Misplaced Pages

#590409

61-452: Richard of Pudlicott (died 1305), also known as Richard de Podelicote (or Pudlicote , or Dick Puddlecote ), was an English wool merchant who, down on his luck, became an infamous burglar of King Edward I 's Wardrobe treasury at Westminster Abbey in April of 1303. Richard, along with high-ranked accomplices primarily consisting of the monks of Westminster Abbey, stole a large portion of

122-451: A BBC TV movie titled Heist (2008) made about the events of 1303. His character was played by Kris Marshall . This United Kingdom biographical article related to crime is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Burglar Sir Edward Coke (1552–1634) explains at the start of Chapter 14 in the third part of Institutes of the Lawes of England (pub. 1644), that

183-492: A building or automobile, or loitering unlawfully with intent to commit any crime, not necessarily a theft – for example, vandalism . Even if nothing is stolen in a burglary, the act is a statutory offense . Buildings can include hangars, sheds, barns, and coops; burglary of boats, aircraft, trucks, military equipment, and railway cars is possible. Burglary may be an element in crimes involving rape , arson , kidnapping , identity theft , or violation of civil rights ; indeed,

244-647: A cemetery gate behind the Church of St Margaret . Richard of Pudlicott was a wool merchant during a very difficult time for the profession. Throughout the late 13th century, England faced a severe wool crisis. A possible cause of this crisis was the taxation of King Edward I. During the 1290s, King Edward faced many battles with the Scottish and the French and went on various conquests and expeditions that proved to be expensive. Edward's taxation on wool exports, also known as

305-434: A dwelling with intent to commit a crime. Simple breaking and entering into a dwelling or storehouse without specific intent to commit an additional crime is fourth-degree burglary. This degree also includes two other offenses that do not have breaking and entering as an element: Being in or on the yard, garden, or other property of a storehouse or dwelling with the intent to commit theft, or possession of burglar's tools with

366-468: A felony or theft therein, he enters or remains within the dwelling house of another or any building, vehicle, railroad car, watercraft, or other such structure designed for use as the dwelling of another or enters or remains within any other building, railroad car, aircraft, or any room or any part thereof. A person convicted of the offense of burglary, for the first such offense, shall be punished by imprisonment for not less than one nor more than 20 years. For

427-425: A misdemeanor. Breaking and entering into a dwelling with intent to commit theft or a crime of violence is first-degree burglary. Breaking and entering into a "storehouse" (a structure other than a dwelling, also including watercraft, aircraft, railroad cars, and vessels) with intent to commit theft, arson, or a crime of violence is second-degree burglary. Third-degree burglary is defined as breaking and entering into

488-518: A more personal motive for why Richard had robbed him. A slightly less vindictive motive for Richard's actions may be that England's wool supply was dwindling and Richard was left with little to no funds to fall back on. More modern research into the wool crisis shows that sheep mortality rates saw a steep decline starting in 1275. This is due to a scab and disease outbreak in sheep throughout England. Rapid population growth in Europe at this time expanded

549-456: A residence and into a commercial building, with the burglary of a residence bearing heavier punishment. In states that continue to punish burglary more severely than housebreaking twilight , night is traditionally defined as hours between 30 minutes after sunset and 30 minutes before sunrise. There is some recent scholarly treatment of burglaries in American law as inchoate crimes, but this

610-487: A shop with the intent to steal). As with all legal definitions in the U.S., the foregoing description may not be applicable in every jurisdiction, since there are 50 separate state criminal codes, plus federal and territorial codes in force. Commission of a burglary with the intention or result of confronting persons on the premises may constitute an aggravated offense known as " home invasion ". Taking or attempting to take property by force or threat of force from persons on

671-432: A very heinous offence: not only because of the abundant terror that it naturally carries with it, but also as it is a forcible invasion of that right of habitation..." During the 19th Century, English politicians turned their minds to codifying English law. In 1826, Sir Robert Peel was able to achieve some long advocated reforms by codifying offences concerning larceny and other property offences as well as offences against

SECTION 10

#1732783238591

732-457: A wedge between England and the church and, in 1297, Pope Boniface VIII issued the papal bull Clericos Laicos . Edward's persistent claims that the taxation was necessary for his army and Philip   IV 's embargo on precious metals and stones leaving France , crippling papal income at a moment of unrest in Rome, eventually drove Pope Boniface VIII to effectively annul the previous bull with

793-540: Is a crime usually prosecuted under solemn procedure in a superior court. Another common law crime still used is Hamesuken, which covers forced entry into a building where a serious assault on the occupant takes place. Common law crimes in Scotland are gradually being replaced by statutes . In the United States, burglary is prosecuted as a felony or misdemeanor and involves trespassing and theft, entering

854-569: Is a late back-formation . Ancient references to breaking into a house can be found in the Code of Hammurabi (no. 21 ) and the Torah (Exodus 22:2 ). Sir Edward Coke, in chapter 14 of the third part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England , describes the felony of Burglary and explains the various elements of the offence. He distinguished this from housebreaking because the night aggravated

915-548: Is also known as sheep scab and cattle scab . The disease is highly infectious , and is transmitted via fenceposts and other structures that livestock use when scratching themselves. The mites have mouthparts which do not pierce the skin, but are adapted to feeding on the surface, where the mites abrade the stratum corneum . See Mites of livestock for photographs of infestations by Psoroptes . Psoroptes has been traditionally considered to include five species living on different host species, but genetic analysis has reduced

976-437: Is always a felony, even in third degree. It is more serious if the perpetrator uses what appears to be a dangerous weapon or enters a dwelling. In Pennsylvania, it is a defense to prosecution if the building or structure in question is rendered abandoned. In Virginia, there are degrees of burglary, described as "Common Law Burglary" and "Statutory Burglary". Common Law Burglary is defined as: if any people break and enter

1037-477: Is applicable only when people "unlawfully intrude or remain where others have their living quarters". The only punishments available for any of these offences are fines, unless the offences are considered gross. In such cases, the maximum punishment is two years' imprisonment. However, if the person who has forced themself into a house steals anything ("takes what belongs to another with intent to acquire it"), they are guilty of (ordinary) theft ( stöld ). However,

1098-430: Is committed during unlawful entering, then a person is guilty of theft or aggravated theft depending on the circumstances of the felony. Aggravated theft: (1) If in the theft and the theft is aggravated also when assessed as a whole, the offender shall be sentenced for aggravated theft to imprisonment for at least four months and at most four years. In New Zealand , burglary is a statute offence under section 231 of

1159-508: Is complete as soon as the intrusion is made. This dual nature is at the heart of a debate about whether the crime of burglary ought to be abolished and its elements covered by attempt or aggravating circumstances to other crimes—or retained, and the grading schemes reformed to reflect the seriousness of individual offenses. Possession of burglars' tools, in jurisdictions that make this an offense, has also been viewed as an inchoate crime: In effect piling an inchoate crime onto an inchoate crime,

1220-592: Is defined by section 9 of the Theft Act 1968 , which describes two variants: The offence is defined in similar terms to England and Wales by the Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969. Under Scots law , the crime of burglary does not exist. Instead theft by housebreaking covers theft where the security of the building is overcome. It does not include any other aspect of burglary found in England and Wales. It

1281-407: Is in dispute. Some academics consider burglary an inchoate crime . Others say that because the intrusion itself is harmful, this justifies punishment even when no further crime is committed. Burglary, as a preliminary step to another crime, can be seen as an inchoate, or incomplete, offense. As it disrupts the security of persons in their homes and in regard to their personal property, however, it

SECTION 20

#1732783238591

1342-536: Is often shortened to B and E . There is no crime of burglary as such in Finland . In the case of breaking and entering, the Finnish penal code states that A person who unlawfully (1) enters domestic premises by force, stealth or deception, or hides or stays in such premises [...] shall be sentenced for invasion of domestic premises to a fine or to imprisonment for at most six months. However, if theft

1403-434: Is used as a dwelling or place of human habitation, with intent to commit murder, rape, robbery or arson in violation of Virginia State code section 18.2–77, 18.2–79, or 18.2–80, shall be deemed guilty of statutory burglary, which offense shall be a class 3 felony. However, if such people were armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, they shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. Additionally, if any people commit any of

1464-455: The Etsi de Statu , allowing the clergy to be taxed in cases of necessity as determined by their kings. King Edward's high taxes on the clergy of England may have angered the monks and made them more than willing to assist or turn a blind eye to Richard and his robbery of the treasury. In medieval England, robbery of the king was a crime certainly punishable by death. Very few British citizens had

1525-519: The Crimes Act 1961 . Originally this was a codification of the common law offence, though from October 2004 the break element was removed from the definition and entry into the building (or ship), or a part of it, now only needed to be unauthorised. The definition of a building is very broad to cover all forms of dwelling, including an enclosed yard. Unauthorised entry onto agricultural land with intent to commit an imprisonable offence (section 231A)

1586-477: The "plumbers" of the Watergate scandal were technically burglars. Any entry into the building or automobile of another with the intent to commit a crime, even if the entry would otherwise be permitted for lawful purposes, may constitute burglary on the theory that the permission to enter is only extended for lawful purposes (for example, a shoplifter may be prosecuted for burglary in addition to theft, for entering

1647-465: The British people. This led many to protest against it, but nothing as serious as the later Peasant Revolt. The public's response may have been a sign to King Edward that taxation without consent would be met with pushback, but King Richard II ' s Poll Tax of 1380 would show that by the end of the 14th century, the public's opinion held little weight on the actions of the king. Pudlicott is featured in

1708-504: The King's treasures began popping up throughout London, King Edward ordered an investigation into the monks of Westminster Abbey. Throughout the 1290s, King Edward relentlessly imposed taxes on the clergy to fund his wars in France and in Scotland . Edward began to seize wool and other goods from the clergy and, in 1294, demanded half of their yearly income. Edward's demands continued to drive

1769-418: The abbey, and once King Edward had left for Scotland, Richard planned to sneak into the building. Having found a latter positioned against a nearby building, he placed it alongside a chapter house to a window, which he pried open with a knife. He then entered the building and found various silver treasures, which he stole and sold. Having studied the premises of Westminster Abbey, Richard started his plan to rob

1830-520: The acts mentioned in the VA state code section 18.2–90 with intent to commit larceny, or any felony other than murder, rape, robbery or arson in violation of VA state code section 18.2–77, 18.2–79, or 18.2–80, or if any people commit any acts mentioned in 18.2–89 or 18.2–90 with intent to commit assault and battery, shall be guilty of statutory burglary, punishable by confinement in a state correctional facility for not less than one or more than twenty years, or, in

1891-659: The audacity to commit such an act. Richard may have been an example of politically motivated radical action against the king and the impact of unpopular taxation on the socio-economic relations between the King and his people. If Richard held any speculated political motive for his crime against the king, it can be said that his actions anticipated the Peasants Revolt of 1381 and the many more British revolts that followed. King Edward's imposition of high taxes, especially his maltolt on wool, to finance his war on France and later against Scotland proved to be widely unpopular with

Richard of Pudlicott - Misplaced Pages Continue

1952-446: The building, expanding the common-law definition. It has three degrees. Third-degree burglary is the broadest, and applies to any building or other premises. Second-degree burglary retains the common-law element of a dwelling, and first-degree burglary requires that the accused be in a dwelling and armed with a weapon or have intent to cause injury. A related offense, criminal trespass, covers unlawful entry to buildings or premises without

2013-401: The burglar enter with a dangerous weapon, they may be imprisoned for life. Unlawful entries of a structure other than a dwelling are labeled "breaking and entering" and punishments vary according to structure. In Maryland, under title 6, subtitle 2 of the criminal law code, the crime of burglary is divided into four degrees. The first three degrees are felonies, while fourth-degree burglary is

2074-530: The clergy—his inside accomplices—from being condemned. After his hanging, his body was flayed, and legend said his skin was nailed to the door of Westminster Abbey as a warning to other would-be criminals. A 2005 study of the door, dating back to the reign of King Edward I (making it the oldest door in England) revealed the legend to be false. The fragments of hide found under the door's lone surviving iron strap turned out to be from an animal hide which once covered

2135-583: The day or night time, with intent to commit any misdemeanor except assault and battery or trespass (which falls under the previous paragraph), shall be guilty of a class 6 felony. However, if the people were armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, they shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. Psoroptes Psoroptes is a genus of mites , including the agents that cause psoroptic mange . Psoroptes mites are responsible for causing psoroptic mange in various animals, leading to economic losses among farmers of cattle , sheep and goats . It

2196-455: The daytime break and enter or enter and conceal themselves in a dwelling house or an adjoining, occupied outhouse, or, in the nighttime enter without breaking or at any time break and enter or enter and conceal themselves in any office, shop, manufactured home, storehouse, warehouse, banking house, church or other house, or any ship, vessel or river craft, or any railroad car, or any automobile, truck, or trailer, if such automobile, truck or trailer

2257-401: The declining sheep population, over a decade before King Edward increased the wool tax. Although the peak of this crisis occurred a few decades before the robbery, England's sheep population did not fully recover until the 14th century. Although Richard claimed to have worked alone in his confession, his trial proved multiple monks to have been accomplices, who were then executed. After many of

2318-404: The discretion of the jury or the court trying the case without a jury, be confined in jail for a period not exceeding twelve months or fined not more than $ 2,500, either or both. However, if the people were armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, they shall be guilty of a Class 2 felony. Finally, if any people break and enter a dwelling house while said dwelling is occupied, either in

2379-931: The door. In late 1303, Richard of Pudlicott confessed to his robbery of the treasury. However, the legitimacy of this confession is disputed due to his claim that he committed the crime on his own. According to the confession, Richard, a traveling merchant of various goods, was arrested in Flanders due to an outstanding debt in Brussels , and removed of his wool by the British. Soon after, Richard sought financial compensation for this wool and took it to court in Westminster. During his time in Westminster, Richard would watch Serjeants move valuables in and out of Westminster Abbey . Poor from his prior arrest, Richard planned to steal these valuables. Beginning in August 1302, he studied

2440-412: The dwelling of another, in the nighttime, with intent to commit a felony or any larceny (theft < $ 500) therein, shall be guilty of burglary, punishable as a class 3 felony; provided, however, that if such people was armed with a deadly weapon at the time of such entry, they shall be guilty of a class 2 felony. Statutory Burglary is defined as: If any people in the nighttime enter without breaking, or in

2501-444: The house of another in the night time, with intent to commit a felony therein, whether the felony be actually committed or not. The common-law elements of burglary often vary between jurisdictions. The common-law definition has been expanded in most jurisdictions, such that the building need not be a dwelling or even a building in the conventional sense, physical breaking is not necessary, the entry does not need to occur at night, and

Richard of Pudlicott - Misplaced Pages Continue

2562-566: The intent may be to commit any felony or theft. In Canada, breaking is prohibited by section 348 of the Criminal Code . It is an indictable offense when committed in residence, and otherwise a hybrid offense . Breaking and Entering is defined as breaking into a place with intent to commit another indictable offense (including, but not limited to theft). The crime is commonly referred to in Canada as breaking and entering , which in turn

2623-426: The intent to commit a crime, and is a misdemeanor or, in the third degree, a violation. Possession of burglar's tools, with the intent to use them to commit burglary or theft, is a misdemeanor. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts uses the term "burglary" to refer to a night-time breaking and entering of a dwelling with the intent to commit a felony. Burglary is a felony punishable by not more than twenty years; should

2684-448: The intent to commit an offense therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the defendant is licensed or invited to enter." Depending on the circumstances of the crime, burglary can be classified as third, second, first-degree, or life felonies, with maximum sentences of five years, fifteen years, thirty years, and life, respectively. The minimum sentences are probation, 21 months, and 124 1/2 months, except that if

2745-476: The intent to use them in a burglary offense. In the criminal code of New Hampshire , "A person is guilty of burglary if they enter a building or occupied structure, or separately secured or occupied section thereof, with purpose to commit a crime therein, unless the premises are at the time open to the public or the actor is licensed or privileged to enter." Under the New York Penal Law , burglary

2806-624: The king shall not tax his people without their consent. Five years later, King Edward created the Carta Mercatoria which directly violated the terms of the Confirmation of the Charters but was not revoked until 1311. Conflicts with King Edward alongside oppressive guilds who restricted entry and attempted to control local markets drove many wool merchants to relocate to the countryside. King Edward's taxation on wool exports may offer

2867-596: The king's treasury of gems, antique gold and coins, estimated at over 100,000 pounds, or about equal to a year's tax revenue for the Kingdom of England. When priceless objects began flooding pawn shops , houses of prostitution and even fishing nets in the River Thames , the king and his ministers, away at war in Scotland , were alerted. King Edward began his investigation into the incident in June of 1303, which revealed

2928-515: The market for England's wool, but they would be unable to meet these demands because of this increased death rate. As word of this outbreak spread throughout England in the late 1270s, many sheepherders, in an attempt to prevent the spread of disease and scabs, quickly either executed their infected stock or sold them at a low price. The mortality rates reflect that these preventative efforts did not have much of an impact. Statistics show that in 1279-1280, England's wool output fell 58% below average due to

2989-630: The offence since the night time was when man was at rest. He also described the night as the time when the countenance of a man could not be discerned. In Pleas of the Crown. A Methodical Summary , Sir Matthew Hale classifies Burglary and Arson as offences "against the dwelling or habitation". In chapter 16 of the fourth book of the Commentaries on the Laws of England , Sir William Blackstone observes that Burglary "... has always been looked on as

3050-410: The person had a gun, a judge uses the 10-20-Life Law , 10 years on anyone convicted of committing or attempting to commit any of the above felonies (with certain exceptions), while armed with a firearm or destructive device. If a firearm was discharged, 20 years. If a bullet injures or kills someone, 25 years. A person commits the offense of burglary when, without authority and with the intent to commit

3111-487: The person. Further reforms followed in 1861. Colonial legislatures generally adopted the English reforms. However, while further Criminal Code reforms failed to progress through the English parliament during the 1880s, other colonies, including Canada, India, New Zealand and various Australian states codified their criminal law. At common law , burglary was defined by Sir Matthew Hale as: The breaking and entering

SECTION 50

#1732783238591

3172-462: The possession of burglary tools with the intent to use them in a burglary is a serious offense, a felony in some jurisdictions. Gloves that defendants were trying to shake off as they ran from the site of a burglary were identified as burglar's tools in Green v. State (Fla. App. 1991). Under Florida State Statutes , "burglary" occurs when a person "enter[s] a dwelling, a structure, or a conveyance with

3233-480: The possible involvement of over 40 monks. Many dozens of people were rounded up and jailed in a wide and indiscriminate net and eventually brought to one of the biggest trials of the High Middle Ages in England. Ultimately most of the loot was recovered and a dozen or so were hanged, including Richard, but most escaped the executioner. Richard gave a false confession that he was the only one involved, saving

3294-462: The premises also constitutes the offense of robbery . In some states, a burglary committed during the hours of daylight is technically not burglary, but housebreaking. In many jurisdictions in the U.S., burglary is punished more severely than housebreaking. In California , for example, burglary was punished as burglary in the first degree, while housebreaking was punished as burglary in the second degree. California now distinguishes between entry into

3355-451: The purposes of this Code section, the term "railroad car" shall also include trailers on flatcars, containers on flatcars, trailers on railroad property, or containers on railroad property. O.C.G.A. § 16-7-1. Burglary and the intended crime, if carried out, are treated as separate offenses. Burglary is a felony, even when the intended crime is a misdemeanor, and the intent to commit the crime can occur when one "enters or remains unlawfully" in

3416-464: The section regarding gross theft (Chapter 6, 4s of the Penal Code, grov stöld ) states "in assessing whether the crime is gross, special consideration shall be given to whether the unlawful appropriation took place after intrusion into a dwelling." For theft, the punishment is imprisonment of at most two years, while gross theft carries a punishment of between six months and six years. Burglary

3477-479: The treasury. Richard began tunneling into the Abbey on December 17th of 1302 and dug until late April of 1303. He waited until it became dark on April 24th and he entered the treasury for the first time. He remained inside the treasury, rearranging the goods he wished to steal throughout the entire next day, and left late that next night. A day later, he left with all the treasures he wished to keep and buried them beneath

3538-469: The two German words burg , meaning "house", and laron , meaning "thief" (literally "house thief")." Another suggested etymology is from the later Latin word burgare , "to break open" or "to commit burglary", from burgus , meaning "fortress" or "castle", with the word then passing through French and Middle English, with influence from the Latin latro , "thief". The British verb "burgle"

3599-513: The word Burglar ("or the person that committeth burglary "), is derived from the words burgh and laron , meaning house-thieves . A note indicates he relies on the Brooke's case for this definition. According to one textbook, the etymology originates from Anglo-Saxon or Old English , one of the Germanic languages . (Perhaps paraphrasing Sir Edward Coke :) "The word burglar comes from

3660-541: The “ Maltolt ” began in 1275 at 6 shillings and 8 pence, or a third of a pound, but by the 1290s, King Edward raised this tax to two pounds leading to massive pushback from the public. Due to the public's response, the tax was abolished in 1297 and remained so until King Edward III's rule. Partially as a result, King Edward I was driven to reconfirm the Magna Carta in the Confirmation of the Charters , stating that

3721-451: Was added in March 2019 as a burglary type offence. In Sweden , burglary does not exist as an offence in itself; instead, there are two available offences. If a person simply breaks into any premise, they are technically guilty of either unlawful intrusion ( olaga intrång ) or breach of domiciliary peace ( hemfridsbrott ), depending on the premise in question. Breach of domiciliary peace

SECTION 60

#1732783238591
#590409