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38-595: The name "Chama" is a shortened version of the Tewa term tsąmą' ǫŋwįkeyi , meaning "wrestling pueblo-ruin". The Rio Chama originates in south-central Colorado, just above the New Mexico border in the San Juan Mountains and Rio Grande National Forest . The main stem Rio Chama begins at the confluence of two short headwater tributaries called West Fork and East Fork . The West Fork flows eastward from

76-584: A healthy speaker base; however, because of efforts to preserve the language starting in the 1980s—both by native speakers and linguists—this problem is not as dire as it for some other indigenous languages. Tewa has a fairly large phoneme inventory with 45 distinct individual sounds. Twelve of these are vowels, which can be either long or short. Tewa, like other Tanoan languages, also makes use of tones, of which it has four. The 1980 census counted 1,298 speakers, almost all of whom are bilingual in English. Today,

114-543: A site on the western bank of the Rio Chama where the railroad crossed it, for the terminal and its supporting townsite , naming the village for the river crossing. Train service began on February 1, 1881 and a post office was established that year. The northern valley of the Rio Chama had extensive coniferous forest, with dense stands of Ponderosa pine . Timber harvesting and sawmilling rapidly developed from

152-671: A subject and a predicate. There are also many ways to say what would be translated as the same thing in English in Tewa. For example, there are three ways to say the sentence "The man and the woman are entering": sen-ná-dí man- EMPH - ASSOC kwiyó woman da-cu:de-ʔeʔe 3 : DU : STAT -enter:come sen-ná-dí kwiyó da-cu:de-ʔeʔe man-EMPH-ASSOC woman 3:DU:STAT-enter:come sen-ná-dí man- EMPH - ASSOC kwiyo-wá-dí woman- EMPH - ASSOC da-cu:de-ʔeʔe 3 : DU : STAT -enter:come sen-ná-dí kwiyo-wá-dí da-cu:de-ʔeʔe Chama, New Mexico Chama

190-400: A word, sometimes be the addition of a word superfix. Within free roots, there are two additional types, isolated and non-isolated free roots. There is a very small number of isolated free roots, as these are roots that are neither combinable with other roots nor affixable. Non-isolated free roots are roots that are combinable with other roots and/or are affixable. A limited non-isolated free root

228-725: Is a village in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico , United States. The population was 917 at the 2020 census . The village is located in the Rocky Mountains about 7 miles (11 km) south of the Colorado - New Mexico border. Chama is located on the Rio Chama , 6.5 miles (10 km) south of the Colorado border. According to the United States Census Bureau , the village has a total area of 2.6 square miles (6.7 km ), all of it land. Chama

266-401: Is affixed with set marker /-n/, and class non-N, which does not have this affix. Class non-N is the larger of the two, containing almost all nouns in Tewa, which are, for the most part, mono- or di-syllabic. Class N nouns are mostly designations for age-sex differentiation, kinship terms, and forms which translate as pronouns. All known noun affixes are included in the chart below. /-n2/

304-526: Is characterized by huge boulders that create difficult holes, sizeable drops and hidden/sunken driftwood that test experienced whitewater boaters. The first 6-7.5 miles (12.1 km) of this reach above El Vado Lake in New Mexico is a Class IV to VI whitewater run of great intensity that is only suitable for expert whitewater kayakers. The rest of this run can be made by canoeists and kayakers with at least strong intermediate level whitewater skills on Class I to III water that drops through deep canyons on its way to

342-538: Is defined as "severely endangered" in New Mexico by UNESCO. In the names "Pojoaque" and "Tesuque", the element spelled "que" (pronounced something like [ɡe] in Tewa, or /ki/ in English) is Tewa for "place". Tewa can be written with the Latin script ; this is occasionally used for such purposes as signs ( Be-pu-wa-ve ' Welcome ' , or sen-ge-de-ho ' Bye ' ). Because alphabet systems have been developed in

380-730: Is different from /-n/ because of the occurrence of /-n2/ with singular, dual, and plural situations involving the same root, which is never the case for /-n/. Class Z words are neither particles, verbs, or nouns. They are affixable with suffixes like /-á/, /-ân/, /-bo/, and /-ho'/, /-reʔ/, /-an/, /-we/, and /-ge/, but unlike nouns and verbs they do not occur with the specific affixes which delineate those classes (/wé:-/ or /pi-/ and /-ví/ respectively). These compromise words whose English equivalents involve time, location, manner, interrogation, etc. Tewa sentences follow subject-object-verb order, however there are simple sentences in Tewa such as " handiriho gi-c'u " (that's how we got in) which are simply

418-439: Is one which can combine only with affixes, but not with other roots. A universal non-isolated free root is one which can combine both with other roots and affixes. Bound roots are defined as those roots which cannot be converted directly into a word. Tewa has 15 types of verbs, and a few example verbs and their conjugations are shown below. Verbs can be divided into two classes, S and A, standing for stative and active, based of

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456-501: Is some disagreement among the Tewa people about whether or not Tewa should have a written form, as some Pueblo elders believe that their language should be preserved by oral tradition alone. Because of this, it was not until the 1960s that the language was written down for the first time. However, many Tewa speakers have decided that Tewa literacy is an important aspect in passing down the language and so orthographies have been created for this purpose. The language has struggled to maintain

494-473: Is teeming with a variety of wildlife including cougars, black bears, elk, mule deer, badgers, bobcats, coyotes, beavers, raccoons, ducks, dippers, spotted sandpipers, Canada geese, turkey, golden eagles, bald eagles, falcons, hawks, owls, turkey vultures, brown and rainbow trout, flathead chub, flathead minnows, white suckers, carp, channel catfish, black crappie, longnose dace, and other species of mammals, birds and fish. Various species of rattlesnakes are found in

532-548: The Chama River Canyon Wilderness . It is joined by Rio Cebolla from the east, then Rio Gallina from the west. Then the river enters Abiquiu Lake , the reservoir created by Abiquiu Dam . The tributary Rio Puerco joins the Rio Chama in Abiquiu Lake. Below Abiquiu Dam the Rio Chama flows generally east, skirting the edge of Carson National Forest . It flows by the town of Abiquiú , located at

570-726: The Continental Divide . Across the divide lies the Navajo River , one of the headwater tributaries of the Colorado River . The East Fork extends a few miles into Conejos County, Colorado to a source near one of the headwater tributaries of the Conejos River . The confluence of the forks lies just within Archuleta County, Colorado . From there the Rio Chama flows generally south. After a few miles

608-559: The Endangered Languages Project estimates a total of 1,500 speakers worldwide, with 1,200 of them in the New Mexico pueblos and 300 in the Arizona village of Hano. Of these speakers, few are fluent with the vast majority being semi-speakers, and only in a few places, like Hano, are children acquiring Tewa. The largest New Mexico pueblo, San Juan, there are only 30 fluent speakers left as of 2008. As of 2012, Tewa

646-491: The 2000 census, there were 1,199 people, 467 households and 312 families residing in the village. The population density was 467.9 inhabitants per square mile (180.7/km ). There were 601 housing units at an average density of 234.5 per square mile (90.5/km ). The racial makeup of the village was 67.56% White , 1.58% African American , 2.67% Native American , 0.08% Asian , 25.10% from other races , and 3.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 71.23% of

684-748: The Bad Guys (1969) The Cowboys (1972), Bite the Bullett (1975), The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez (1982), Butch and Sundance: The Early Days (1989), Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), Wyatt Earp (1994), Wild Wild West (1999), All the Pretty Horses , (2000), Appaloosa (2008), A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014), Godless (2016), and Hostiles (2017). An episode of Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations

722-608: The Rio Brazos, the Rio Chama offers several miles of excellent fly fishing to the tailwaters of Heron Lake and El Vado Reservoir. The Rio Chama, is very wide at this point, with large runs, pools, and large boulders that create excellent fishing opportunities for rainbow and wild brown trout. The walls in Chama Canyon rise some 1,500 feet (460 m) above the river. The canyon rim and sloping uplands are "frequently punctuated by steep sandstone and shale outcroppings. Inside

760-474: The Rio Chama, above the mouth of Wolf Creek (4 miles (6.4 km) below the New Mexico border) is private land requiring land owner's permission to fish the Rio Chama and Wolf Creek. The Rio Chama at this point holds wild browns with cutthroats in Wolf Creek and rainbows in both streams. The Rio Chamita flows into the Rio Chama, 9 miles (14 km) below the Wolf Creek confluence with the Rio Chama. Access to

798-572: The Rio Chamita is from a dirt road one and a half miles north of the town of Chama . North of Chama on NM 17 there is good trout fly fishing. There are special regulations on this stretch of the Rio Chama. Fifteen miles south of Chama on US 64/84 is the confluence of the Rio Brazos with the Rio Chama. Most of this run of the Rio Chama is on private land, except for a 4-mile (6.4 km)-long stretch south of Chama. Below its confluence with

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836-573: The adjacent mountain valleys and canyons. [REDACTED] Media related to Chama River (Rio Grande) at Wikimedia Commons Tewa language Tewa ( / ˈ t eɪ w ə / TAY -wə ) is a Tanoan language spoken by sevaral Pueblo nations in the Rio Grande valley in New Mexico north of Santa Fe , and in Arizona . It is also known as Tano, or Tée-wah (archaic). There

874-403: The average family size was 3.13. 26.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.1 males. The median household income was $ 30,513, and the median family income

912-621: The canyon is a plethora of geological wonders including high, steep canyon walls and escarpments consisting of rock slides, ledges, pinnacles and ridges. The bedrock of Chama Canyon is shale, basalt, tuft, sandstone, granite, quartzite and other types of rocks, some of which formed about 110 million years ago." The Chama Valley is home to dense stands of ponderosa pine , douglas-fir , pinyon , juniper , mountain mahogany , gambel oak , and serviceberry . The riparian area also includes cottonwoods , box elder , willows, hackberry and numerous shrubs that are indigenous to north-central New Mexico. It

950-404: The city of Española and approximately 30 miles (48 km) north of Santa Fe . The Rio Chama has been used by humans for nearly 10,000 years, dating from the time when camels and Columbian mammoths roamed the southwestern United States. In 1988, the 24.6-mile (39.6 km) section known as Chama Canyon was designated as a National Wild and Scenic River by the U.S. Congress. The upper river

988-518: The different pueblos, Tewa has a variety of orthographies rather than a single standardized alphabet. One of the main dialectical delineations of the Santa Clara dialect is the use of /j/ in words where only /y/ is heard in other pueblos, although some Santa Clara speakers use /y/ and /j/ sporadically. Another important dialectical difference aligns Santa Clara, Tesuque, and San Ildefonso Tewa against San Juan and Nambe Tewa. The former use /d/ in

1026-537: The district's only high school, a part of Escalante Middle/High School. This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with short, cool-to-warm summers and long, cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Chama has a warm-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. Chama has been featured in several films, including The Good Guys and

1064-704: The early 1880's, and was a major industry into the 1930's. Chama is now the western terminus of the Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad , a steam-driven, narrow gauge heritage railway which carries visitors to and from Osier, Colorado , and Antonito, Colorado , during the summer months. This is the remaining 64 mile portion of the Denver & Rio Grande's San Juan Extension between Alamosa , and Durango, Colorado . The tracks from Chama westward to Durango were abandoned in September 1967 and torn up soon afterwards. At

1102-591: The lake. Below El Vado Lake the river is a Class II to III run for almost anybody with intermediate or higher level whitewater skills. After passing through Abiquiu Lake, the river passes through private land; ask permission before fishing or boating. The popular section for most paddlers is the 31.1 miles (50.1 km) from El Vado Ranch down through Chama Canyon and Chavez Canyon to the Big Eddy access above Abiquiu Reservoir near US 84. The Rio Chama and its tributaries offer excellent fly fishing for trout. Ten miles of

1140-559: The mouth of Abiquiu Creek, after which it turns to flow generally southeast. Near the villages of Chili and La Chuachia the Rio Chama is joined by two of its primary tributaries. The Rio del Oso joins from the west then, within less than a mile, the Rio Ojo Caliente joins from the northeast. From there the Rio Chama flows several miles southeast to join the Rio Grande near Ohkay Owingeh , about 5 miles (8.0 km) north of

1178-451: The only consonants available are :, h, or nasals, and as such these have been specified in order to create maximum specificity, instead of just referring to these constructions with just the C for consonant. Tewa has three tones, high, low, and glide. Within two-syllable words, the only combinations found are high-high, low-low, low-high, and high-low. The use of stress in Tewa is still relatively unknown. In two-syllable nouns with

Rio Chama - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-539: The pattern CVCV and the tone pattern high-high or low-low, there is heavier stress placed on the first syllable. Roots also tend to show heavier stress than affixes if each is the same syllable and tone type. A stronger stress is associated with a higher tone and greater vowel length. However, because of the complex use of tone, syllable type, and contour segments more research does need to be done. Tewa has what are called both "free" and "bound" roots. Free roots are defined as those roots which can be converted directly into

1254-402: The population. There were 467 households, of which 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 26.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and

1292-439: The pronomial prefixes which they contain. In general, S verbs deal with identity, quality, feeling, condition, position, and motion. Class A verbs are, in general, transitive verbs. All known verb affixes are included in the chart below, showing where the affixes fall in particular constructions of words. This affixes are used to delineate tense, subject, negation, and emphasis. Nouns are divided into two classes: class N, which

1330-482: The river enters Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, and flows by the town of Chama . The tributary Willow Creek joins the Rio Chama after being impounded as Heron Lake by Heron Dam . Willow Creek flows from the dam about 1,000 feet (300 m) to the Rio Chama. A couple miles below that the Rio Chama flows into El Vado Lake , a reservoir created by El Vado Dam . From El Vado Dam the Rio Chama continues flowing south, entering Chama Canyon and Santa Fe National Forest and

1368-579: The same environments where the latter use a nasal plus /d/. In two-syllable word bases, words that have a short /u/ in the initial syllable have a long /u/ in the Santa Clara dialect. In the Santa Clara dialect, where other pueblos have a high tone on this syllable, there will instead be a glide tone. The phonemes of Rio Grande Tewa are as follows: There are 9 types of syllables in Tewa: CV, CV:, CVN, CVh, CVʔ, CV', CVʔN, V, and VN. N here stands for nasal, and as seen, there are some constructions where

1406-562: Was $ 31,983. Males had a median income of $ 27,167 compared with $ 20,054 for females. The per capita income for the village was $ 16,670. About 11.9% of families and 17.9% of the population were below the poverty line , including 28.6% of those under age 18 and 13.7% of those age 65 or over. It is within the Chama Valley Independent Schools school district. Chama has a K-8 school , Chama Middle/Elementary School, while Chama's 9-12 students would by default attend

1444-533: Was originally part of the Tierra Amarilla Land Grant . In 1880 the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad began construction of its San Juan Extension from Antonito, Colorado westward toward a mining district in the northern San Juan Basin of Colorado. The railroad needed an engine terminal for helper locomotives , near to the western foot of the steep gradient toward Cumbres Pass . It chose

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