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15-660: Disambiguation page for the surname 'Wöhler' Wöhler may refer to: People August Wöhler (1819–1914), German engineer Cordula Wöhler (1845–1916), German writer and hymnwriter Friedrich Wöhler (1800–1882), German chemist Otto Wöhler (1894 in Burgwedel – 1987 in Burgwedel), German general Jürgen (Otto) Wöhler (born 1950 in Oberlahnstein), German lawyer and manager Other Wöhler (crater) ,

30-438: A crater on Earth's moon Wöhler curves used in mechanical fatigue analysis Wöhler process , a chemical process used in the production of aluminum Wöhler synthesis , the chemical reaction in which ammonium cyanate is converted into urea See also [ edit ] Wohlers [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Wöhler, Woehler . If an internal link intending to refer to

45-466: A specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wöhler&oldid=1180794529 " Categories : Surnames German-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles August W%C3%B6hler Born in

60-836: The Hanover-Brunswick line of the Royal Hanoverian State Railways . By 1847, Wöhler was chief superintendent of rolling stock on the Lower Silesian-Marcher railway in Frankfurt (Oder) . The railroad was nationalised by the Prussian state railways in 1852 and Wöhler's growing reputation led to his appointment by the Prussian Ministry of Commerce to investigate the causes of fracture in railroad axles , work that

75-841: The Paris Exposition in 1867 brought it to a wide international audience. Wöhler was an advocate of state standardisation , testing and certification of iron and steel . He died in Hannover in 1914. Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine The Kaiserliche Generaldirektion der Eisenbahnen in Elsaß-Lothringen or EL (English: General Directorate of the Imperial Railways in Alsace–Lorraine) were

90-725: The French and then sold again to the German Empire. The purchase price of 260 million  Goldmarks was counted as compensation for the war. The General Directorate of the Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine ( Kaiserliche Generaldirektion der Eisenbahnen in Elsaß-Lothringen ) had its head office in Straßburg (now Strasbourg) and was subordinated directly to the Reich Chancellor . In 1878, however, it

105-643: The first railways owned by the German Empire . They emerged in 1871, after France had ceded the region of Alsace-Lorraine to the German Empire under the terms of the Peace Treaty of Frankfurt following the Franco-Prussian War . The railways of the private Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Est (CF de l'Est ; English: [French] Eastern Railway Company), with a total of 740 kilometres (460 mi) trackage, were formally purchased from

120-558: The operations of the Wilhelm Luxemburg Railway . In the early days, railway vehicles were almost exclusively and forcibly taken from the German railways, because French troops had taken with them almost all rolling stock in the region during the retreat. The French side later built copies of German railway stock, mainly based on Prussian prototypes. Railway operations were carried out, in principle, in accordance with

135-463: The problem of fatigue by lowering the stress at critical points in a component. Wöhler showed clearly that fatigue occurs by crack growth from surface defects until the product can no longer support the applied load. The history of a fracture can be understood from a study of the fracture surface. He developed apparatus for repeated loading of railway axles, mainly because many accidents were caused by sudden fatigue fracture. The presentation of his work at

150-502: The regulations of the Prussian state railways. Because the CF de l'Est were also the leaseholders of the Wilhelm Luxemburg Railway with a route length of 169 km (105 mi), the Imperial Railways took over the running of the network. An 18 km (11 mi) long railway line from Colmar to Münster (French Munster ), which belonged to the town of Münster, was also purchased. In

165-548: The succeeding years the network was expanded significantly. Shortly before the start of the First World War (1912) the Imperial Railway network in Alsace-Lorraine had a total length of 2,100 km (1,300 mi), of which 78 km (48 mi) was narrow gauge ( 1,000 mm or 3 ft  3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ?). After the end of the war, these railways returned to France. Subsequently,

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180-739: The town of Soltau , Hanover , the son of local teacher Georg Heinrich Wöhler, he showed early mathematical ability and won a scholarship to study at the Higher Vocational College of Hannover from 1835, under the direction of Karl Karmarsch . In 1840, he was recruited to the Borsig works in Berlin where he worked on the manufacture of rail tracks . In 1843, after a brief stay in Hannover, he started to receive instruction in locomotive driving in Belgium , returning as an engineer on

195-453: Was led, in 1855, to a method for predicting the deflection of lattice beams that anticipated the work of Émile Clapeyron . He also introduced the practice of supporting one end of a bridge on roller bearings to allow for thermal expansion . His work on fatigue marks the first systematic investigation of S-N curves , also known as Wöhler curves , to characterise the fatigue behaviour of materials. Such curves can be used to minimise

210-598: Was re-subordinated to the newly created Imperial Ministry for the Management of Railways in Alsace-Lorraine in Berlin . The General Division managed six regional operating divisions, which had their headquarters in Mülhausen (now Mulhouse), Kolmar (Colmar), Straßburg I and II, Saargemünd (now Sarreguemines) and Metz . It was also responsible for a seventh region, with a headquarters in Luxemburg , which ran

225-407: Was to occupy Wöhler over the next two decades. The recognition of his keen administration and technical leadership resulted in his appointment as director of the newly formed Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine in 1874, based at the board's headquarters in Straßburg , a post he held until his retirement in 1889. Wöhler started his axle investigations by research into the theory of elasticity and

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