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30-888: The Nixon Foundation founded, controlled and operated the Nixon Library from the library's dedication on July 19, 1990 until July 11, 2007, at which the Foundation invited the National Archives to take control. The two entities signed a joint operating agreement which allowed the library to become officially known as the Richard Nixon Presidential Library, welcoming it into the national system of presidential libraries. This move allowed President Nixon's White House documents to be moved to his library in Yorba Linda. The Nixon Foundation

60-472: A committee vote. If the nominee is approved by the relevant committee, the nomination is sent to the full Senate for a confirmation vote. The actual motion adopted by the Senate when exercising the power is "to advise and consent". For appointments, a majority of Senators present are needed to pass a motion "to advise and consent". However, tactics have been used to require more than majority support to pass such

90-530: A committee would review the objection but gave no timeline for when that process would be concluded. The exhibit opened on March 31, 2011. National Security Advisor (United States) The assistant to the president for national security affairs ( APNSA ), commonly referred to as the national security advisor ( NSA ), is a senior aide in the Executive Office of the President , based at

120-754: A crisis situation. The National Security Council was created at the start of the Cold War under the National Security Act of 1947 to coordinate defense, foreign affairs, international economic policy, and intelligence; this was part of a large reorganization that saw the creation of the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency . The Act did not create the position of the national security advisor per se, but it did create an executive secretary in charge of

150-423: A historic rebuke of President Obama 's authority and an extraordinary challenge to the practice of considering each nominee on his or her individual merits. Despite McConnell's claim, no Senate leader had ever asserted such a right — and there was no precedent for a sitting president to hand over his power of high-court appointment at the request of any member of the legislative branch. In April 2017, McConnell and

180-416: A majority vote in both houses of Congress, instead of just the Senate. While several framers of the U.S. Constitution, such as Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , believed that the required role of the Senate is to advise the president after the nomination has been made by the president, Roger Sherman believed that advice before nomination could still be helpful. President George Washington took

210-524: A motion, including filibuster, where a three-fifths vote on a motion to end debate is required even to take a vote on the advise and consent motion. On November 21, 2013, the Democratic Party, led by then-majority leader Harry Reid , overrode the filibuster of a nomination with a simple majority vote to change the rules (exercising the parliamentary "nuclear option"). As a result of the changed precedent, judicial nominees to federal courts and

240-546: A president's executive-branch nominations can proceed to a confirmation vote by a simple majority vote of the Senate. However, Reid left the filibuster in place for Supreme Court nominees. On February 13, 2016, Mitch McConnell , Senate Majority Leader of the Republican Party, said that the Senate would refuse to confirm a replacement for Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia until after the 2016 presidential election,

270-463: A three- or four-star general to the role requires Senate confirmation to maintain that rank in the new position. The influence and role of the national security advisor varies from administration to administration and depends not only on the qualities of the person appointed to the position, but also on the style and management philosophy of the incumbent president. ideally, the national security advisor serves as an honest broker of policy options for

300-518: Is Jim Byron, a nonprofit executive appointed in 2021. The Foundation has hosted United States presidents, first ladies and several vice presidents . Also hosted have been public affairs commentators such as Bill O'Reilly , academics such as Doris Kearns Goodwin , and Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer . The library includes "Meet the Presidents," in which presidential impersonators speak to several hundred school-aged children. To commemorate

330-587: Is able to offer daily advice (due to the proximity) to the president independently of the vested interests of the large bureaucracies and clientele of those departments. In times of crisis, the national security advisor is likely to operate from the White House Situation Room or the Presidential Emergency Operations Center (as on September 11, 2001 ), updating the president on the latest events in

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360-419: Is an English phrase frequently used in enacting formulae of bills and in other legal or constitutional contexts. It describes either of two situations: where a weak executive branch of a government enacts something previously approved of by the legislative branch or where the legislative branch concurs and approves something previously enacted by a strong executive branch. The concept serves to moderate

390-558: Is created. In Singapore, a parliamentary republic with the President of Singapore being the head of state , the President has a number of powers . Some of the President's powers may only be exercised "on the advice of the Cabinet". In this context, "advice of the Cabinet" means that the President must not only consider the Cabinet's advice but also act in full accordance with it, with no ability to exercise discretionary power. In

420-548: Is governed by a board of directors, led by former National Security Advisor Robert C. O'Brien . The board includes President Nixon's daughters Tricia Nixon Cox and Julie Nixon Eisenhower , former U.S. Ambassador to Spain George Argyros , former California Governor Pete Wilson , nationally-syndicated radio host and political commentator Hugh Hewitt , media pundit Monica Crowley , and longest-serving Vietnam War POW Everett Alvarez Jr. The Foundation's President and CEO

450-687: The King 's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal , and Commons , in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows: This enacting formula emphasizes that although legally the bill is being enacted by the British monarchy (specifically, by the King-in-Parliament ), it is not through his initiative but through that of Parliament that legislation

480-731: The United States , "advice and consent" is a power of the United States Senate to be consulted on and approve treaties signed and appointments made by the president of the United States to public positions, including Cabinet secretaries, federal judges , Officers of the Armed Forces, United States attorneys , ambassadors, and other smaller offices. This power is also held by several state senates , which are consulted on and approve various appointments made by

510-669: The West Wing of the White House . The national security advisor serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States on all national security issues. The national security advisor participates in meetings of the National Security Council (NSC) and usually chairs meetings of the principals committee of the NSC with the secretary of state and secretary of defense (those meetings not attended by

540-608: The 10th anniversary of the September 11, 2001 attacks , the Nixon Foundation brought 16 tons of warped steel from the World Trade Center and a damaged, first-responder FDNY firetruck to the Nixon Library for viewing. Before the National Archives took over its management, the Nixon Library had been accused by several media outlets of glossing over Nixon's 1974 resignation with "whitewashed" exhibits. In 2007,

570-600: The National Archives removed the 17-year-old Watergate exhibit and, after three years, the new exhibit was scheduled to open in July 2010. The Nixon Foundation objected to the proposed exhibit, because the Nixon Foundation was not consulted in the way that other presidential foundations had been consulted with similar situations. The Foundation filed a 158-page memorandum to the Assistant Archivist for Presidential Libraries expressing their dissatisfaction and NARA stated

600-610: The Senate's role in the nomination and confirmation process for federal appointees . [The President] shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court , and all other Officers of

630-720: The United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. This language was written at the Constitutional Convention as part of a delicate compromise concerning the balance of power in

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660-509: The federal government. Many delegates preferred to develop a strong executive control vested in the president, but others, worried about authoritarian control, preferred to strengthen the Congress. Requiring the president to gain the advice and consent of the Senate achieved both goals without hindering the business of government. Under the Twenty-fifth Amendment , appointments to the office of vice president are confirmed by

690-404: The position that pre-nomination advice was allowable but not mandatory. The notion that pre-nomination advice is optional has developed into the unification of the "advice" portion of the power with the "consent" portion, although several Presidents have consulted informally with Senators over nominations and treaties. Typically, a congressional hearing is held to question an appointee prior to

720-476: The power of one branch of government by requiring the concurrence of another branch for selected actions. The expression is frequently used in weak executive systems where the head of state has little practical power, and in practice the important part of the passage of a law is in its adoption by the legislature . In the United Kingdom , a constitutional monarchy , bills are headed: BE IT ENACTED by

750-553: The president in the field of national security, rather than as an advocate for his or her own policy agenda. The national security advisor is a staff position in the Executive Office of the President and does not have line or budget authority over either the Department of State or the Department of Defense , unlike the secretary of state and the secretary of defense, who are Senate-confirmed officials with statutory authority over their departments. The national security advisor

780-493: The president). The NSA also sits on the Homeland Security Council (HSC). The national security advisor is supported by NSC staff who produce classified research and briefings for the national security advisor to review and present, either to the NSC or the president. The national security advisor is appointed by the president and does not require confirmation by the United States Senate . An appointment of

810-612: The record for longest term of service (2,478 days); Michael Flynn holds the record for shortest term, at just 24 days. Brent Scowcroft held the job in two non-consecutive administrations: the Ford administration and the George H. W. Bush administration . 2009-02: The National Security Advisor and Staff (PDF) . WhiteHouseTransitionProject.org. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016 . Retrieved March 1, 2015 . Senate confirmation Advice and consent

840-588: The staff. In 1949, the NSC became part of the Executive Office of the President. Robert Cutler was the first national security advisor in 1953, and held the job twice, both times during the Eisenhower administration . The system has remained largely unchanged since then, particularly since President John Kennedy, with powerful national security advisors and strong staff but a lower importance given to formal NSC meetings. This continuity persists despite

870-552: The state's chief executive, such as some statewide officials, state departmental heads in the governor's cabinet, and state judges (in some states). The term "advice and consent" appears twice in the United States Constitution , both times in Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 . First, the term is used in reference to the senate's role in the signing and ratification of treaties . Then, it is used to describe

900-468: The tendency of each new president to replace the advisor and senior NSC staff. President Richard Nixon 's national security advisor, Henry Kissinger , enhanced the importance of the role, controlling the flow of information to the president and meeting with him multiple times per day. Kissinger also holds the distinction of serving as national security advisor and secretary of state at the same time from September 22, 1973, until November 3, 1975. He holds

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