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19-571: A number of etymologies, none universally accepted, have been proposed for the name of the river. In his Etymological dictionary of the Russian language , Max Vasmer doubted some philologists' opinion that the river's name is related to the Finnish velho ("magician") or Russian volkhv ("pagan priest"). The Volkhov flows out of Lake Ilmen north into Lake Ladoga , the largest lake in Europe. It

38-1155: Is connected with the Neva, the Syas , and the Svir by the Ladoga Canal bypassing Lake Ladoga. The main tributaries of the Volkhov are the Vishera (right), joins the Maly Volkhovets armlet; the Kerest (left); the Oskuya (right); the Pchyovzha (right); the Tigoda (left); the Chyornaya (right); the Vloya (left); the Olomna (left). The drainage basin of the Volkhov includes

57-565: Is the second largest tributary of Lake Ladoga. It is navigable over its whole length. Discharge is highly variable depending primarily on the level of Lake Ilmen. The Volkhov is reported to reverse the direction of its flow in its upper section in exceptional circumstances. The river freezes up in late November, and breaks up in early April. The level of water is regulated by the dam of the Volkhov hydroelectric plant (the first Soviet regional hydroelectric dam opened on December 19, 1926, in

76-453: Is the site of one of the oldest Slavic fort in Russia , established in the first half of the 8th century, thus predating Ladoga. Its layout and dimensions closely resemble the contemporaneous hill forts of Great Moravia . The fortress was destroyed by fire towards the end of the 9th century. Constantine Zuckerman connects its destruction with a conflict ( Vadim 's uprising) that marked

95-736: The Caspian or Black Seas. In the mid-9th century, the Volkhov was a heavily populated trade artery of the Varangian -dominated Rus' Khaganate . It was a vital part of the most important trade route connecting Northern Europe to the Orient, by way of the Volga ( Volga trade route ) and Dnieper ( trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks ). The ancient Russian capital Staraya Ladoga and one of

114-557: The Volkhov appears among the allegorical monuments to the four major rivers of Russia (the others are: Volga , Dnieper and Neva ) on the rostral columns in the ensemble of the Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns . Its role in facilitating trade is due to its position as the only river penetrating deep into inland Russia that flows north towards the Baltic , rather than south towards

133-404: The battlefront. Local birch was used for constructing shelters and hundreds of miles of corduroy road in the swampland. Buildings were on slopes to allow for drainage. "Six or eight men occupy each hut and there are also underground stables and storage places for coal and supplies." The entire Volkhov River is navigable; however, there is no passenger navigation. As with other navigable rivers,

152-691: The book "The Greek loanwords in Serbo-Croatian" ( Die griechischen Lehnwörter im Serbo-Kroatischen ). In 1944, the bombing of Vasmer's house in Berlin destroyed most of his materials. Nevertheless, Vasmer persevered in his work, which was finally published in three volumes by Heidelberg University in 1950–1958 as Russisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch . Vasmer died in West Berlin on 30 November 1962. The Russian translation of Vasmer's dictionary – with extensive commentaries by Oleg Trubachyov –

171-405: The fortified settlements at Novye Duboviki and Gorodishche. There was another outpost at Kholopy Gorodok, 13 km north of present-day Velikiy Novgorod, or rather Holmgard, which was founded near the point where the Volkhov flows from Lake Ilmen. "Most of these were initially small sites, probably not much more than stations for re-fitting and resupply, providing an opportunity for exchange and

190-621: The framework of the GOELRO plan ) situated 25 km upstream from the mouth of the river. Apart from hydroelectric generating purposes, the dam serves to facilitate navigation in the lower part of the river previously known for its rapids . The upstream part of the Volkhov is connected to the Msta by the Siversov Canal (or Sievers Canal, named in honour of Baltic German statesman Jacob von Sievers ) bypassing Lake Ilmen. The downstream part

209-807: The history of Slavic , Baltic , Iranian , and Finno-Ugric peoples. Born to German parents in Saint Petersburg , Vasmer graduated from Saint Petersburg University in 1907. From 1910, he delivered lectures there as a professor. During the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, he worked in the Universities of Saratov and of Dorpat ( Tartu ). In 1921, he settled in Leipzig , but in 1925 moved to Berlin . In 1938–1939, he delivered lectures at Columbia University in New York City. It

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228-623: The large parts of Novgorod and Leningrad Oblasts, as well as areas in Tver Oblast , Pskov Oblast of Russia and Vitebsk Oblast of Belarus . The main rivers belonging to the river basin of the Volkhov are the Msta , the Lovat , the Pola , and the Shelon . Despite its relatively small size, Volkhov has played a large role in Russian history and economy: in recognition of that, a figure representing

247-465: The most significant Russian medieval cities Veliky Novgorod are located along the Volkhov. The river carried a significant portion of the trade between Novgorod and Western Europe . After entering the Volkhov near Gorchakovshchina and Lyubsha , commercial vessels of the Vikings cast anchor at the major trade emporium of Aldeigja (Ladoga). Then they rowed upstream past a series of rapids, guarded by

266-518: The navigability of the Volkhov makes it possible to transport bulky pieces of equipment which are inconvenient to ship by rail or road due to their size. In 2015, the Volkhov was part of a route of a river barge transporting a VVER-1200 nuclear reactor vessel from the Atommash plant in Volgodonsk . After being moved by the barge up the Volkhov to Novgorod, the reactor was taken across the city to

285-507: The publication of a monumental (11 volumes) gazetteer that included virtually all names of populated places in Russia found both in pre-revolutionary and in Soviet sources. Lyubsha Lyubsha ( Russian : Любша ) is an archaeological site situated on the right bank of the Volkhov , about 1,500 metres downstream from Staraya Ladoga . As was determined by the 1997 excavations, Lyubsha

304-402: The redistribution of items passing along the river and caravan routes". It seems on the whole likely that such pre-urban settlements gave the country its Norse name of Gardariki . During World War II , the stretch of the Volkhov north of Veliky Novgorod separated Soviet (right bank) and German (left bank) troops between 1941 and 1944. German soldiers built extensive "underground cities" along

323-504: The train station, and then shipped by a special rail car to Belarus. Max Vasmer Max Julius Friedrich Vasmer ( German: [ˈfasmɐ] ; Russian : Максимилиан Романович Фасмер , romanized :  Maksimilian Romanovich Fasmer ; 28 February 1886 – 30 November 1962) was a Russian and German linguist . He studied problems of etymology in Indo-European , Finno-Ugric and Turkic languages and worked on

342-427: Was printed in 1964–1973. As of 2015 , it remains the most authoritative source for Slavic etymology. The Russian version is available on Sergei Starostin 's Tower of Babel web site. Another monumental work led by Max Vasmer involved the compilation of a multi-volume dictionary of Russian names of rivers and other bodies of water . He initiated an even grander project, completed by a team of workers after his death:

361-785: Was there that he started to work on his magnum opus , the Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language  [ ru ] . He delivered the eulogy for Professor Aleksander Brückner in Berlin- Wilmersdorf in 1939 and he took over the chair of Slavistic studies at the University of Berlin . In 1941 he published the book "The Slavs in Greece" ( Die Slaven in Griechenland ) and in 1944

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