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64-744: Ruili Airlines Co., Ltd. , is a Chinese low-cost carrier headquartered at Kunming Changshui International Airport . It provides both domestic and international services to destinations in China and elsewhere in Southeast Asia. The airline was established in 2014 and is wholly owned by the Jingcheng Group. It received its air operator's certificate on 22 January 2014 and flew its first service on 18 May 2014, between Kunming and Mangshi . Five Boeing 787-9s were ordered in 2016, but as of November 2023 none had been delivered. As of March 2018,

128-426: A cost of available seat mile (CASM) advantage in relation to the traditional and established, legacy airlines such as Trans World Airlines and American Airlines . Often this CASM advantage has been attributed solely to the lower labor costs of the newly hired and lower pay grade workers of new start-up carriers, such as ValuJet , Midway Airlines, and their like. However, these lower costs can also be attributed to

192-532: A router , which routes messages through the air-ground subnetwork. Ground equipment is made up of a network of radio transceivers managed by a central site computer called AFEPS (Arinc Front End Processor System), which handles and routes messages. Generally, ground ACARS units are either government agencies such as the Federal Aviation Administration , an airline operations headquarters, or, for small airlines or general aviation,

256-422: A VHF ground station network exists in the current area of the aircraft. VHF communication is line-of-sight propagation and the typical range is up to 200 nautical miles at high altitudes. Where VHF is absent, an HF network or satellite communication may be used if available. Satellite coverage may be limited at high latitudes (trans-polar flights). In the wake of the crash of Air France Flight 447 in 2009, there

320-816: A domestic legacy airline and one or more foreign investors. By mid-2013, these new LCCs were operating at a unit cost of around 8 yen per seat-kilometer, compared to 10–11 yen per seat-kilometer for domestic legacy airlines. However, their unit cost was still much higher than the 3 yen per seat-kilometer for AirAsia in Malaysia , due to the higher cost of landing fees and personnel in Japan. By 2017, low-cost carriers had achieved market share of 57.2% in South Asia and 52.6% in Southeast Asia. Market share remained somewhat lower in Europe at 37.9% and North America at 32.7%. For

384-422: A flight on a full-service carrier. Most airlines charge additional taxes and fees on their tickets. Some low-cost airlines have been known to charge fees for the seemingly ridiculous, such as levying a credit card charge if credit card is the only payment method accepted. While tour and package operators have offered lower-priced, lower-frilled traveling for a large part of modern airline history, not until during

448-544: A greater number of add-on fees. In the US market, Allegiant Air , Frontier Airlines , Spirit Airlines , and Sun Country Airlines are considered to be ULCCs. In Europe, Ryanair and Wizz Air are the most prominent ULCCs. In Asia, AirAsia and Lion Air are the most prominent ULCCs. The pricing policy of the low-cost carriers is usually very dynamic as befits their business model, with frequent discounts and tickets in promotion. Like other carriers, however, even if

512-552: A higher age limit on unaccompanied minors than full-service carriers. Often these airlines do not offer connecting tickets, since the airline will have to pay for ground crew to transfer luggage. A customer may create a connection manually by purchasing two separate tickets, but these are considered separate contracts, and the passenger bears the risk if a delayed inbound flight causes a missed connection. When most countries had national monopolies, crews could negotiate pay raises and good pension benefits (something that costs money for

576-795: A large-scale reduction of its fleet of Boeing 737 aircraft and operations. In March 2017, International Airlines Group established Level , a long-haul low-cost virtual airline based in Barcelona Airport and serving destinations in North and South America. Long-haul low-cost carriers are emerging on the transatlantic flights market with 545,000 seats offered over 60 city pairs in September 2017 (a 66% growth over one year), compared to 652,000 seats over 96 pairs for Leisure airlines and 8,798,000 seats over 357 pairs for mainline carriers . Former American Airlines CEO Bob Crandall thinks

640-519: A minimum set of equipment, further reducing costs of acquisition and maintenance, as well as keeping the weight of the aircraft lower and thus saving fuel. Depending on the low-cost airline seats do not recline and do not have rear pockets, to reduce cleaning and maintenance costs. Others have no window shades. Pilot conveniences, such as ACARS , may be excluded. Often, no in-flight entertainment systems are made available, though many US low-cost carriers do offer satellite television or radio in-flight. It

704-460: A page from the mainline, major, or legacy carriers' desire to reduce costs in all ways possible in regards regional route networks by outsourcing regional operations to the lowest expense airline bidder capable of operating regional aircraft, a new generation of low-cost airlines (in name only) soon evolved in the US with varying levels of success. Among these varieties of low-cost and discount operators were noteworthy starts-ups that managed to get off

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768-448: A request for weather information or clearances or the status of connecting flights. The response from the ground station is received on the aircraft via ACARS as well. Each airline customizes ACARS to this role to suit its needs. ACARS messages may be sent using a choice of communication methods, such as VHF or HF, either direct to ground or via satellite, using minimum-shift keying (MSK) modulation. ACARS can send messages over VHF if

832-583: A second ACARS system called Classic Aero was active as long as the plane was powered up, and kept trying to establish a connection to an Inmarsat satellite every hour. The ACARS unit on the Airbus A320 of EgyptAir Flight 804 sent ACARS messages indicating the presence of smoke in toilets and the avionics bay prior to the aircraft's crash into the Mediterranean Sea on May 19, 2016, which killed all 66 persons on board. On 24 February 2021,

896-505: A separate service provider. Messages from aircraft, especially automatically generated ones, can be pre-configured according to message type so that they are automatically delivered to the appropriate recipient just as ground-originated messages can be configured to reach the correct aircraft. The ACARS equipment on the aircraft is linked to that on the ground by the DSP. Because the ACARS network

960-468: A simpler fare scheme, such as selling only one-way tickets. Typically fares increase as the plane fills up, which rewards early reservations. In Europe (and early in Southwest's history) luggage is not transferred from one flight to another, even if both flights are with the same airline. This saves costs and is thought to encourage passengers to take direct flights. Tickets are not sold with transfers, so

1024-449: A single aircraft type, so that cabin and ground crew will only have to be trained to work on one type of aircraft. This is also beneficial from a maintenance standpoint as spare parts and mechanics will only be dedicated to one type of aircraft. These airlines tend to operate short-haul flights that suit the range of narrow-body (single aisle) planes. As of lately, however, there is also a rise in demand for long range low-cost flights and

1088-419: A third-party subscription service. Usually government agencies are responsible for clearances , while airline operations handle gate assignments, maintenance, and passenger needs. Ground system provision is the responsibility of either a participating air navigation service provider (ANSP) or an aircraft operator. Aircraft operators often contract out the function to either datalink service provider (DSP) or to

1152-755: A week, and Melbourne thrice weekly. On 11 March 2009, AirAsia X started its first low-cost long-haul service into Europe, to London Stansted . The daily flights are operated by two leased Airbus A340 -300s. A one-way economy-class ticket often costs £150, and the premium-class one-way often costs £350. On 12 January 2012, AirAsia announced that it would be suspending services to London on 1 April 2012. Low-cost European airline, Norwegian Air Shuttle , started long-haul low-cost operations in May 2013 under their Norwegian Long Haul arm. Norwegian initially operated flights to Bangkok and New York from Scandinavia using leased Airbus A340 aircraft, switching to new Boeing 787s in

1216-451: Is a digital datalink system for transmission of short messages between aircraft and ground stations via airband radio or satellite . The protocol was designed by ARINC and deployed in 1978, using the Telex format. More ACARS radio stations were added subsequently by SITA . Prior to the introduction of datalink in aviation, all communication between the aircraft and ground personnel

1280-575: Is also becoming a popular approach to install LCD monitors onto the aircraft and broadcast advertisements on them, coupled with the traditional route–altitude–speed information. Some allow priority boarding for an extra fee instead of reserved seating, and some allow reserving a seat in an emergency exit row (for longer leg room) at an extra cost. Like the major carriers, many low-cost carriers develop one or more bases to maximize destination coverage and defend their market. Many do not operate traditional hubs , but rather focus cities . Airlines often offer

1344-681: Is modeled after the point-to-point telex network, all messages come to a central processing location to be routed. ARINC and SITA are the two primary service providers, with smaller operations from others in some areas. Some areas have multiple service providers. ACARS messages may be of three broad types: Control messages are used to communicate between the aircraft and its base, with messages either standardized according to ARINC Standard 633, or user-defined in accordance with ARINC Standard 618. The contents of such messages can be OOOI events, flight plans, weather information, equipment health, status of connecting flights, etc. A major function of ACARS

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1408-400: Is the reduction of cost and reduced overall fares compared to legacy carriers. Traditional airlines have also reduced their cost using several of these practices. Most low-cost carriers operate aircraft configured with a single passenger class, and some low-cost carriers choose to operate more than one type and configure their aircraft with more than one passenger class, but most operate just

1472-411: Is to automatically detect and report the start of each major flight phase, called OOOI events in the industry ( o ut of the gate, o ff the ground, o n the ground, and i nto the gate). These OOOI events are detected using input from aircraft sensors mounted on doors, parking brakes, and struts. At the start of each flight phase, an ACARS message is transmitted to the ground describing the flight phase,

1536-420: Is well known for using fuel hedging programs to reduce its overall fuel costs. Check-in at the gate of luggage requires fees, as it requires addition to the weight calculation and last-minute baggage handling. Online check-in is becoming common, again in the interest of avoiding personnel costs. Where permissible, some airlines have a disinclination to handle Special Service passengers, for instance by placing

1600-460: Is why Ryanair flies to Gatwick Airport , Luton Airport , and Stansted Airport in the London area and how easyJet is able to fly to Paris-Charles de Gaulle , and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol . In London's case however, low-cost carriers would not be able to use Heathrow as the airport is running at near capacity, so there is no room to build a base. The airlines tend to offload, service and re-load

1664-855: The European Commission , the LCCs market share (44.8%) exceeded legacy carriers (42.4%) in 2012: between 2002 and 2017, LCC share of international seat capacity rose from 23% to 57% in the UK, from 10% to 55% in Italy and from 9% to 56% in Spain but have still room for growth in domestic seat-capacity In France with 19% and in Germany with 25% in 2017, compared with 66% in the UK, 48% in Spain and 47% in Italy. By early 2019, there were more than 100 LCCs operating 6,000 aircraft, doubled from 2,900 aircraft at

1728-891: The UK and Canada for £89. In August 2006, Zoom announced a UK subsidiary to offer low-cost long-haul flights to the United States and India, but suspended its operations from 28 August 2008 due to high fuel prices inducing financial problems. In 2005, Emirates ' Tim Clark viewed long-haul low-cost as inevitable, flights could be operated on 760 seats all-economy Airbus A380s , or 870 for an hypothetical A380 stretch. Since 2005, Australia's Jetstar Airways operates international flights, starting with Christchurch , New Zealand. In late 2006, others followed from Sydney , Melbourne and Brisbane , to popular tourist destinations within 10 hours like Honolulu , Japan, Vietnam , Thailand and Malaysia . With new aircraft deliveries, it hopes to fly to

1792-1166: The airline industry referring to airlines with a lower operating cost structure than their competitors. The term is often applied to any carrier with low ticket prices and limited services regardless of their operating models. Low-cost carriers should not be confused with regional airlines that operate short-haul flights without service, or with full-service airlines offering some reduced fares. Some airlines advertise themselves as low-cost while maintaining products usually associated with traditional mainline carriers’ services. These products include preferred or assigned seating , catering, differentiated premium cabins , satellite or ground-based Wi-Fi internet, and in-flight audio and video entertainment . The term ultra low-cost carrier ( ULCC ) has been used, particularly in North America and Europe to refer to carriers that do not provide these services and amenities. The low-cost carrier business model practices vary widely. Some practices are more common in certain regions, while others are generally universal. The common theme among all low-cost carriers

1856-516: The ACARS system in July 1978, as an automated time clock system. Teledyne Controls produced the avionics and the launch customer was Piedmont Airlines . The original expansion of the abbreviation was "Arinc Communications Addressing and Reporting System". Later, it was changed to "Aircraft Communications, Addressing and Reporting System". The original avionics standard was ARINC 597, which defined an ACARS Management Unit consisting of discrete inputs for

1920-491: The ACARS unit of a South African Airways flight from Johannesburg 's OR Tambo International Airport to Brussels sent an ACARS message about an “alpha floor event”, which was activated when the Airbus A340-600's envelope protection system activated to override the pilots to prevent the plane from stalling on take-off. On 19 February 2023, there were numerous ACARS reports of a large white balloon near Hawaii in

1984-615: The FMS while in flight, and allows the flight crew to evaluate new weather conditions or alternative flight plans. ACARS is used to send information from the aircraft to ground stations about the conditions of various aircraft systems and sensors in real-time. Maintenance faults and abnormal events are also transmitted to ground stations along with detailed messages, which are used by the airline for monitoring equipment health, and to better plan repair and maintenance activities. Automated ping messages are used to test an aircraft's connection with

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2048-478: The Irish Aviation Authority. As supply increases, this sort of differentiation by brand is an important criteria for the future success of low-cost carriers, since many experts believe price competition alone is not enough, given the number of carriers. As the number of low-cost carriers has grown, these airlines have begun to compete with one another in addition to the traditional carriers. In

2112-625: The Middle East and 12% within Africa. A long-haul low-cost operation would be harder to differentiate from a conventional airline as there are few cost savings possibilities, while the seat costs would have to be lower than the competition. Long-haul aircraft scheduling is often determined by time zone constraints, like leaving the US East Coast in the evening and arriving in Europe

2176-399: The US, airlines have responded by introducing variations to the model. In Europe, the emphasis has remained on reducing costs and no-frills service. A secondary term ultra low-cost carrier ( ULCC ) has been used to differentiate some low-cost airlines whose model deviates further from that of a standard low-cost carrier, with ultra low-cost carriers having minimal inclusions in the fare and

2240-440: The advertised base prices are very low, charges and taxes are typically not mentioned. With some airlines, some flights are advertised as free (plus applicable taxes, fees and charges). Depending on the airline, perhaps as many (or as few) as ten percent of the seats on any flight are offered at the lowest price and are the first to sell. The prices steadily rise thereafter to a point where they can be comparable or more expensive than

2304-673: The aircraft (turnaround) in shorter time periods and do not wait for late passengers, allowing maximum utilization of aircraft. Low-cost carriers generate ancillary revenue from a variety of activities, such as à la carte features and commission-based products. Some airlines may charge a fee for a pillow or blanket or for carry-on baggage. In Europe, it is common for each and every convenience and service to have an additional charge. Low-cost carriers intend to be low-cost, so in many cases employees work multiple roles. At some airlines flight attendants also work as gate agents or assume other roles, thereby limiting personnel costs. Southwest Airlines

2368-676: The airline can avoid responsibility for passengers' connections in the event of a delay. Low-cost carriers often have a sparse schedule with one flight per day and route, so it would be hard to find an alternative for a missed connection. Modern US-based low-cost carriers generally transfer baggage for continuing flights, as well as transferring baggage to other airlines. Many airlines opt to have passengers board via stairs, since jetways generally cost more to lease. Often, low-cost carriers fly to smaller, less congested secondary airports and/or fly to airports during off-peak hours to avoid air traffic delays and take advantage of lower landing fees . This

2432-505: The airline served 34 destinations in China and in Southeast Asia. As of January 2020, the Ruili Airlines fleet consisted of the following aircraft: The airline received its two Boeing 737-700s from Air Berlin (formerly D-ABLE and D-ABLF) on 6 January 2014. However, the aircraft were returned to Southwest Airlines in May 2015. The first 737-800 was received on 30 March 2014, and the direct purchase Boeing 737-700 from Boeing

2496-573: The airlines only in the long term). During this period, most passengers were business travellers who paid high fares that covered these costs. After deregulation, which led to lower fares, many airlines remained bound to these salary agreements and pensions, whereas new low-cost carriers employed new staff with lower salaries, especially for cabin crew, keeping personnel costs low and allowing for competitive fares. In some cases airlines have gone bankrupt (e.g., Alitalia , Sabena , and Swissair ), and new airlines replaced them. Traditional carriers followed

2560-664: The availability of next generation planes that make long haul routes more feasible for LCCs. In the past, low-cost carriers tended to operate older aircraft purchased second-hand, such as the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 and older models of the Boeing 737 . Since 2000, fleets generally consist of the newest aircraft, commonly the Airbus A320 family and Boeing 737. Although buying new aircraft is usually more expensive than second-hand, new planes are cheaper to operate in

2624-432: The communication station. In the event that the aircraft ACARS unit has been silent for longer than a preset time interval, the ground station can ping the aircraft (directly or via satellite). A ping response indicates a healthy ACARS communication. ACARS interfaces with interactive display units in the cockpit, which flight crews can use to send and receive technical messages and reports to or from ground stations, such as

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2688-592: The continental US and Europe . In April 2006, the industry magazine Airline Business analysed the potential for low-cost long-haul service and concluded that a number of Asian carriers, including AirAsia, were closest to making such a model work. On 26 October 2006, Oasis Hong Kong Airlines started flying from Hong Kong to London-Gatwick . The lowest prices for flights between Hong Kong to London could be as low at £75 (approximately US$ 150) per leg (not including taxes and other charges) for economy class and £470 (approximately US$ 940) per leg for business class for

2752-548: The doors, parking brake and weight on wheels sensors to automatically determine the flight phase and generate and send as telex messages. It also contained a MSK modem , which was used to transmit the reports over existing VHF voice radios. Global standards for ACARS were prepared by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC). The first day of ACARS operations saw about 4,000 transactions, but it did not experience widespread use by

2816-692: The end of Skytrain . In late 2007, Cebu Pacific , the Philippines ' largest low-cost carrier, announced non-stop flights from the Philippines to the United States West Coast and other US cities from mid-2009. The airline also intends to launch low-cost service to Middle East , where around a million Filipinos are based, and in Europe. Flights to Dubai — its first long-haul destination — started in 2013. As of September 2024, it operates flights to Dubai daily, to Sydney four times

2880-558: The end of 2009, while seat capacity reached nearly 1.7 billion in 2018. LCCs accounted for 33% of intra-regional seat capacity in 2018 with 1.564 billion, up from 25% in 2008 with 753 million, and 13% of seat capacity between regions with 101 million, up from 6% in 2009 with 26 million. In 2018, penetration rate was 41% of seats within Europe, 36% within Latin America, 32% within North America, 29% within Asia Pacific, 17% within

2944-561: The following morning, and the longer flight times mean there is less scope to increase aircraft utilization as in short-haul. The business model is financially risky , and many companies have entered bankruptcy , like Laker Airways . In 2004, Irish Aer Lingus maintains a full service on transatlantic flights while it lowered its prices to compete with Ryanair on short haul. Late in 2004, Oasis Hong Kong Airlines offered London to Hong Kong flights from £199, and Canadian Zoom Airlines started selling transatlantic flights between

3008-401: The ground by using the larger aircraft services of established charter airlines. Among this group were the virtual airlines ; Direct Air , PeoplExpress , Western , and those that never began service such as JetAmerica . In Japan, low-cost airlines made major inroads into the market in 2012 when Peach , Jetstar Japan and AirAsia Japan began operations, each with financial sponsorship by

3072-848: The legacy carriers will force Long-haul LCCS to lose too much money and will continue to dominate. While Asian carriers like AirAsia X, Scoot , Cebu Pacific and Jetstar Airways are successful, the October 2018 demise of Primera Air and its $ 99 transatlantic flights illustrates the difficulties of the model, as the US World Airways will be relaunched in 2019. Norse Atlantic Airways was founded in 2021 and commenced operations in 2022, operating transatlantic flights as well as flights to Thailand beginning in 2023. Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System In aviation , ACARS ( / ˈ eɪ k ɑːr z / ; an acronym for Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System )

3136-712: The less complex aircraft fleets and route networks with which these new carriers began operations, in addition to their reduced labor costs. To combat the new round of low-cost and start-up entrants into the very competitive and deregulated United States airline industry, the mainline major carriers and network legacy carriers strategically developed no-frills divisions within the main airlines brand and corporate structures. Among these were Continental Lite , Delta Express , MetroJet , Shuttle by United , Song , and Ted . However, most of these "airlines within an airline" were short-lived and quickly disposed-of when economic rationalization or competitive pressures subsided. Taking

3200-485: The long run since they are extremely efficient in terms of fuel, training, maintenance, and crew costs per passenger. In 2013, ch-aviation published a study about the fleet strategy of low-cost carriers. They stated that major LCCs that order aircraft in large numbers get large discounts for doing so, and due to this they can sell their aircraft just a few years after delivery at a price high enough to keep their operating costs relatively low. Aircraft often operate with

3264-666: The low-cost carriers by enabling web check-in, encouraging machine check-in at the airport, and generally reducing ground personnel cost. The number of crew members follow international conventions that require one flight attendant per 50 passenger seats and two pilots. However, carriers can save money by reducing the amount of ground crew. Carriers hire pilots through third-party agencies based in low-tax countries without benefits for sick pay, pensions or health insurance. Traditional carriers have also started to try this, including starting their own low-tax agencies. These agencies can easily find less experienced co-pilots and cabin crew, as

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3328-401: The major airlines until the 1980s. Early ACARS systems were extended over the years to support aircraft with digital data bus interfaces, flight management systems , and thermal printers . ACARS as a term refers to the complete air and ground system, consisting of equipment on board, equipment on the ground, and a service provider. On-board ACARS equipment consists of end systems with

3392-424: The post– Vietnam War era did this business model escalate. Through various ticket consolidators, charter airlines , and innovators in lower-frills flying, such as Channel Airways and Court Line , the traveling public had been conditioned to want to travel to new and increasingly further away and exotic locations on vacation, rather than short-haul trips to nearby beach resorts. The world's first low-cost airline

3456-868: The profession is popular, but there are problems for low-cost carriers to recruit and keep captains who have to be experienced. At IATA , a LCC operation is defined as including the following characteristics, at least to some degree: While low-cost airlines differ in service offerings, by definition they feature most of the following: Not every low-cost carrier implements all of the above points. For example, some try to differentiate themselves with allocated seating, while others operate more than one aircraft type, still others have relatively high operating costs but lower fares. JetBlue , for instance, has in-flight entertainment in every passenger seat. Other airlines are limited on what points they can implement based on local laws. For example, Irish low cost airlines cannot remove window blinds from its aircraft, as they are required by

3520-498: The same route. From 28 June 2007, a second long-haul route to Vancouver, British Columbia , was started. The company ceased operations on 9 April 2008, after over a billion Hong Kong dollars in losses. On 2 November 2007, AirAsia X , a subsidiary of AirAsia and Virgin Group flew its inaugural flight from Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia, to Gold Coast , Australia. AirAsia X claims that it is the first true low-cost long-haul carrier since

3584-403: The second half of 2013 after Boeing resumed deliveries following extensive problems and delays. It served direct routes from the United States ( Los Angeles , Fort Lauderdale , New York City , Oakland-San Francisco , Boston and Orlando ) into Scandinavia ( Oslo , Stockholm , Copenhagen ). In January 2021 Norwegian announced the immediate cessation of their long-haul operations, along with

3648-412: The time at which it occurred, and other related information such as the amount of fuel on board or the flight origin and destination. These messages are used to track the status of aircraft and crews. ACARS interfaces with flight management systems (FMS), acting as the communication system for flight plans and weather information to be sent from the ground to the FMS. This enables the airline to update

3712-523: Was Bill Clinton , later US President. The first airline offering no-frills transatlantic service was Freddie Laker 's Laker Airways , which operated its famous "Skytrain" service between London and New York City during the late 1970s. The service was suspended after Laker's competitors, British Airways and Pan Am , were able to price Skytrain out of the market. In the United States, airline carriers such as Midway Airlines and America West Airlines , which commenced operations after 1978, soon realized

3776-494: Was Pacific Southwest Airlines , which started intrastate flights connecting Southern and Northern California on 6 May 1949. PSA's light-hearted atmosphere and efficient operations were a runaway success early on, and inspired a number of low-cost start-ups across the United States, beginning in the mid-1960s. Herb Kelleher studied the success of PSA, and copied their culture closely when he established Southwest Airlines in 1971. The first airline to offer cheaper transatlantic fares

3840-499: Was Icelandic airline Loftleiðir in 1964, often referred to as "the Hippie Airline". Many young Americans travelled to Europe after graduation, to experience the "old-world culture", and they were more concerned with getting there cheaply than comfortably or even exactly on time. Loftleiðir were not famous for speed or punctuality, but flying with the company became a sort of rite of passage for those young "hippies", one of whom

3904-421: Was at the gate or not. The flight crews reported these times by voice to geographically dispersed radio operators. Airlines wanted to eliminate self-reported times to preclude inaccuracies, whether accidental or deliberate. Doing so also reduced the need for human radio operators to receive the reports. In an effort to reduce crew workload and improve data integrity, the engineering department at ARINC introduced

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3968-436: Was discussion about making ACARS an "online- black-box " to reduce the effects of the loss of a flight recorder. However no changes were made to the ACARS system. In March 2014, ACARS messages and Doppler analysis of ACARS satellite communication data played a very significant role in efforts to trace Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 to an approximate location. While the primary ACARS system on board MH370 had been switched off,

4032-443: Was on 25 November 2014. It has orders and commitments for a further 13 Boeing 737 aircraft (seven Boeing 737-700s and six Boeing 737 MAXs). In mid-2015, the airline signed a commitment to purchase and lease 60 Boeing 737 MAX aircraft, subject to final negotiations. In July 2016, Ruili Airlines finalized an order for six Boeing 787-9 aircraft. The deal was worth US$ 1.59 billion. Low-cost carrier The term originated within

4096-409: Was performed by the flight crew using voice communication, using either VHF or HF voice radios. In many cases, the voice-relayed information involved dedicated radio operators and digital messages sent to an airline teletype system or successor systems. Further, the hourly rates for flight and cabin crew salaries depended on whether the aircraft was airborne or not, and if on the ground whether it

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