Rudolf Hercher ( Latin : Rudolphus Hercher ; 11 January 1821 – 26 March 1878) was a German classical philologist , who worked as a grammar school teacher in Rudolstadt (1847–1859) and Berlin (1861–1878). He is especially known for his textual criticism of diverse Greek authors and was considered the successor of Anton Westermann . He opposed the theories of William Gell that the events described in Greek epics, such as the Odyssey , were true historical events.
36-595: Rudolf Hercher was born in Rudolstadt to the grammar schoolmaster and later financial advisor Johann Andreas Hercher. He attended grammar school in his home city from 1830 until 1838, where he especially came under the influence of the Latin teacher Lobegott Samuel Obbarius and of the Greek teacher Christian Lorenz Sommer . Before tertiary education, he deepened his education even further, according to his father's wish with
72-423: A few years prior to 90, 89, and 85–90 AD. The line of reasoning for dates belonging to 85–90 AD is because of Arrian being made a consul around 130 AD, and the usual age for this, during this period, being 42 years of age. (ref. pp. 312, & SYME 1958, ibid. ). His family was from the Greek provincial aristocracy, and his full name, L. Flavius Arrianus , indicates that he was a Roman citizen, suggesting that
108-723: A further year because of an eye illness. He owed a call to the local Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium in Berlin to his friendship with Immanuel Bekker and Gustav Parthey (1798–1872), which he took up in Autumn of 1861. Soon thereafter he was enrolled as a Member of the German Archaeological Institute in Rome , entering its central governance in 1865. He undertook further sabbaticals to Ithaca and Corfu (1863) and to Paris (1867). In Berlin, Hercher interacted with
144-517: A stop. Arrian referred to himself as "the second Xenophon", on account of his reputation and the esteem in which he was held. Lucian stated him to be: a Roman of the first rank with a life-long attachment to learning This quality is identified as paideia (παιδεία), which is the quality considered to be of one who is known as an educated and learned personage, i.e., one who is highly esteemed and important. He produced eight extant works (cf. Syvänne, footnote of p. 260). The Indica and
180-452: A struggle in which Arrian's two legions were victorious. Within the work, Arrian explicitly identified the particular means of pursuing warfare as being based on Greek methods. Ektaxis kata Alanon is also translated as Acies contra Alanos . The work was known for a time as A History of the Alani ( Alanike via Photius ). A fragment describing a plan of battle against the Alani
216-491: A variety of things pertaining to India , and the voyage of Nearchus in the Persian Gulf. The first part of Indica was based largely on the work of the same name of Megasthenes , the second part based on a journal written by Nearchus . Written 136/137 AD (in the 20th year of Hadrian ), Techne Taktike is a treatise on Roman cavalry and military tactics, and includes information on the nature, arms and discipline of
252-688: A year in the senior class of the Grammar school. He particularly focussed further on German literature, drawing, and English. In the Summer semester of 1839, Hercher moved to Leipzig University , where he studied for three years alongside Gottfried Hermann and Moriz Haupt . In 1842 he went for two further semesters at Humboldt University of Berlin , where the celebrated textual critic, Karl Lachmann instructed him. After gaining his doctorate at Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (1844) Hercher became house teacher to Hartwig Julius Ludwig von Both , member of
288-538: Is a 12 book work mentioned by Photius in his Bibliotheca , of which only fragments remain. The Anabasis of Alexander comprises seven books. Arrian used Xenophon's account of the March of Cyrus as the basis for this work. History of the Diadochi or Events after Alexander is a work originally of ten books; a commentary on this work was written by Photius (FW Walbank, p. 8). Three extant fragments are
324-538: Is a work about the Celtic sport of coursing hare with sighthounds, specifically the Celtic greyhounds: in Greek (plural) ouertragoi , in Latin (plural) vertragi . The work was inspired by and designed as an addition to an earlier exposition made by Xenophon, whom Arrian recognised to be the Ancient Greek authority on the subject of hunting with scent hounds. Ektaxis kata Alanon (Ἔκταξις κατὰ Ἀλανῶν)
360-517: Is a work of a now fragmentary nature; the title is translated as Deployment against the Alani or The order of battle against the Alans or referred to simply as Alanica . It is thought not have been written as a presentation of facts but for literary reasons. Pertaining to the relevant historical facts, though, while governor of Cappadocia, Arrian repelled an invasion of the Alani sometime during 135 AD,
396-718: Is apparently a summary of the Discourses. JB Stockdale considered that Arrian wrote eight books of which four were lost by the Middle Ages and the remaining ones became the Discourses . In a comparison of the contents of the Enchiridion with the Discourses , it is apparent that the former contains material not present within the latter, suggesting an original lost source for the Enchiridion . Friendly conversations with Epictetus ( Homiliai Epiktetou )
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#1732780171911432-633: Is derived at the least from literature produced by Suidas . Arnobius (c. 3rd century AD ) mentions Arrian. Arrian was also known of by Aulus Gellius . Pliny the Younger addressed seven of his epistles to him. Simplicius made a copy of the Enchiridion, which was transmitted under the name of the monastic father Nilus during the 5th century, and as a result found in every monastery library. Nicholas Blancard made translations of Arrian in 1663 and 1668. The voyage of Nearchus and Periplus of
468-467: Is due to Arrian, in that Arrian left an Encheiridion ( Handbook ) of Epictetus' philosophy. After Epirus, he went to Athens, and while there, he became known as the "young Xenophon" as a consequence of the similarity of his relationship to Epictetus as Xenophon had to Socrates . For a period, some time about 126 AD, he was a friend of the emperor Hadrian 's, who appointed him to the Senate . He
504-480: Is especially known for his works on textual reconstruction . He mainly worked with Greek prose authors of the post-classical period, but also strayed into Homer , Herodotus and Latin authors. His first publication was a critical edition of the work On the Names of Rivers and Mountains (περὶ ποταμῶν καὶ ὀρῶν ἐπωνυμίας), in which he not only produced the text, but also established that the work's attribution to Plutarch
540-691: The Anabasis are the only works completely intact. His entire remaining oeuvre is known as FGrH 156 to designate those collected fragments that exist. This work is the earliest extant work that is dated with any confidence. It is a writing addressed to Emperor Hadrian. Arrian was a pupil of Epictetus around 108 AD, and, according to his own account, he was moved to publish his notes of Epictetus' lectures, which are known as Discourses of Epictetus , by their unauthorized dissemination. According to George Long , Arrian noted from Epictetus' lectures for his private use and some time later made of these,
576-497: The Discourses . Photius states that Arrian produced two books the Dissertations and the Discourses . The Discourses are also known as Diatribai and are apparently a verbatim recording of Epictetus' lectures. The Enchiridion is a short compendium of all Epictetus' philosophical principles. It is also known as a handbook, and A Mehl considers the Enchiridion to have been a vade mecum for Arrian. The Enchiridion
612-698: The Epistolographi Graeci ( Paris 1873) attracted attention. In his edition of Aineias Taktikos ( Berlin 1870) it first occurred to him, to restore the text which was distorted by many interpolations and to stress the Atticising style of the Late Antique prose author. Of his edition of Plutarch 's Moralia , only one volume appeared ( Leipzig 1872). As well as these and other monographs, Hercher wrote hundreds of shorter articles on textual criticism and exegesis. He especially discussed
648-743: The Oldenburg bundestag , later in the same year. After a year, he quit this position and traveled for many months to relatives in Manchester and London ; after a short stay in Rudolstadt, he worked from Easter till Autumn 1846 as house teacher to an Irish family in Dublin . Subsequently, he travelled for a month in London and in the Netherlands . After his summer teaching position of 1846
684-666: The Roman period . The Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian is considered the best source on the campaigns of Alexander the Great . Scholars have generally preferred Arrian to other extant primary sources, though this attitude has changed somewhat in light of modern studies into Arrian's method. Arrian was born in Nicomedia (present-day İzmit ), the provincial capital of Bithynia . Cassius Dio called him Flavius Arrianus Nicomediensis. Sources provide similar dates for his birth, within
720-822: The Toy Company Richter and porcelain factories, beginning with the establishment of the Volkstedt porcelain manufacture in 1762. There is archeological evidence of a hill fort on the Weinberg in Oberpreilipp from the time of the late Urnfield culture and the early Iron Age . A Celtic settlement followed the Germanic one and the affiliation with the Duchy of Thuringia . From the 6th century onwards, archeological records suggest Slavic settlement in
756-664: The Vatican Palimpsest (of the 10th century AD), PSI 12.1284 ( Oxyrhynchus ), and the Gothenburg palimpsest (of the 10th century also), these possibly stemming originally from Photius. The writing is about the successors of Alexander the Great , circa 323 – 321 or 319. A lost work of seventeen books, fragments of Parthica were maintained by the Suda and Stephanus of Byzantium . The work survives only in adaptations made later by Photius and Syncellus . Translated,
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#1732780171911792-515: The phalanx . The hippika gymnasia is a particular concern of Arrian in the treatise. Another translation of the title is Ars tactica , which, in Greek, is Τέχνη τακτική. This work has generally been considered in large part a panegyric to Hadrian, written for the occasion of his vīcennālia , although some scholars have argued that its second half may have had practical use. Cynegeticus (Κυνηγετικός), translated as A treatise on hunting with hounds , On Hunting , or On Coursing ,
828-603: The Homeric Epics often. After his death, Carl Robert 's archaeology and philology division published these papers under the title Homerische Aufsätze von Rudolf Hercher ( Berlin 1881). Rudolstadt Rudolstadt is a town in the German federal state Thuringia , within the Thuringian Forest , to the southwest, and to Jena and Weimar to the north. The former capital of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt ,
864-539: The Nazi terrorist group National Socialist Underground (NSU), which murdered a total of ten people over a period of 10 years. Number of Inhabitants (from 1960 as of 31 December, unless otherwise indicated) : 1834 to 1960 1970 to 1997 1998 to 2005 2006 to 2013 since 2014 29 October 31 August Rudolstadt is twinned with Letterkenny , County Donegal , Ireland. The Rudolstadt Festival (formerly TFF, Tanz&FolkFest) takes place annually on
900-533: The area. The first documented mention of the place-name was in 776 as Rudolfestat (Rudolf's settlement) as a gift from Charlemagne to Hersfeld Abbey In 1994 the Neonazi and police-informant Tino Brandt (NPD) founded the Neonazi-Gang „Thüringer Heimatschutz“ (THS, Thuringian homeland protection) in Rudolstadt. The structure of 170 right-wing extremists was an SA-style street gang. The THS gave rise to
936-507: The citizenship went back several generations, probably to the time of the Roman conquest some 170 years before. Sometime during the second century AD (117 to 120 AD) while in Epirus, probably Nicopolis , Arrian attended lectures of Epictetus of Nicopolis, and proceeded within a time to fall into his pupillage, a fact attested to by Lucian . All that is known about the life of Epictetus
972-479: The first full July weekend. The headquarters of the EPC Group , a global engineering and construction company, are in Rudolstadt. Arrian Arrian of Nicomedia ( / ˈ æ r i ə n / ; Greek : Ἀρριανός Arrianos ; Latin : Lucius Flavius Arrianus ; c. 86/89 – c. after 146/160 AD ) was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander, and philosopher of
1008-433: The leading ancient scholars, including Moriz Haupt, Immanuel Bekker, and August Meineke ; with Theodor Mommsen and Adolf Kirchhoff he founded the journal Hermes: Zeitschrift für classische Philologie (Hermes: Journal of Classical Philology) in 1866, which continues to this day. The interaction with his colleagues was so important to Hercher, that he rejected three job offers from foreign universities. On 14 July 1873 he
1044-570: The title is History of the Parthians . Arrian's aim in the work was to set forth events of the Parthian war of Trajan . The writing mentioned that the Parthians trace their origins to Artaxerxes II . A work of eight books, Bibliotheca (via Photius) states it is the fourth to have been written by Arrian. A work translated a Nicodemian script (minor) . Indica is a work on
1080-664: The town is built along the River Saale inside a wide valley surrounded by woods. Rudolstadt was founded in 776 and has had municipal law since 1326. The town's landmark is the Castle Heidecksburg which is enthroned on a hill above the old town. The former municipality Remda-Teichel was merged into Rudolstadt in January 2019. Rudolstadt was once well known because of the Anchor Stone Blocks of
1116-574: Was appointed to the position consul suffectus around 130 AD, and then, in 132 AD (although Howatson shows 131), he was made prefect or legate (governor) of Cappadocia by Hadrian, a service he continued for six years. Historian Cassius Dio states that not long after the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judea had been quelled, in 135 AD, King Pharasmanes II of Iberia caused the Alani to invade neighbouring territories, including Cappadocia, where their advance
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1152-513: Was enrolled as an ordinary member in the Prussian Academy of Sciences , on 19 December 1875 as a corresponding member in the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences . In his later years, Hercher came to suffer from neurasthenia , which developed into a serious affliction at the beginning of 1878. On 26 March of that year he died in , Berlin after a brain haemorrhage , aged 58. Rudolf Hercher
1188-660: Was found in Milan around the 17th century which was thought at that time to belong to the History . There were also a number of monographs or biographies, including of Dion of Syracuse , Timoleon of Corinth, and Tilliborus, a brigand or robber of Asia Minor , which are now lost. Everything known of his life derives from the 9th century writing of Photius in his Bibliotheca , and from those few references which exist within Arrian's own writings. The knowledge of his consulship,
1224-472: Was incorrect. He focussed on Arrian 's On Hunting (De Venatione), Michael Psellos , Nikephoros Gregoras , the Dreambook of Achmet, Ptolemaios Chennos and Philo of Byzantium . Especially his edition of the erotic authors ( Erotici Graeci , two volumes, Leipzig 1858–1859), his first edition Astrampsychi oraculorum decades ( Berlin 1863), his two volume edition of Aelian ( Leipzig 1864–1866) and
1260-520: Was over, Hercher was offered a position as a Collaborator at the Grammar school in Rudolstadt in December of the same year, which he took up in 1847. After seven years of employment he became a schoolmaster in 1854. In the following years, Hercher repeatedly received the opportunity to go on long sabbaticals: He spent further months in Paris and went to Italy for a year in 1859; this stay was extended for
1296-459: Was robustly halted by Arrian's legions. A second war was begun by the Alani (they are Massagetae ) at the instigation of Pharasmanes. It caused dire injury to the Albanian territory and Media , and then involved Armenia and Cappadocia; after which, as the Alani were not only persuaded by gifts from Vologaesus , but also stood in dread of Flavius Arrianus, the governor of Cappadocia, it came to
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