lieutenants. The present lord lieutenant is Shân Legge-Bourke of Crickhowell . From 2024, Powys would be in the UK parliament constituencies of Brecon, Radnor and Cwm Tawe and Montgomeryshire and Glyndŵr , both of which extend out of the county. In December 2007, Powys

546-726: The River Caebitra flows into the Camlad. From Church Stoke it flows north, crossing the border back into England, and flows just east of Chirbury before turning west again, and forms the border (for the second time) between England and Wales. It turns northwest into Wales (for the second time) to join the River Severn to the west of Forden . Early forms include the Kemelet (1227), Kemlet (1256), Kelemet 1274, Camalet and Kenlet (1577) and Camlet (1612). Ekwall proposes

588-958: The unification of Nepal by the Shah Dynasty there were dozens of petty kingdoms. The Karnali region was called the Baise Rajya ( Nepali : बाइसे राज्य ), i.e. 22 Kingdoms, and the Gandaki region to the east was called Chaubisi Rajya ( Nepali : चौबिसी राज्य ), i.e. 24 Kingdoms. The petty kingdoms of Norway numbered at least 28: The Pre-colonial petty kingdoms of the Philippines were locally known as Barangays and can be divided into culture groups, over whether they were predominantly Malay, Indianized, Sinified or Islamized. Medieval Serbia comprised, at various time periods, smaller kingdoms of Rascia , Zeta (Dioclea, corresponding to portions of contemporary Montenegro), Syrmia and

630-484: The water catchment area and the rivers and lakes. Thus, the arms contain references to the hills and mountains, rivers and lakes, water supply and industry. The crest continues the colouring of the arms. A tower has been used in preference to a mural crown , which alludes to the county's military history and remains. From the tower rises a red kite , a bird almost extinct elsewhere in Britain but thriving in Powys. The bird

672-628: The Chaggaland, were a pre-colonial series of a Bantu sovereign states of the Chagga people on Mount Kilimanjaro in modern-day northern Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania . The mountain was divided into kingdoms, which the British authority ultimately degraded to chiefdoms and which, by 1886, were governed by sovereign independent mangis (kings in Kichagga ). After that, Kilimanjaro was included in

714-568: The Irish petty kingdoms, there was a Norse presence on the island from the 9th century. They conquered Dublin, where they established the Kingdom of Dublin (Old Norse: Dyflin , Old Irish: Duibhlinn ), which at various points was closely tied with the Norse Kingdom of Jórvík which was centred on modern York, England. The Norse also controlled several other coastal settlements, including Wexford, Waterford, Cork and Limerick. Before

756-519: The Welsh cwlm meaning "a knot" (which is found in other river names) giving a hypothetical Old Welsh Culmet then Cylmet whence Kelemet , alternatively Cym(y)let from the Old Welsh for "loop". [REDACTED] Media related to River Camlad at Wikimedia Commons Powys Powys ( / ˈ p oʊ ɪ s , ˈ p aʊ ɪ s / POH -iss, POW -iss , Welsh: [ˈpou̯ɪs] )

798-574: The Welsh people shared a deeply felt sentiment of nationality, as reflected in Welsh law codified in the 10th century. According to historian Professor John Davies, there are four geographic regions more or less equal in terms of resources and population, from which four principalities emerged: Ynys Môn for Gwynedd, the Severn river valley for Powys, the Vale for Glamorgan and the lands up to the Wye (Morgannwg), and

840-630: The Ystrad Tywi (Valley of the Tywi) for Deheubarth. Rhodri the Great inherited Gwynedd from his father and Powys through his mother, and married Angharad of Seisyllwg (Ceredigion and Carmarthenshire) and ruling there by right of his wife. Rhodri exerted great influence in the rest of Wales as well, and after his death his realms were divided amongst his sons. Nevertheless, the House of Aberffraw of Gwynedd, as

882-482: The administrative centre is Llandrindod Wells . Powys is the largest and most sparsely populated county in Wales, having an area of 5,181 km (2,000 sq mi) and a population of 133,891 in 2022. After Newtown (11,362), the most populous settlements are Ystradgynlais (8,270), Brecon (8,254), and Llandrindod Wells (5,602). The county is entirely rural, and characterised by multiple market towns and villages. The Welsh language can be spoken by 16.4% of

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924-466: The ancient Welsh Kingdom of Powys , which in the sixth century AD included the northern two-thirds of the area as well as most of Shropshire and adjacent areas now in England, and came to an end when it was occupied by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of Gwynedd during the 1260s. The uplands retain evidence of occupation from long before the Kingdom of Powys, and before the Romans, who built roads and forts across

966-600: The area. There are 1130 identified burial mounds within the county, of varying styles and ages, dating from 4000 BC to 1000 BC, most of them belonging to the Bronze Age . Of these, 339 are scheduled monuments . Standing stones , most again dating to the Bronze Age, also occur in large numbers, 276 being found across the county, of which 92 are scheduled. From the Iron Age , the county has 90 scheduled hillforts and

1008-488: The basis for administrative subdivisions in the Ottoman Empire. Before the Kingdom of England was established as a united entity, there were various kingdoms in the area—of which the main seven were known as the heptarchy . These were Wessex , Mercia , Northumbria (which also extended into present-day Scotland and originally formed from the earlier kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia ), East Anglia (formed from

1050-453: The districts were abolished, and Powys was reconstituted as a unitary authority . There was a minor border adjustment in the northeast—specifically, the addition of the communities of Llansilin and Llangedwyn from Glyndŵr district in Clwyd —and with moving the border, so that rather than half of Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant, all is included. The first Lord Lieutenant of Powys was previously

1092-520: The duchy of Hum (roughly corresponding to present-day Herzegovina and some of its surroundings). There were many petty kingdoms in Scotland before its unification. They can be grouped by language: According to the Norse sagas , and modern history, Sweden was divided into more-or-less independent units in some areas corresponding to the folklands and the modern traditional provinces. According to

1134-570: The end of the 11th century in a first period, and more extensively during the decline of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum during the second half of the 13th century. The Ottoman Empire quickly collected itself under Mehmed I and his son Murad II re-incorporated most of these beyliks into Ottoman territory in a space of around 25 years. The final blow for the Karamanids was struck by Mehmed II who conquered their lands and re-assured

1176-475: The governing structure, and the "chiefs" authority was constrained accordingly. From 1886 to 1916, Kilimanjaro was governed by the Germans as part of German East Africa. From 1916 to 1961, it was governed by the British as a part of the territory that had been renamed Tanganyika. In December 1961, it was incorporated into the independent sovereign state of Tanganyika. However, as of 1899, there were 37 Kingdoms atop

1218-408: The industrial area of Ystradgynlais in the southwest of Brecknockshire. In Radnorshire, the language survived into the 20th century west of Rhayader with a few native speakers from Nantmel parish surviving into the 20th century too. The 2021 census recorded that 16.4% of the population were able to speak the Welsh language, a decline from 18.6% in 2011 and 21% in 2001 . The county is named after

1260-516: The lowest population density of all the principal areas of Wales. Most of Powys is mountainous, and most roads and railways are relatively slow. Just under a third of the residents have Welsh linguistic skills: Welsh speakers are concentrated mainly in the rural areas both in and around Machynlleth , Llanfyllin and Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant (where William Morgan first translated the whole Bible into Welsh in 1588) in Montgomeryshire, and

1302-498: The mountain, according to August Windenmann, a German surgeon stationed at Moshi in the 1890s. Rarely has the country of Wales formed one cohesive kingdom. For the greater part of its history, Wales evolved into four kingdoms, or principalities, following the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century. Mountainous terrain, forested river valleys, and remote upland moors contributed to a strong sense of localism and autonomy, though

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1344-631: The other kings. These two titles were not mutually exclusive and were often held by the same individual. Each of the kings of these kingdoms (titled rí ruirech or 'king of over-kings') was himself an over-king of several regional kings (titled rí buiden or rí tuath ), who in turn ruled over several túatha , whose rulers held the title rí benn or ri tuaithe . The territories and hierarchy of all of these constantly shifted as old dynasties died and new ones formed, and as lower kings took higher positions. Many of these túatha survived as later Irish baronies . Several of

1386-802: The period of consolidation, except for a period of 60 years (1580–1640) when it was part of the Iberian Union . The earliest known kingdoms or tribes in Ireland are referred to in Ptolemy 's Geography , written in the 2nd century. He names the Vennicni , Rhobogdi , Erdini , Magnatae , Autini , Gangani , Vellabori , Darini , Voluntii (identified as the Ulaid nation or Uluti tribe), Eblani , Cauci , Menapii , Coriondi and Brigantes tribes and kingdoms. Irish medieval pseudohistory gives

1428-704: The population. The county is predominantly hilly and mountainous. To the west lie the Cambrian Mountains , where the River Severn and River Wye both have their source on the Powys side of the Plynlimon massif; together with their tributaries they drain most of the county. The southern quarter of the county is occupied by the Brecon Beacons (Bannau Brycheiniog) national park, and further north are two more upland areas, Mynydd Epynt and Radnor Forest . The only extensive area of flat land in Powys

1470-790: The regional kings were at various points independent of their provincial over-king and indeed rivalled them in power and territory. Bréifne was originally part of Connacht but much of it lay in what is today Ulster. It later split into East and West Bréifne . Airgíalla (Oriel) and Cenél nEógain (also known as the Northern Uí Néill, in contrast to the Southern Uí Néill who ruled Mide ; In Fochla or In Tuaiscert , both meaning "the North"; Ailech ; and Tyrone/ Tír Eoghain ) were nominally part of Ulaid . Osraige (Ossory)

1512-589: The ruling families were not considered morganatic for marriage considerations, and ranked equal to royal families in society. The various small states of the Holy Roman Empire are generally not considered to be petty kingdoms since they were at least nominally subject to the Holy Roman Emperor and not fully independent. Beyliks were small Turkish principalities (or petty kingdoms) governed by Beys , which were founded across Anatolia at

1554-514: The sagas, the folklands and provinces of eastern Svealand were united under the Swedish king at Gamla Uppsala . Moreover, the domains of this king could also include parts of Götaland and even southern Norway. This probably reflects the volatile politics of Iron Age Scandinavia. The province of Småland once consisted of several petty kingdoms; indeed, the name Småland means small lands/countries. Chagga Kingdoms, also historically referred to as

1596-461: The senior line descendants of Rhodri the Great , claimed overlordship over the whole of Wales, though they would encounter resistance by junior dynasts of Dinefwr. It would not be until the 1216 Council of Aberdyfi that the Aberffraw line under Llywelyn the Great would be able to secure their position as Prince of the Welsh. There existed other Brittonic petty kingdoms outside modern Wales and

1638-601: The south east. The fifth kingdom, Mide (whose name has survived in the modern counties of Meath and Westmeath , modern Irish an Mhí and an Iarmhí ) in the centre/east, ceased to exist in the Middle Ages. At various points in history there existed a High King of Ireland , who ruled over the other kings as suzerain , much like the British High Kings and Anglo-Saxon Bretwalda . There also existed Kings of Tara who did not rule all of Ireland but were recognised as holding positions of authority over

1680-603: The union of the early kingdoms of Suffolk and Norfolk ), Sussex , Kent , and Essex . Other small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms existed at various points, including Hwicce , Lindsey (which survived as the Parts of Lindsey , Lincolnshire ) and the Wihtwara (Isle of Wight). These are commonly referred to as "petty kingdoms". During the 9th and 10th centuries, the Norse also established the Kingdom of Jórvík centred around York, and

1722-620: Was awarded Fair Trade County status by The Fairtrade Foundation . Petty kingdom In the parallel mainland Southeast Asian political model , petty kingdoms were known as mueang . By the European High Middle Ages , many post-Roman Early Middle Ages petty kingdoms had evolved into principalities , grand duchies , or duchies . By the European Early Modern era , many of these principalities had been mediatized into larger monarchies, but

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1764-607: Was originally part of Mumha , but lay between Mumha and Laigin and was controlled by both at various points. Dál Riata was also an Irish (sub-)kingdom, which mostly lay in modern Argyll and Bute in Scotland but originated in and initially extended into north-eastern Ireland and was (nominally) subject to Ulaid . In the 12th century Munster was split into two smaller over-kingdoms: Deasmhumhain (Desmond, literally South Munster) and Tuadhmhumhain (Thomond, literally North Munster). In addition to

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