Central Powers intervention :
94-607: Separatists: Other factions: The White movement (Russian: pre–1918 Бѣлое движеніе / post–1918 Белое движение , romanized : Beloye dvizheniye , IPA: [ˈbʲɛləɪ dvʲɪˈʐenʲɪɪ] ), also known as the Whites (Бѣлые / Белые, Beliye ), was a loose confederation of anti-communist forces that fought the communist Bolsheviks , also known as the Reds , in the Russian Civil War (1917–1923) and that to
188-446: A political system governed by particularism, sooner or later, the decisive factor of politics becomes ethnic and religious identity and the interests of the communities defined by these bonds. This stands in contrast with the ideas and values of political pluralism , with its emphasis on universal rights, separation of religion and the government , and an ethic of ethnic and religious tolerance . When an elected assembly, which
282-578: A "Western" ( French -like) pronunciation had been adopted for many words; for example, ѳеатръ ( ḟeatr , [fʲɪˈatr] , 'theater') became театръ ( teatr , [tʲɪˈatr] ). Attempts to reduce spelling inconsistency culminated in the 1885 standard textbook of Yakov Karlovich Grot , which retained its authority through 21 editions until the Russian Revolution of 1917 . His fusion of the morphological, phonetic, and historic principles of Russian orthography remains valid to this day, though both
376-659: A briefing, the high court declared the PDAF Article in 2013 General Approriations Act and all similar provisions on the pork barrel system as illegal because it "allowed legislators to wield, in varying gradiations, non-oversight, post-enactment authority in vital areas of budget executions (thus violating) the principle of separation of powers". The Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line was a noted example of pork barrel politics in Spain. Pasqual Maragall revealed details of an unwritten agreement between him and Felipe González ,
470-579: A budgetary reform bill, "emphasized the brake on the bad habit of inserting micro-sector or local regulations. The stop, explained the minister, is aimed at 'avoiding' that parliamentary work 'concentrates exclusively on particularistic norms', which respond to needs linked to individual situations and individuals." Similar expressions, meaning "election meat", are used in Danish ( valgflæsk ), Swedish ( valfläsk ) and Norwegian ( valgflesk ), where they mean promises made before an election, often by
564-696: A change: now all of them (except с- ) end with -с before voiceless consonants and with -з before voiced consonants or vowels ( разбить, разораться , but расступиться ). Previously, the prefixes showed concurrence between phonetic (as now) and morphological (always з ) spellings; at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century the standard rule was: с-, без-, ч(е)рез- were always written in this way; other prefixes ended with с before voiceless consonants except с and with з otherwise ( разбить, разораться, разступиться , but распасться ). Earlier 19th-century works also sometimes used з before ц, ч, ш, щ . In December 1917,
658-531: A disproportionate amount of primary school class time was devoted to orthography, rather than phonetics and morphology. Efimov asserted that the existing orthography was essentially unchanged since Grot's codification, and that only by bringing orthography closer to phonetic realization, and eliminating exceptions and variants, could appropriate attention be paid to stylistics and the "development of speech culture". The state's focus on proper instruction in Russian, as
752-481: A dividing sign became widespread in place of ъ (e.g., под’ём , ад’ютант instead of подъём , адъютант ), and came to be perceived as a part of the reform (even if, from the point of view of the letter of the decree of the Council of People's Commissars , such uses were mistakes). Nonetheless, some academic printings (connected with the publication of old works, documents or printings whose typesettings predated
846-597: A lesser extent continued operating as militarized associations of rebels both outside and within Russian borders in Siberia until roughly World War II (1939–1945). The movement's military arm was the White Army (Бѣлая армія / Белая армия, Belaya armiya ), also known as the White Guard (Бѣлая гвардія / Белая гвардия, Belaya gvardiya ) or White Guardsmen (Бѣлогвардейцы / Белогвардейцы, Belogvardeytsi ). Although
940-567: A phonemic one. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, miscellaneous adjustments were made ad hoc , as the Russian literary language came to assume its modern and highly standardized form. These included the introduction of the letter ё ( yo ) and the gradual loss of ѵ ( izhitsa , corresponding to the Greek upsilon υ and the Latin y ), in favor of и or і (both of which represented /i/ ); and ѳ ( fita , corresponding to
1034-600: A plunder complaint filed with the Office of the Ombudsman in connection with the alleged ₱10 billion pork barrel scam. Public outrage over the anomaly has resulted in the largest protest gathering under the three-year-old Aquino administration. On November 19, 2013, the Supreme Court declared the controversial Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), or more commonly known as the pork barrel, as unconstitutional. In
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#17327654933961128-459: A politician who has little intention of fulfilling them. The Finnish political jargon uses siltarumpupolitiikka (" culvert politics") in reference to national politicians concentrating on small local matters, such as construction of roads and other public works at politician's home municipality. In Iceland , the term kjördæmapot refers to the practice of funneling public funds to key voting demographics in marginal constituencies. In
1222-633: A press conference for the Independent Alliance in the run up to the 2016 general election , saying that the Alliance was "not interested in pork barrel politics". Despite being appointed Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport in the 32nd Dáil in 2016, he prioritised the reopening of a police station in his own constituency, which was eventually delivered on the eve of the election of new Taoiseach Leo Varadkar in June 2017. Apart from
1316-473: A role as well. The most notable operation on this front, Operation White Sword , saw an unsuccessful advance towards the Russian capital of Petrograd in the autumn of 1919. The defeated anti-Bolshevik Russians went into exile, congregating in Belgrade , Berlin , Paris , Harbin , Istanbul , and Shanghai . They established military and cultural networks that lasted through World War II (1939–1945), e.g.
1410-673: A united multinational Russia and opposed separatists who wanted to create nation-states. The propaganda service of the Volunteer Army, the Osvag [ ru ] ( Russian : ОСВАГ (ОСВедомительное АГентство) , romanized : OSVAG (OSVedomitelnoe AGentstvo) , lit. 'Informing Agency'), made the claim that "the Jews must pay for everything: for the February and October revolutions, for Bolshevism and for
1504-521: A very different nature: the money from the "tip law" went to finance practically everything (from sports clubs to cultural associations to parishes). In 2008, after the failed suppression, the law resurfaced when parliamentarians of the Budget Commission of the Chamber presented a resolution that "commits the government" to distribute 103 million euros to 588 initiatives by decree; the advice
1598-601: Is heavily directed toward the party-held seats, with the opposition receiving little to no such funding. The term's widespread appearance in news media has led to it being commonly used in Australian English as a verb, such as in "pork barrelling". The sports rorts affair (2020) perpetrated by Senator Bridget McKenzie is a classic example of pork barrelling in Australian politics. Romanians speak of pomeni electorale (literally, "electoral alms"), while
1692-488: Is in direct opposition to the concept of universality of the law and to the trustee model of representation . The practice in the following countries is often called pork barrel or earmark or patronage , but those words do not always imply corrupt or undesirable conduct. "Pork barrel" is frequently used in reference to Australian politics , in circumstances where marginal seats might be seen as receiving more funding than safe seats or when funding for projects
1786-576: Is supposed to express collective interests, directs funds to a specific recipient (with local and personal Acts in United Kingdom, or earmarks in United States, for example), the parliamentary system is bent to political particularism. The way to legislate it is often characterized by its opponents as the politics of group identity that trumps universal rights and therefore the rights of minorities or any other kind of " other ". It
1880-518: Is understood as a synonym in Germany and Austria. In India, the term "pork barrel politics" has been employed to depict the pattern of distribution of discretionary grants by the national government (see for example Biswas et al. 2010; Rodden and Wilkinson 2004). The term parish pump politics is more commonly used in Ireland although Independent TD Shane Ross referred to pork barrel politics at
1974-750: The "Armed Forces of the South of Russia" in January 1919. The Southern Front featured massive-scale operations and posed the most dangerous threat to the Bolshevik Government. At first it depended entirely upon volunteers in Russia proper, mostly the Cossacks, among the first to oppose the Bolshevik Government. On 23 June 1918, the Volunteer Army (8,000–9,000 men) began its so-called Second Kuban Campaign with support from Pyotr Krasnov . By September,
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#17327654933962068-647: The Czechoslovak Legions , who were then stranded in Siberia by the Bolshevik Government, who had barred them from leaving Russia, and with the Japanese, who also intervened to help the Whites in the east. Admiral Alexander Kolchak headed the eastern White Army and a provisional Russian government. Despite some significant success in 1919, the Whites were defeated being forced back to Far Eastern Russia, where they continued fighting until October 1922. When
2162-733: The German Empire in its extended occupation of western Russia , the Baltic states , Poland , and Ukraine on the Eastern Front in the closing days of the World War, debating whether or not to ally with it. The Whites wanted to keep from alienating any potential supporters and allies and thus saw an exclusively monarchist position as a detriment to their cause and recruitment. White-movement leaders, such as Anton Denikin , advocated for Russians to create their own government, claiming
2256-795: The Harbin and Shanghai Russians . Afterward, the White Russians' anti-communist activists established a home base in the United States, to which numerous refugees emigrated. Moreover, in the 1920s and the 1930s the White movement established organisations outside Russia, which were meant to depose the Soviet government with guerrilla warfare , e.g., the Russian All-Military Union , the Brotherhood of Russian Truth , and
2350-704: The National Alliance of Russian Solidarists , a far-right anticommunist organization founded in 1930 by a group of young White emigres in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Some White émigrés adopted pro-Soviet sympathies and were termed "Soviet patriots". These people formed organizations such as the Mladorossi , the Eurasianists , and the Smenovekhovtsy . A Russian cadet corps was established to prepare
2444-493: The National Alliance of Russian Solidarists . Other organizations either dissolved, or began concentrating exclusively on self-preservation and/or educating the youth. Various youth organizations, such as the Russian Scouts-in-Exteris, promoted providing children with a background in pre-Soviet Russian culture and heritage. Some supported Zog I of Albania during the 1920s and a few independently served with
2538-844: The Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War . White Russians also served alongside the Soviet Red Army during the Soviet invasion of Xinjiang and the Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang in 1937 . After the February Revolution , in western Russia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania declared themselves independent, but they had substantial Communist or Russian military presence. Civil wars followed, wherein
2632-457: The People's Commissariat of Education , headed by A. V. Lunacharsky , issued a decree stating, "All state and government institutions and schools without exception should carry out the transition to the new orthography without delay. From 1 January 1918, all government and state publications, both periodical and non-periodical were [ sic ? ] to be printed in the new style." The decree
2726-623: The Philippines , the term "pork barrel" is used to mean funds allocated to the members of the Philippine House of Representatives and the Philippine Senate to spend as they see fit without going through the normal budgetary process or through the executive branch. It can be used for both "hard" projects, such as buildings and roads, and "soft" projects, such as scholarships and medical expenses. The first pork barrel fund
2820-631: The Right SRs and the Mensheviks that adhered to the values of parliamentary democracy and maintained democratic anti-Bolshevik governments ( Komuch , Ufa Directory ) until November 1918 and then supported either the Whites or the Bolsheviks or opposed both factions. Following the military defeat of the Whites, remnants and continuations of the movement remained in several organizations, some of which only had narrow support, enduring within
2914-510: The Russian alphabet and the writing of many individual words have been altered through a complicated but extremely consistent system of spelling rules that tell which of two vowels to use under all conditions. The most recent major reform of Russian spelling was prepared by Aleksey Shakhmatov and implemented shortly after the Bolshevik revolution of November 1917. Shakhmatov headed
White movement - Misplaced Pages Continue
3008-679: The Socialist Revolutionary Party , and others who opposed Lenin's Bolshevik coup in October 1917. Depending on the time and place, those White Army supporters might also exchange right-wing allegiance for allegiance to the Red Army. Unlike the Bolsheviks, the White Armies did not share a single ideology, methodology, or political goal. They were led by conservative generals with different agendas and methods, and for
3102-536: The Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language were published in 1956 but only a few minor orthographic changes were introduced at that time. Those editions gave end to a number of variant spellings that existed in dictionaries and in usage of typographers and best writers at that time. The 1956 codification additionally included a clarification of new rules for punctuation developed during
3196-460: The congressional allocation process. Discretionary spending, which is set by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their various subcommittees , usually through appropriation acts , is an optional part of fiscal policy which differs from mandatory spending for entitlement programs in the federal budget . Pork-barrel projects, which differ from earmarks , are added to
3290-522: The 18th–20th centuries. Old East Slavic adopted the Cyrillic script , approximately during the 10th century and at about the same time as the introduction of Eastern Christianity into the territories inhabited by the Eastern Slavs . No distinction was drawn between the vernacular language and the liturgical, though the latter was based on South Slavic rather than Eastern Slavic norms. As
3384-504: The 1918 decree, debates and fluctuations have to some degree continued. In December 1942, the use of letter Ё was made mandatory by Decree No. 1825 of the People's Commissariat of Education. Since then, Ё is taught in schools as the seventh letter of the Russian alphabet (before 1942, it was usually considered a modification of Е and not a separate letter). However, the consistent use of Ё did not consolidate its grip in general publication;
3478-558: The 1930s, and which had not been mentioned in the 1918 decree. A notable instance of renewed debate followed A. I. Efimov's 1962 publication of an article in Izvestia . The article proposed extensive reform to move closer to a phonetic representation of the language. Following the renewed discussion in papers and journals, a new Orthographic Commission began work in 1962, under the Russian Language Institute of
3572-856: The A6 Manchester Airport Relief Road which passed through a marginal Liberal Democrat constituency. It was also used by Pete Wishart in the House of Commons on 26 June 2017 in reference to the deal between the Conservative Party and the Democratic Unionist Party to keep the former in power. In February 2019 it was used by shadow chancellor John McDonnell to criticise Theresa May's rumoured attempts to persuade Labour MPs to vote for her Brexit deal. In March 2021 opposition Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer accused ministers of "pork barrel politics" over how they had categorised local authorities under
3666-574: The Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The Commission published its report, Предложения по усовершенствованию русской орфографии (Proposal for the Improvement of Russian Orthography), in 1964. The publication resulted in widespread debate in newspapers, journals, and on radio and television, as well as over 10,000 letters, all of which were passed to the institute. Responses to the article pointed to
3760-582: The Assembly for Considering Simplification of the Orthography whose proposals of 11 May 1917 formed the basis of the new rules soon adopted by the Ministry of Popular Education. Russian orthography was made simpler and easier by unifying several adjectival and pronominal inflections, conflating the letter ѣ ( Yat ) with е , ѳ with ф , and і and ѵ with и . Additionally,
3854-647: The Civil War. The Volunteer Army in South Russia became the most prominent and the largest of the various and disparate White forces. Starting off as a small and well-organized military in January 1918, the Volunteer Army soon grew. The Kuban Cossacks joined the White Army and conscription of both peasants and Cossacks began. In late February 1918, 4,000 soldiers under the command of General Aleksei Kaledin were forced to retreat from Rostov-on-Don due to
White movement - Misplaced Pages Continue
3948-441: The Greek theta θ ), in favor of ф or т . (The standard Russian language neither has nor ever had a voiceless dental fricative . The ѳ was used only for foreign words, particularly Greek.) By 1917, the only two words still spelled with ѵ in common use were мѵро ( müro , [ˈmʲirə] , ' chrism ') and сѵнодъ ( sünod , [sʲɪˈnot] , 'synod'). The ѳ remained more common, though it became quite rare as
4042-823: The Imperial Army and later a major White military leader, whose forces effected pogroms and persecutions against the Jews: [M]y task in winning support in Parliament for the Russian Nationalist cause will be infinitely harder if well-authenticated complaints continue to be received from Jews in the zone of the Volunteer Armies. However, Denikin did not dare to confront his officers and remained content with vague formal condemnations. Aside from being anti-Bolshevik and anti-communist and patriotic,
4136-427: The Japanese withdrew, the Soviet army of the Far Eastern Republic retook the territory. The Civil War was officially declared over at this point, although Anatoly Pepelyayev still controlled the Ayano-Maysky District at that time. Pepelyayev's Yakut revolt , which concluded on 16 June 1923, represented the last military action in Russia by a White Army. It ended with the defeat of the final anti-communist enclave in
4230-538: The Polish kiełbasa wyborcza means literally "election sausage". In Serbian, podela kolača ("cutting the cake") refers to post-electoral distribution of state-funded positions for the loyal members of the winning party. The Czech předvolební guláš ("pre-election goulash ") has a similar meaning, referring to free dishes of goulash served to potential voters during election campaign meetings targeted at lower social classes; metaphorically, it stands for any populistic political decisions that are taken before
4324-433: The Priority Development Assistance Fund. Since 2006, the PDAF was ₱ 70.0 M for each Representative and ₱200.0 M for each Senator. During the presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo , PDAF became the biggest source of corruption among the legislators. Kickbacks were common and became syndicated—using pre-identified project implementers including government agencies, contractors and bogus non-profit corporations as well as
4418-487: The Red Army due to military and ideological disunity, as well as the determination and increasing unity of the Red Army. The White Army operated in three main theatres : White organising in the South started on 15 November 1917, ( Old Style ) under General Mikhail Alekseyev . In December 1917, General Lavr Kornilov took over the military command of the newly named Volunteer Army until his death in April 1918, after which General Anton Denikin took over, becoming head of
4512-405: The Russian White Army made the point moot in this dispute. The countries remained independent and governed by non-Communist governments. Reforms of Russian orthography#Post-revolution reform Russian orthography has been reformed officially and unofficially by changing the Russian alphabet over the course of the history of the Russian language . Several important reforms happened in
4606-765: The Slavo-British Aviation Corps (S.B.A.C.). The Russian ace Alexander Kazakov operated within this unit. The White movement's leaders and first members came mainly from the ranks of military officers. Many came from outside the nobility, such as generals Mikhail Alekseyev and Anton Denikin , who originated in serf families, or General Lavr Kornilov , a Cossack. The White generals never mastered administration; they often utilized "prerevolutionary functionaries" or "military officers with monarchististic inclinations" for administering White-controlled regions. The White Armies were often lawless and disordered. Also, White-controlled territories had multiple different and varying currencies with unstable exchange-rates. The chief currency,
4700-475: The Treasury did "not support full earmarking of revenues generated from environmental taxes" they were considering "partial 'on-budget' earmarking" of some revenue. At that time concerns were raised that special interest groups could constrain government and control public resources through earmarking. The term "pork barrel" is rarely used in British English , although similar terms exist: election sweetener , tax sweetener , or just sweetener , which refers to
4794-522: The Volunteer Army comprised 30,000 to 35,000 members, thanks to mobilization of the Kuban Cossacks gathered in the North Caucasus . Thus, the Volunteer Army took the name of the Caucasus Volunteer Army. On 23 January 1919, the Volunteer Army under Denikin oversaw the defeat of the 11th Soviet Army and then captured the North Caucasus region. After capturing the Donbas , Tsaritsyn and Kharkiv in June, Denikin's forces launched an attack towards Moscow on 3 July, (N.S.). Plans envisaged 40,000 fighters under
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#17327654933964888-411: The Volunteer Army grew from 64,000 to 150,000 soldiers and was better supplied than its Red counterpart. The White Army's rank-and-file comprised active anti-Bolsheviks, such as Cossacks, nobles, and peasants, as conscripts and as volunteers. The White movement had access to various naval forces, both seagoing and riverine, especially the Black Sea Fleet . Aerial forces available to the Whites included
4982-522: The Volunteer Army's ruble, had no gold backing . The Whites and the Reds fought the Russian Civil War from November 1917 until 1921, and isolated battles continued in the Far East until June 1923. The White Army—aided by the Allied forces ( Triple Entente ) from countries such as Japan , the United Kingdom , France , Greece , Italy and the United States and (sometimes) the Central Powers forces such as Germany and Austria-Hungary —fought in Siberia , Ukraine , and in Crimea . They were defeated by
5076-487: The White movement emerged as opponents of the Red Army . The White Army had the stated aim to reverse the October Revolution and remove the Bolsheviks from power before a constituent assembly (dissolved by the Bolsheviks in January 1918) could be convened. They worked to remove Soviet organizations and functionaries in White-controlled territory. Overall, the White Army was nationalistic and rejected ethnic particularism and separatism . The White Army generally believed in
5170-427: The White movement had no unifying political convictions, as members could be monarchists, republicans, rightists, or Kadets . Among White Army leaders, neither General Lavr Kornilov nor General Anton Denikin were monarchists, yet General Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel was a monarchist willing to fight for a republican Russian government. Moreover, other political parties supported the anti-Bolshevik White Army, among them
5264-434: The White movement included a great variety of political opinions in Russia opposed to the Bolsheviks, from the republican-minded liberals through monarchists to the ultra-nationalist Black Hundreds , and did not have universally-accepted leader or doctrine, the main force behind the movement were the conservative officers, and the resulting movement shared many traits with widespread right-wing counter-revolutionary movements of
5358-442: The Whites had no set ideology or main leader. The White Armies did acknowledge a single provisional head of state in a Supreme Governor of Russia in a Provisional All-Russian Government , but this post was prominent only under the leadership in the war campaigns during 1918–1920 of Admiral Alexander Kolchak , formerly of the previous Russian Imperial Navy . The movement had no set foreign policy. Whites differed on policies toward
5452-423: The advance of the Red Army. In what became known as the Ice March , they traveled to Kuban in order to unite with the Kuban Cossacks , most of whom did not support the Volunteer Army. In March, 3,000 men under the command of General Viktor Pokrovsky joined the Volunteer Army, increasing its membership to 6,000, and by June to 9,000. In 1919 the Don Cossacks joined the Army. In that year between May and October,
5546-468: The altered orthography, the series names remained unchanged up until these locomotives were discontinued in the 1950s. Some Russian émigré publications continued to appear in the former orthography until the 1970s. The reform reduced the number of orthographic rules having no support in pronunciation—for example, the difference of the genders in the plural and the need to learn a long list of words which were written with yats (the composition of said list
5640-472: The anti-communist side may be referred to as White Armies, e.g. in Finland the White Guard -led, partially conscripted Finnish White Army [ fi ] ( Finnish : Valkoinen Armeija ) who fought against Soviet Russia -sponsored Red Guards . However, since they were nationalists, their aims were substantially different from the Russian White Army proper; for instance, Russian White generals never explicitly supported Finnish independence. The defeat of
5734-461: The archaic mute yer became obsolete, including the ъ (the " hard sign ") in final position following consonants (thus eliminating practically the last graphical remnant of the Old Slavonic open-syllable system ). For instance, Рыбинскъ became Рыбинск (" Rybinsk "). Examples: In a complex system of cases, the genitive ending -аго was replaced with -его after ж, ц, ч, ш , and щ ( лучшаго → лучшего ), in other instances -аго
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#17327654933965828-512: The command of General Vladimir May-Mayevsky storming the city. After General Denikin's attack upon Moscow failed in 1919, the Armed Forces of the South of Russia retreated. On 26 and 27 March 1920, the remnants of the Volunteer Army evacuated from Novorossiysk to the Crimea, where they merged with the army of Pyotr Wrangel . The Eastern Front started in spring 1918 as a secret movement among army officers and right-wing socialist forces. In that front, they launched an attack in collaboration with
5922-502: The country, signalling the end of all military hostilities relating to the Russian Civil War. Headed by Nikolai Yudenich , Evgeni Miller , and Anatoly Lieven , the White forces in the North demonstrated less co-ordination than General Denikin's Army of Southern Russia. The Northwestern Army allied itself with Estonia , while Lieven's West Russian Volunteer Army sided with the Baltic nobility . Authoritarian support led by Pavel Bermondt-Avalov and Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz played
6016-482: The elections with the aim of obtaining more votes. The process of diverting budget funds in favor of a project in a particular constituency is called porcování medvěda ("portioning of the bear") in Czech usage. The German language differentiates between campaign goodies ( Wahlgeschenke , literally "election gifts") to occur around election dates, and parish-pump politics ( Kirchturmpolitik , literally "steeple politics") for concentrating funding and reliefs to
6110-453: The exception of й ) from secular usage and the use of Arabic numerals instead of Cyrillic numerals there appeared for the first time a visual distinction between Russian and Church Slavonic writing. With the strength of the historic tradition diminishing, Russian spelling in the 18th century became rather inconsistent, both in practice and in theory, as Mikhail Lomonosov advocated a morphophonemic orthography and Vasily Trediakovsky
6204-419: The government's Commission on Audit . In August 2013, outrage over the ₱10 billion Priority Development Assistance Fund scam , involving Janet Lim-Napoles and numerous senators and representatives, led to widespread calls for abolition of the PDAF system. The so-called Million People March which occurred on August 26, 2013, National Heroes' Day in the Philippines, called for the end of "pork barrel" and
6298-409: The home constituency of a politician. While the former is a technical term (almost neutral or only slightly derogatory) the latter is always derogatory and its beneficial scope is not wider than the area within which the politician's village church steeple can be seen. In Switzerland the wording of provincial thinking ( Kantönligeist , literally " cantonal mind") may cover these actions as well and it
6392-421: The language evolved, several letters, notably the yuses (Ѫ, Ѭ, Ѧ, Ѩ) were gradually and unsystematically discarded from both secular and church usage over the next centuries. The emergence of the centralized Russian state in the 15th and 16th centuries, the consequent rise of the state bureaucracy along with the development of the common economic, political and cultural space necessitated the standardization of
6486-452: The language used in administrative and legal affairs. It was due to that reason that the earliest attempts at standardizing Russian, both in terms of the vocabulary and in terms of the orthography, were made initially based on the so-called Moscow chancery language. From then and on the underlying logic of language reforms in Russia reflected primarily the considerations of standardizing and streamlining language norms and rules in order to ensure
6580-440: The language's role as a practical tool of communication and administration. The printed Russian alphabet began to assume its modern shape when Peter I introduced his "civil script" ( гражданский шрифт ) type reform in 1708. The reform was not specifically orthographic in nature. However, with the replacement of Ѧ with Я and the effective elimination of several letters ( Ѯ , Ѱ , Ѡ ) and all diacritics and accents (with
6674-400: The law not respecting the duty of generality ( legge provvedimento ), political particularism in Italy is expressed properly in so-called legge mancia . Enacted in 2004 with the purpose of financing small public works of local authorities, it creates a public fund whose use is subject to previous advice from Appropriation Committees of the Chamber and Senate. Soon this system revealed
6768-539: The military could not decide in Russians' steads. Admiral Alexander Kolchak succeeded in creating a temporary wartime government in Omsk , acknowledged by most other White leaders, but it ultimately disintegrated after Bolshevik military advances. Some warlords who were aligned with the White movement, such as Grigory Semyonov and Roman Ungern von Sternberg , did not acknowledge any authority but their own. Consequently,
6862-408: The most part they operated quite independently of each other, with little coordination or cohesion. The composition and command structure of White armies also varied, some containing hardened veterans of World War I, others more recent volunteers. These differences and divisions, along with their inability to offer an alternative government and win popular support, prevented the White armies from winning
6956-475: The national language of ethnic Russians, as the state language, and as the language of international communication continues to the present day. Eventually, the 1964 project remained a dead proposal. The IETF language tags have been registered: Political particularism In political science , political particularism is the ability of policymakers to further their careers by catering to narrow interests rather than to broader national platforms. In
7050-674: The need to simplify Russian spelling due to the use of Russian as the language of international communication in the Soviet Union and an increased study of Russian in the Eastern Bloc as well as in the West. That instruction for non-native speakers of Russian was one of the central concerns of further reform is indicated in the resistance to Efimov's proposal to drop the terminal "ь" (soft sign) from feminine nouns, as it helps learners identify gender category. Additionally, Efimov claimed that
7144-601: The new £4.8bn Levelling Up Fund, which the Financial Times reported favoured some prosperous Tory voting areas. The Good Law Project has warned the Government of legal proceedings over the matter. In the runup to the Hartlepool by-election of 2021 , Tees Valley mayor Ben Houchen was accused of pork barrel politics in the Financial Times . In the United States, the term earmark is used in relation with
7238-644: The next generation of anti-Communists for the "spring campaign"—a hopeful term denoting a renewed military campaign to reclaim Russia from the Soviet Government. In any event, many cadets volunteered to fight for the Russian Protective Corps during World War II, when some White Russians participated in the Russian Liberation Movement . After the war, active anti-Soviet combat was almost exclusively continued by
7332-591: The peasants who took their land from the owners". The organization also reissued The Protocols of the Elders of Zion . Although Denikin's troops committed only 17.2% of the pogroms (most of which were carried out by Ukrainian nationalists or by rebel armies not affiliated with any side), "white" officers praise soldiers who commit anti-Semitic crimes, some of whom even receive bonuses. British parliamentary influential leader Winston Churchill (1874–1965) personally warned General Anton Denikin (1872–1947), formerly of
7426-626: The practice of a Chancellor of the Exchequer leaving room in their fiscal programme to announce a big tax cut or spending boost in the budget immediately prior to an election, usually targeting a key voting demographic (such as the elderly) or benefitting marginal constituencies. The term "pork barrel" was, however, used in August 2013 by the Campaign for Better Transport in their criticism of Danny Alexander MP's involvement in securing funding for
7520-687: The prime minister at the time who was from Seville . The agreement was that Barcelona would receive the 1992 Summer Olympics and Seville would receive the high-speed railway line (which opened in 1992). This was in spite of the position of the Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line as Spain's most profitable high-speed line. In 2010, the National Treasury of the Republic of South Africa explored earmarking, along with recycling and tax shifting, as ways of using carbon tax revenues. While
7614-498: The revolution) came out in the old orthography (except title pages and, often, prefaces ) up until 1929. Russian – and later Soviet – railroads operated locomotives with designations of " І ", " Ѵ " and " Ѳ ". (Although the letter Ѵ was not mentioned in the spelling reform, contrary to the statement in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia , it had already become very rare prior to the revolution.) Despite
7708-457: The slogan of " united and indivisible Russia [ ru ] " which meant the restoration of imperial state borders and its denial of the right to self-determination ; the movement is associated with pogroms and antisemitism , although its relations with the Jews were more complex. Some historians distinguish the White movement from the so-called "democratic counter-revolution" led mainly by
7802-473: The time, namely nationalism, racism, distrust of liberal and democratic politics, clericalism, contempt for the common man and dislike of industrial civilization; in November 1918, the movement united on an authoritarian-right platform around the figure of Alexander Kolchak as its principal leader. It defended the ideal of pre-revolutionary Imperial Russia , and its positive program was largely summarized in
7896-621: The trio of И , І and Ѵ ), bringing the alphabet closer to the Russian language's actual phonological system . According to critics, the choice of Ии as the only letter to represent that side and the removal of Іі defeated the purpose of 'simplifying' the language, as Ии occupies more space and, furthermore, is sometimes indistinguishable from Шш . The reform also created many homographs and homonyms , which used to be spelled differently. Examples: есть/ѣсть (to be/to eat) and миръ/міръ (peace/world) became есть and мир in both instances. Replacement of онѣ, однѣ, ея by они, одни, её
7990-412: The usual typographic practice reverted to selective use of Ё (to show pronunciation of rare words and to distinguish words that are otherwise homographs). By 1952, normatives on checking school works, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia , and the reference book for typographers by K. I. Bylinsky had declared the letter Ё to be optional. A codification of the rules of Russian orthography and punctuation and
8084-687: The wider White émigré overseas community until after the fall of the European communist states in the Eastern European Revolutions of 1989 and the subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990–1991. This community-in-exile of anti-communists often divided into liberal and the more conservative segments, with some still hoping for the restoration of the Romanov dynasty . In the Russian context after 1917, "White" had three main connotations which were: Defunct Above all,
8178-411: Was considered incorrect only if it violated both the old and the new norms. However, in practice, the Soviet government rapidly set up a monopoly on print production and kept a very close eye on the fulfillment of the edict. A common practice was the forced removal of not just the letters І , Ѳ , and Ѣ from printing offices, but also Ъ . Because of this, the usage of the apostrophe as
8272-437: Was controversial among linguists, and different spelling guides contradicted one another). The reform resulted in some economy in writing and typesetting , due to the exclusion of Ъ at the end of words—by the reckoning of Lev Uspensky , text in the new orthography was shorter by one-thirtieth. The reform removed pairs of completely homophonous graphemes from the Russian alphabet (i.e., Ѣ and Е ; Ѳ and Ф ; and
8366-3407: Was especially controversial, as these feminine pronouns were deeply rooted in the language and extensively used by writers and poets. The following is the same opening paragraph from The Bronze Horseman by Alexander Pushkin in its original version (left) and post-reform version (right): На берегу пустынныхъ волнъ Стоялъ онъ, думъ великихъ полнъ, И вдаль глядѣлъ. Предъ нимъ широко Рѣка неслася; бѣдный челнъ По ней стремился одиноко. По мшистымъ, топкимъ берегамъ Чернѣли избы здѣсь и тамъ, Пріютъ убогаго чухонца; И лѣсъ, невѣдомый лучамъ Въ туманѣ спрятаннаго солнца, Кругомъ шумѣлъ. [...] Прошло сто лѣтъ, и юный градъ, Полнощныхъ странъ краса и диво, Изъ тьмы лѣсовъ, изъ топи блатъ Вознесся пышно, горделиво; Гдѣ прежде финскій рыболовъ, Печальный пасынокъ природы, Одинъ у низкихъ береговъ Бросалъ въ невѣдомыя воды Свой ветхой неводъ, нынѣ тамъ По оживленнымъ берегамъ Громады стройныя тѣснятся Дворцовъ и башенъ; корабли Толпой со всѣхъ концовъ земли Къ богатымъ пристанямъ стремятся; Въ гранитъ одѣлася Нева; Мосты повисли надъ водами; Темно-зелеными садами Ея покрылись острова, И передъ младшею столицей Померкла старая Москва, Какъ передъ новою царицей Порфироносная вдова. Люблю тебя, Петра творенье, Люблю твой строгій, стройный видъ, Невы державное теченье, Береговой ея гранитъ, Твоихъ оградъ узоръ чугунный, Твоихъ задумчивыхъ ночей Прозрачный сумракъ, блескъ безлунный, Когда я въ комнатѣ моей Пишу, читаю безъ лампады, И ясны спящія громады Пустынныхъ улицъ, и свѣтла Адмиралтейская игла[...] Красуйся, градъ Петровъ, и стой Неколебимо какъ Россія, Да умирится же съ тобой И побѣжденная стихія; Вражду и плѣнъ старинный свой Пусть волны финскія забудутъ И тщетной злобою не будутъ Тревожить вѣчный сонъ Петра! На берегу пустынных волн Стоял он, дум великих полн, И вдаль глядел. Пред ним широко Река неслася; бедный челн По ней стремился одиноко. По мшистым, топким берегам Чернели избы здесь и там, Приют убогого чухонца; И лес, неведомый лучам В тумане спрятанного солнца, Кругом шумел. [...] Прошло сто лет, и юный град, Полнощных стран краса и диво, Из тьмы лесов, из топи блат Вознесся пышно, горделиво; Где прежде финский рыболов, Печальный пасынок природы, Один у низких берегов Бросал в неведомые воды Свой ветхой невод, ныне там По оживленным берегам Громады стройные теснятся Дворцов и башен; корабли Толпой со всех концов земли К богатым пристаням стремятся; В гранит оделася Нева; Мосты повисли над водами; Темно-зелеными садами Ее покрылись острова, И перед младшею столицей Померкла старая Москва, Как перед новою царицей Порфироносная вдова. Люблю тебя, Петра творенье, Люблю твой строгий, стройный вид, Невы державное теченье, Береговой ее гранит, Твоих оград узор чугунный, Твоих задумчивых ночей Прозрачный сумрак, блеск безлунный, Когда я в комнате моей Пишу, читаю без лампады, И ясны спящие громады Пустынных улиц, и светла Адмиралтейская игла[...] Красуйся, град Петров, и стой Неколебимо как Россия, Да умирится же с тобой И побежденная стихия; Вражду и плен старинный свой Пусть волны финские забудут И тщетной злобою не будут Тревожить вечный сон Петра! While there have not been any significant changes since
8460-453: Was given by two parliamentary Committees up to 2010, in order to distribute public money from the fund for "urgent interventions aimed at socio-economic rebalancing and the development of the territory and the promotion of sporting, cultural and social activities". Afterwards, the fund was closed, even if periodically anti-parliamentarian polemics cry about its restoration under other guise. In May 2016, Minister Pier Carlo Padoan , presenting
8554-573: Was introduced in 1922 with the passage of the first Public Works Act (Act No 3044). This pork barrel system was technically stopped by President Ferdinand Marcos during his dictatorship by abolishing Congress. It was reintroduced to the system after the restoration of the Congress in 1987. The program has had different names over the years, including the Countryside Development Fund, Congressional Initiative Fund, and currently
8648-578: Was joined by simultaneous protests nationwide and by the Filipino diaspora around the world. Petitioners have challenged the constitutionality of the PDAF before the high court following reports of its widespread and systematic misuse by some members of Congress in cahoots with private individuals. Three incumbent senators and several former members of the House of Representatives have been named respondents in
8742-489: Was nearly identical to the proposals put forth by the May Assembly, and with other minor modifications formed the substance of the decree issued by the Soviet of People's Commissars in October 1918. In this way, private publications could formally be printed using the old (or more generally, any convenient) orthography. The decree forbade the retraining of people previously trained under the old norm. A given spelling
8836-445: Was replaced with -ого , -яго with -его (e.g., новаго → нового , ранняго → раннего ), feminine and neuter plural endings -ыя , -ія were replaced with -ые , -ие ( новыя (книги, изданія) → новые ). The words онѣ, однѣ, однѣхъ, однѣмъ, однѣми were replaced with они, одни, одних, одним, одними . The feminine pronoun ея (нея) was replaced with её (неё) . Prefixes ending with -з/с underwent
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