The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) is an American 501(c)(3) professional association for electrical engineering , electronics engineering , and other related disciplines.
63-638: The S band is a designation by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for a part of the microwave band of the electromagnetic spectrum covering frequencies from 2 to 4 gigahertz (GHz). Thus it crosses the conventional boundary between the UHF and SHF bands at 3.0 GHz. The S band is used by airport surveillance radar for air traffic control , weather radar , surface ship radar , and some communications satellites , particularly satellites used by NASA to communicate with
126-783: A satellite radio and mobile TV standard which, as with proprietary systems in the United States, is incompatible with the open standards used in the rest of the world. In May 2009, Inmarsat and Solaris Mobile (a joint venture between Eutelsat and SES ( EchoStar Mobile )) were each awarded a 2×15 MHz portion of the S band by the European Commission . The two companies are allowed two years to start providing pan-European MSS services for 18 years. Allocated frequencies are 1.98 to 2.01 GHz for Earth to space communications, and from 2.17 to 2.2 GHz for space to Earth communications. The Eutelsat W2A satellite
189-487: A wireless router to connect them to the Internet, and in wireless access points in public places like coffee shops, hotels, libraries and airports to provide the public Internet access for mobile devices. Mobile services are operated in the 2.3 GHz to 2.6 GHz range, specifically between the 2300 - 2400 MHz band and the 2500 - 2690 MHz band. Spectrum in the 3.55 - 3.7 GHz band has been auctioned off in
252-586: A certain knowledge area, which provide specialized publications, conferences, business networking and other services. In September 2008, the IEEE History Committee founded the IEEE Global History Network , which now redirects to Engineering and Technology History Wiki . The IEEE Foundation is a charitable foundation established in 1973 to support and promote technology education, innovation, and excellence. It
315-476: A commercial agreement with Inmarsat. Advanced services are provided via distribution partners but the satellite gateways are owned and operated by Inmarsat directly. The "BGAN Family" is a set of IP-based shared-carrier services: The "BGAN M2M Family" is a set of IP-based services designed for long-term machine-to-machine management of fixed assets: The company offers portable and fixed phone services: These are based on older technologies: On 30 June 2008,
378-644: A corporate office in New York City and an operations center in Piscataway, New Jersey . The IEEE was formed in 1963 as an amalgamation of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers . The IEEE traces its founding to 1884 and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers . In 1912, the rival Institute of Radio Engineers was formed. Although the AIEE
441-735: A deal was announced between Inmarsat's owners and Viasat , in which Viasat was to purchase Inmarsat. The acquisition was completed in May 2023. The present company originates from the International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT), a non-profit intergovernmental organisation established in 1979 at the behest of the International Maritime Organization (IMO)—the United Nations maritime body—and pursuant to
504-504: A hybrid satellite/terrestrial network. It was built by Thales Alenia Space and launched in 2017. The complementary ground network consists of around 300 LTE base stations constructed by Deutsche Telekom . The European Aviation Network faced legal challenges as of 2018 , including one from Viasat alleging unfair bidding practices and a misuse of spectrum and a ruling by the Belgian telecommunications regulator revoking permission for
567-452: A level where they are comparable to, and in many cases lower than, international roaming costs, or hotel phone calls. Voice call charges are the same for any location in the world where the service is used. Tariffs for calls to Inmarsat country codes vary, depending on the country in which they are placed. Inmarsat primarily uses country code 870 (see below). Newer Inmarsat services use an IP technology that features an always-on capability where
630-400: A public service. Services include traditional voice calls, low-level data tracking systems, and high-speed Internet and other data services as well as distress and safety services. The Broadband Global Area Network (BGAN) network provides General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) - type services at up to 800 kbit/s at a latency of 900-1100 ms via an Internet Protocol (IP) satellite modem
693-700: A significant expansion of Inmarsat's commercial operations in the aviation markets. In 2017, Inmarsat launched its first S-band satellite, intended to provide (in association with an LTE ground network) inflight internet access across Europe. In March 2018, Inmarsat partnered with Isotropic Systems to develop a state-of-the-art, all electronic scanning antenna intended to be used with the Global Xpress network. On 20 September 2018, Inmarsat announced its strategic collaboration with Panasonic Avionics Corporation for an initial ten-year period, to provide in-flight broadband for commercial airlines. Inmarsat will be
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#1732772470820756-587: Is 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi wireless networks, allowing smartphones, laptops, printers and TVs to connect to the internet without cables. The largest use of this band is by Wi-Fi networks; the IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g standards use the 2.4 GHz section of the S band. These are the most widely used computer networks in the world, used globally in home and small office networks to link desktop and laptop computers, tablet computers , smartphones , smart TVs , printers , and smart speakers together and to
819-424: Is a British satellite telecommunications company, offering global mobile services. It provides telephone and data services to users worldwide, via portable or mobile terminals which communicate with ground stations through fifteen geostationary telecommunications satellites . Inmarsat's network provides communications services to a range of governments, aid agencies , media outlets and businesses (especially in
882-704: Is incorporated separately from the IEEE, although it has a close relationship to it. Members of the Board of Directors of the foundation are required to be active members of IEEE, and one third of them must be current or former members of the IEEE Board of Directors. Initially, the role of the IEEE Foundation was to accept and administer donations for the IEEE Awards program, but donations increased beyond what
945-482: The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and requesting the IEEE Spectrum to acknowledge "that they have unwittingly published a piece furthering misinformation and Russian propaganda." A few days later a note from the editors was added on April 6 with an apology "for not providing adequate context at the time of publication", though the editors did not revise the original article. Inmarsat Inmarsat
1008-483: The European Commission selected two operators, Inmarsat Ventures and Solaris Mobile, giving these operators "the right to use the specific radio frequencies identified in the Commission's decision and the right to operate their respective mobile satellite systems". EU Member States now have to ensure that the two operators have the right to use the specific radio frequencies identified in the commission's decision and
1071-717: The European Parliament and the European Council adopted the European's Decision to establish a single selection and authorisation process (ESAP – European S-band Application Process) to ensure a coordinated introduction of mobile satellite services (MSS) in Europe. The late 2008 selection process attracted four applications by prospective operators ( ICO Global Communications (ICO), Inmarsat, Solaris Mobile ( EchoStar Mobile ), and TerreStar ). In May 2009,
1134-606: The James Webb Space Telescope , launched in 2021, utilizes 2 GHz S-band to enable 40 kbps real time telemetry from near the Sun–Earth L2 point . Microwave ovens operate at 2495 or 2450 MHz in the ISM band IEEE 802.16a . Some digital cordless telephones operate in this band too. 802.16e standards use a part of the frequency range of S band; under WiMAX standards. Most vendors are manufacturing equipment in
1197-742: The Space Shuttle and the International Space Station . The 10 cm radar short-band ranges roughly from 1.55 to 5.2 GHz. India's regional satellite navigation network ( IRNSS ) broadcasts on 2.483778 to 2.500278 GHz. The S band also contains the 2.4–2.483 GHz ISM band , widely used for low power unlicensed microwave devices such as cordless phones , wireless headphones ( Bluetooth ), garage door openers , keyless vehicle locks , baby monitors as well as for medical diathermy machines and microwave ovens (typically at 2.495 GHz). One of its largest uses
1260-599: The "severe legal implications" of U.S. government sanctions against Huawei. As members of its standard-setting body, Huawei employees could continue to exercise their voting rights, attend standards development meetings, submit proposals and comment in public discussions on new standards. The ban sparked outrage among Chinese scientists on social media. Some professors in China decided to cancel their memberships. On June 3, 2019, IEEE lifted restrictions on Huawei's editorial and peer review activities after receiving clearance from
1323-559: The 2010 MacRobert Award for its Broadband Global Area Network ( BGAN ) service. Inmarsat at first provided services using Marisat and MARECS , which were launched by the US Navy and ESA respectively. In the early 1990s Inmarsat launched its first dedicated satellite constellation , Inmarsat-2. These satellites provided the Inmarsat-A service for maritime uses. Between 1996 and 1998 Inmarsat's second constellation, Inmarsat-3,
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#17327724708201386-411: The 2700–2900 MHz range. Particle accelerators may be powered by S-band RF sources. The frequencies are then standardized at 2.998 GHz corresponding to a wavelength of 100 mm (Europe) or 2.856 GHz (US). The National NEXRAD Radar network operates with S-band frequencies. Before implementation of this system, C-band frequencies were commonly used for weather surveillance. In
1449-590: The Arctic Satellite Broadband Mission. The satellites carrying the Inmarsat payload were to be manufactured by Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems (NGIS). Launch for GX-10A and 10B was scheduled for 2022. At the end of 2015, Inmarsat ordered two sixth generation satellites from Airbus . These satellites planned to offer both Ka- and L-band payloads and additional capacity to the existing BGAN and Global Xpress networks. In 2017, it
1512-634: The Convention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization, signed by 28 countries in 1976. The organisation was created to establish and operate a satellite communications network for the maritime community. In coordination with the International Civil Aviation Organization in the 1980s, the convention governing INMARSAT was amended to include improvements to aeronautical communications, notably for public safety. The member states owned varying shares of
1575-525: The Earth's surface, apart from the poles. Overall, global beam coverage extends from latitudes of −82 to +82° regardless of longitude. Each regional beam covers a fraction of the area covered by a global beam, but collectively all of the regional beams offer virtually the same coverage as the global beams. Use of regional beams allow user terminals (also called mobile earth stations) to operate with significantly smaller antennas. Regional beams were introduced with
1638-635: The Global Xpress network. Trials of new technologies demonstrated bandwidths of 330 Mbit/s over the existing Global Xpress network, far in excess of the existing 50 Mbit/s. Polar Coverage To provide GX coverage to the users in the Arctic region , Inmarsat plans to improve GlobalXpress connectivity to above 65° North. Two high-capacity, multi-beam payloads GX-10A and GX-10B were planned in Highly elliptical orbits (HEO) for reliable coverage. Inmarsat worked in partnership with Space Norway HEOSAT in
1701-522: The I-3 satellites. Each I-3 satellite provides four to six spot beams; each I-4 satellite provides 19 regional beams. Narrow beams are offered by the three Inmarsat-4 satellites. Narrow beams vary in size, tend to be several hundred kilometres across. The narrow beams, while much smaller than the global or regional beams, are far more numerous and hence offer the same global coverage. Narrow spot beams allow yet smaller antennas and much higher data rates. They form
1764-510: The IEEE are available in the IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) available through IEEE Xplore platform, for subscription-based access and individual publication purchases. In addition to journals and conference proceedings, the IEEE also publishes tutorials and standards that are produced by its standardization committees. The organization also has its own IEEE paper format. IEEE has 39 technical societies, each focused on
1827-400: The S band between 2.0 and 2.2 GHz for the creation of Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) networks in connection with Ancillary Terrestrial Components (ATC). There have been a number of companies attempting to deploy such networks, including ICO Satellite Management (now Pendrell Corporation ) and TerreStar (defunct). The 2.6 GHz range is used for China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting ,
1890-468: The US$ 6 ;billion sale, in which it was accused of ignoring a potential boost to the company's value. Oaktree argued that the recommended offer for Inmarsat failed to take account of the potential value of spectrum assets used by Inmarsat's U.S. partner Ligado. Inmarsat delisted from London Stock Exchange, as the private equity funds took control of the company, on 5 December 2019; at the time, Inmarsat
1953-595: The United States government. On February 26, 2022, the chair of the IEEE Ukraine Section, Ievgen Pichkalov, publicly appealed to the IEEE members to "freeze [IEEE] activities and membership in Russia" and requested "public reaction and strict disapproval of Russia's aggression" from the IEEE and IEEE Region 8. On March 17, 2022, an article in the form of Q&A interview with IEEE Russia (Siberia) senior member Roman Gorbunov titled "A Russian Perspective on
S band - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-548: The United States to be used for CBRS services and spectrum between 3.45 - 3.55 GHz and 3.7 - 3.98 GHz has been auctioned off by the FCC for 5G although this spectrum is referred to as C Band by the agency. In the United States, the FCC approved satellite-based Digital Audio Radio Service (DARS) broadcasting in the S band from 2.31 to 2.36 GHz in 1995, used by Sirius XM Radio . More recently, it has approved portions of
2079-733: The United States, the 3.55 to 3.7 GHz band is becoming shared spectrum under rules adopted by the Federal Communications Commission in April 2015 as a result of the National Broadband Plan (United States) . The biggest user of CBRS ( Citizens Broadband Radio Service ) spectrum is the United States Navy . Cable companies are planning to use the band for wireless broadband in rural areas, with Charter Communications beginning tests of
2142-403: The United States. IEEE claims to produce over 30% of the world's literature in the electrical, electronics, and computer engineering fields, publishing approximately 200 peer-reviewed journals and magazines. IEEE publishes more than 1,700 conference proceedings every year. The published content in these journals as well as the content from several hundred annual conferences sponsored by
2205-628: The War in Ukraine" was published in IEEE Spectrum to demonstrate "the plurality of views among IEEE members" and the "views that are at odds with international reporting on the war in Ukraine". On March 30, 2022, activist Anna Rohrbach created an open letter to the IEEE in an attempt to have them directly address the article, stating that the article used "common narratives in Russian propaganda" on
2268-692: The aircraft . In March 2019 the company's board agreed to recommend a takeover offer of US$ 3.4 billion from Connect Bidco, a consortium consisting of Apax Partners , Warburg Pincus , the CPP Investment Board and the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan . On 9 October 2019, Bloomberg reported that the UK government was set to approve the takeover with the final consultation for the deal set to conclude on 24 October 2019. In November 2019, Inmarsat rejected an eleventh-hour effort to derail
2331-508: The aircraft's satellite data unit remained in contact with Inmarsat's ground station in Perth via the IOR satellite (Indian Ocean Region, 64° East). The aircraft used Inmarsat's Classic Aero satellite phone service. Analysis of these communications by Inmarsat and independently by other agencies determined that the aircraft flew into the southern Indian Ocean and was used to guide the search for
2394-548: The atmosphere and provide high-quality transmissions to small-diameter 80 cm antennas in regions that experience heavy rainfall such as Indonesia. A similar Ku- or C-band reception performance requires greater transmission power or much larger dish to penetrate the moist atmosphere. Many NASA spacecraft (near Earth and interplanetary) can communicate in the S-band, often using the Deep Space Network . For example,
2457-608: The backbone of Inmarsat's handheld ( GSPS ) and broadband services ( BGAN ). This coverage was introduced with the I-4 satellites. Each I-4 satellite provides around 200 narrow spot beams. The Inmarsat I-5 satellites provide global coverage using four geostationary satellites. Each satellite supports 89 beams, giving a total coverage of approximately one-third of the Earth's surface per satellite. In addition, 6 steerable beams are available per satellite, which may be moved to provide higher capacity to selected locations. On 26 November 2019,
2520-677: The destination Inmarsat terminal is logged-in. SNAC is now usable by all Inmarsat services. Country codes phased out on 31 December 2008 were Since 18 July 2017, Inmarsat users using the service provided by China Transport Telecommunication & Information Center may apply for 11 digits Chinese mobile phone numbers starting with 1749. An international call function is not required when making phone calls to such numbers from Mainland China . Inmarsat networks provide existing, evolved, and advanced services. Existing and evolved services are offered through land Earth stations which are not owned nor operated by Inmarsat, but through companies which have
2583-457: The exclusive provider of Panasonic for connectivity using the Ka-band satellite signal. Inmarsat will now be offering Panasonic's portfolio of services to its commercial aviation customers. In March 2014, Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappeared with 239 passengers and crew en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing. After turning away from its planned path and disappearing from radar coverage,
S band - Misplaced Pages Continue
2646-405: The first satellite to extend the original 4 satellite first generation Global Xpress constellation was launched from Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) by an Ariane 5 launch vehicle. Transferred from 25° East to 63° East in mid-2015 The permanent telephone country code for calling Inmarsat destinations is: The 870 number is an automatic locator; it is not necessary to know to which satellite
2709-580: The operational business. The main offices were originally located in the Euston Tower , Euston Road, London. In the mid-1990s, many member states were unwilling to invest in improvements to INMARSAT's network, especially owing to the competitive nature of the satellite communications industry, while many recognised the need to maintain the organisation's older systems and the need for an intergovernmental organisation to oversee public safety aspects of satellite communication networks. In 1998, an agreement
2772-641: The range of 3.5 GHz. The exact frequency range allocated for this type of use varies between countries. In North America, 2.4–2.483 GHz is an ISM band used for unlicensed spectrum devices such as cordless phones , wireless headphones , and video senders , among other consumer electronics uses, including Bluetooth which operates between 2.402 GHz and 2.480 GHz. Amateur radio and amateur satellite operators have two S-band allocations, 13 cm (2.4 GHz) and 9 cm (3.4 GHz). Amateur television repeaters also operate in these bands. Airport surveillance radars typically operate in
2835-532: The right to operate their respective mobile satellite systems for 18 years from the selection decision. The operators are compelled to start operations within 24 months (May 2011) from the selection decision. Inmarsat's S-band satellite programme provides mobile multimedia broadcast, mobile two-way broadband telecommunications and next-generation MSS services across all member states of the European Union and as far east as Moscow and Ankara by means of
2898-807: The satellite. S band is also used in optical communications to refer to the wavelength range 1460 nm to 1530 nm . ELF 3 Hz/100 Mm 30 Hz/10 Mm SLF 30 Hz/10 Mm 300 Hz/1 Mm ULF 300 Hz/1 Mm 3 kHz/100 km VLF 3 kHz/100 km 30 kHz/10 km LF 30 kHz/10 km 300 kHz/1 km MF 300 kHz/1 km 3 MHz/100 m HF 3 MHz/100 m 30 MHz/10 m VHF 30 MHz/10 m 300 MHz/1 m UHF 300 MHz/1 m 3 GHz/100 mm SHF 3 GHz/100 mm 30 GHz/10 mm EHF 30 GHz/10 mm 300 GHz/1 mm THF 300 GHz/1 mm 3 THz/0.1 mm Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers The IEEE has
2961-467: The service in January 2018. The band is also used as a transmit intermediate frequency in satellite communications as a replacement for L band where a single/shared coaxial connection is used between the modem/IDU and antenna/ODU for both the transmit and receive signals. This is to prevent interference between the transmit and receive signals which would otherwise not occur on a dual coaxial setup where
3024-535: The shipping, airline and mining industries) with a need to communicate in remote regions or where there is no reliable terrestrial network. The company was listed on the London Stock Exchange until it was acquired by Connect Bidco, a consortium consisting of Apax Partners , Warburg Pincus , the CPP Investment Board and the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan , in December 2019. On 8 November 2021,
3087-508: The size of a notebook computer, while the Global Xpress network offers up to 50 Mbit/s at a latency of 700 ms via antennas as small as 60 cm. Other services provide mobile Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) services used by the media for live reporting on world events via videophone, and inflight Internet access via the European Aviation Network . The price of a call via Inmarsat has now dropped to
3150-511: The three Inmarsat-4 satellite launched between 2005 and 2008, and was then extended with the addition of Alphasat in 2013. In the 2010s, Inmarsat began development of the High Throughput Satellite (HTS) constellation Global Xpress , operating in the Ka-band portion of the spectrum. Global Xpress, launched in 2015, offers global satellite capacity to various markets including shipping and aviation. Global Xpress also marks
3213-530: The transmit and receive signals are separate and both can use the whole L-band frequency range. In a single coaxial connection using S-Band to "frequency shift" the transmit signal away from L band, a multiplier such as 10, is usually applied to form the SHF frequency. For example, the modem would transmit at 2.815 GHz IF (S Band) to the ODU and then the ODU up-converts this signal to 28.15 GHz SHF ( Ka Band ) towards
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#17327724708203276-578: The use of the ground network in Belgium . Inmarsat ordered a fifth Global Xpress satellite from Thales Group . The satellite launched 26 November 2019 from Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) aboard an Ariane 5 launch vehicle. The satellite has been described as a 'very high throughput satellite', and provides services to the Middle East, India and Europe. former CEO Rupert Pearce (new CEO Rajeev Suri) indicated that Inmarsat planned further expansion of
3339-411: The users are only charged for the amount of data they send and receive, rather than the length of time they are connected. In addition to its own satellites, Inmarsat has a collaboration agreement with ACeS regarding handheld voice services. There are three types of coverage related to each Inmarsat I-4 satellite . Each satellite is equipped with a single global beam that covers up to one-third of
3402-574: Was announced that the first of these satellites would be launched by MHI in December 2021. The first of the two satellites, Inmarsat-6 F1 , was successfully launched on 22 December 2021 on a H-IIA rocket. The second satellite Inmarsat-6 F2 ( GX 6B) was launched on 18 February 2023 on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket, but suffered a power system failure in orbit that prevented it from becoming operational. In May 2023, Inmarsat ordered three eighth-generation satellites from SWISSto12 SA , which will be based on their HummingSat satellite platform. Inmarsat
3465-552: Was disclosed that U.S. hedge fund Harbinger Capital owned 28% of the company. In 2009, Inmarsat completed the acquisition of satellite communications provider Stratos Global Corporation (Stratos) and acquired a 19-per cent stake in SkyWave Mobile Communications Inc., a provider of Inmarsat D+/IsatM2M network services which in turn purchased the GlobalWave business from TransCore. Inmarsat won
3528-630: Was initially larger, the IRE attracted more students and was larger by the mid-1950s. The AIEE and IRE merged in 1963. The IEEE is headquartered in New York City , but most business is done at the IEEE Operations Center in Piscataway, New Jersey , opened in 1975. The Australian Section of the IEEE existed between 1972 and 1985, after which it split into state- and territory-based sections. As of 2023 , IEEE has over 460,000 members in 190 countries, with more than 66 percent from outside
3591-453: Was launched in April 2009 and is located at 10° East. In Indonesia , S band is used by MNC Vision for Direct-to-Home satellite television (unlike similar services in most countries, which use K u band ). The frequency typically allocated for this service is 2.5 to 2.7 GHz (LOF 1.570 GHz). IndoStar-1 was the world's first commercial communications satellite to use S-band frequencies for broadcast, which efficiently penetrate
3654-464: Was launched. Consisting of five geostationary L-band satellites the constellation provides the Inmarsat-B and Inmarsat-C services, primarily providing low bandwidth communications and safety services for global shipping. Following privatisation in 1999 Inmarsat developed and launched the first satellite communications system offering global coverage, BGAN. This service was provided initially through
3717-553: Was necessary for this purpose, and the scope was broadened. In addition to soliciting and administering unrestricted funds, the foundation also administers donor-designated funds supporting particular educational, humanitarian, historical preservation, and peer recognition programs of the IEEE. As of the end of 2014, the foundation's total assets were nearly $ 45 million, split equally between unrestricted and donor-designated funds. In May 2019, IEEE restricted Huawei employees from peer reviewing papers or handling papers as editors due to
3780-403: Was operating 14 geostationary communications satellites. On 8 November 2021, a $ 7.3bn deal was announced between Inmarsat's owners, led by Apax and Warburg Pincus, and Viasat in which Viasat would purchase Inmarsat for $ 850m in cash, issuing approximately 46 million shares of Viasat stock and taking on $ 3.4bn in debt. Viasat has promised to honour a pledge made by the previous owners, when it
3843-505: Was reached to modify INMARSAT's mission as an intergovernmental organisation and separate and privatise the organisation's operational business, with public safety obligations attached to the sale. In April 1999, INMARSAT was succeeded by the International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO) as an intergovernmental regulatory body for satellite communications, while INMARSAT's operational unit
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#17327724708203906-471: Was separated and became the UK-based company Inmarsat Ltd. The IMSO and Inmarsat Ltd. signed an agreement imposing public safety obligations on the new company. Inmarsat was the first international satellite organisation that was privatised. In 2005, Apax Partners and Permira bought shares in the company. The company was also first listed on the London Stock Exchange in that year. In March 2008, it
3969-680: Was taken private in 2019, that Inmarsat would remain a UK-based company, and for other planned investments. Provisional approval for the merger was given by the UK's Competition and Markets Authority in March 2023 with 25 May 2023 set as the date for a formal decision. On 31 May 2023, the acquisition was closed. The Inmarsat head office is at Old Street Roundabout in the London Borough of Islington . Aside from its commercial services, Inmarsat provides Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) to ships and aircraft at no charge, as
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