A television station is a set of equipment managed by a business, organisation or other entity such as an amateur television (ATV) operator, that transmits video content and audio content via radio waves directly from a transmitter on the earth's surface to any number of tuned receivers simultaneously.
95-580: WYOU (channel 22) is a television station licensed to Scranton, Pennsylvania , United States, serving as the CBS affiliate for Northeastern Pennsylvania . It is owned by Mission Broadcasting , which maintains a shared services agreement (SSA) with Nexstar Media Group , owner of Wilkes-Barre –licensed NBC affiliate WBRE-TV (channel 28), for the provision of certain services. The two stations share studios on South Franklin Street in downtown Wilkes-Barre, with
190-480: A barter in some cases. Effective radiated power Effective radiated power ( ERP ), synonymous with equivalent radiated power , is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency (RF) power, such as that emitted by a radio transmitter . It is the total power in watts that would have to be radiated by a half-wave dipole antenna to give the same radiation intensity (signal strength or power flux density in watts per square meter) as
285-901: A news bureau and sales office in the Ritz Theater in downtown Scranton. WYOU's transmitter is located at the Penobscot Knob antenna farm near Mountain Top . Channel 22 was the second television station built in Northeastern Pennsylvania and the first on air in Scranton, beginning broadcasting as WGBI-TV on June 7, 1953. A CBS affiliate from the start, the station was owned by the Megargee family alongside WGBI radio and shared its facilities on Wyoming Avenue. The station changed its call letters to WDAU-TV in 1957, after
380-497: A waiver , and can exceed normal restrictions. For most microwave systems, a completely non-directional isotropic antenna (one which radiates equally and perfectly well in every direction – a physical impossibility) is used as a reference antenna, and then one speaks of EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power) rather than ERP. This includes satellite transponders , radar, and other systems which use microwave dishes and reflectors rather than dipole-style antennas. In
475-568: A bank to put up the money the buyers owed at closing. At the end of 1982, the buyers presented a last-ditch proposal to modify the deal accordingly, which was rejected; the Megargees sued for breach of contract . Litigation involving the buyers, the Bank of New York , and a law firm stretched into 1985, when a judge ruled in favor of the Megargee family. Philip Lombardo came close to buying the station and engaged in talks throughout 1982 and 1983, but
570-622: A cellular telephone tower has a fixed linear polarization, but the mobile handset must function well at any arbitrary orientation. Therefore, a handset design might provide dual polarization receive on the handset so that captured energy is maximized regardless of orientation, or the designer might use a circularly polarized antenna and account for the extra 3 dB of loss with amplification. For example, an FM radio station which advertises that it has 100,000 watts of power actually has 100,000 watts ERP, and not an actual 100,000-watt transmitter. The transmitter power output (TPO) of such
665-494: A faster-paced format and emphasis on stories over reporters. Frank Andrews, a former WNEP-TV anchor, was hired to anchor WYOU's evening newscasts in January 1999. Nexstar and Bastet considered consolidating WBRE and WYOU's advertising sales operations by way of a joint sales agreement in 1999. In May, the U.S. Department of Justice initiated an investigation of the stations' operations and those of other local media in response to
760-464: A gain of 1× (equiv. 0 dBi). So ERP and EIRP are measures of radiated power that can compare different combinations of transmitters and antennas on an equal basis. In spite of the names, ERP and EIRP do not measure transmitter power, or total power radiated by the antenna, they are just a measure of signal strength along the main lobe. They give no information about power radiated in other directions, or total power. ERP and EIRP are always greater than
855-549: A large rhombic antenna at the Bald Mountain transmitter, while the station boasted a large studio for most programs and a secondary news studio in its Wyoming Avenue facility. In addition to newscasts hosted by news director Tom Powell, a newscaster for WGBI radio and the first face seen on the new station, WGBI-TV produced a daily cartoon show and a western performer program in the early evening. It originally broadcast with an effective radiated power of 178,000 watts, which
950-415: A much shorter wavelength, and thus requires a shorter antenna, but also higher power. North American stations can go up to 5000 kW ERP for video and 500 kW audio, or 1000 kW digital. Low channels travel further than high ones at the same power, but UHF does not suffer from as much electromagnetic interference and background "noise" as VHF, making it much more desirable for TV. Despite this, in
1045-472: A run for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives . He won election that November, using his on-air and real last names as Frank Andrews Shimkus . In 2006, WYOU revamped its evening newscasts again, this time adopting an interactive format incorporating viewer emails and phone calls, as well as contributions from local weather spotters. Candice Grossklaus, previously the weekend anchor for WBRE,
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#17327938423791140-406: A shared services agreement. Some of WYOU's operation, including news production, was integrated with WBRE over the course of 1998, while sales and programming remained separate. Over the 2000s, despite several attempts to change the format and an investment of nearly $ 1 million a year, WYOU's share of news viewership declined from 7% to 4%. In April 2009, WYOU discontinued its newscasts completely, and
1235-423: A station typically may be 10,000–20,000 watts, with a gain factor of 5–10× (5–10×, or 7–10 dB ). In most antenna designs, gain is realized primarily by concentrating power toward the horizontal plane and suppressing it at upward and downward angles, through the use of phased arrays of antenna elements. The distribution of power versus elevation angle is known as the vertical pattern . When an antenna
1330-425: A variety of ways to generate revenue from television commercials . They may be an independent station or part of a broadcasting network , or some other structure. They can produce some or all of their programs or buy some broadcast syndication programming for or all of it from other stations or independent production companies. Many stations have some sort of television studio , which on major-network stations
1425-417: A year from closing down its news department. Dennis Thatcher, the chief operating officer of Mission Broadcasting, noted that many efforts to attract viewers with new formats, talent, or sets had failed despite the investment. In the last Nielsen ratings prior to the closure, WYOU's weeknight 11 p.m. newscast only garnered a 4% share, and sitcoms on WOLF-TV had better ratings than the 6 p.m. report. Even with
1520-983: Is E I R P ( d B W ) = P T X ( d B W ) − L ( d B ) + G ( d B i ) , {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {EIRP}}_{\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}=P_{{\mathsf {TX}}\ {\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}}-L_{\mathsf {(dB)}}+G_{\mathsf {(dB_{i})}}\ ,} E R P ( d B W ) = P T X ( d B W ) − L ( d B ) + G ( d B i ) − 2.15 d B . {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {ERP}}_{\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}=P_{{\mathsf {TX}}\ {\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}}-L_{\mathsf {(dB)}}+G_{\mathsf {(dB_{i})}}-2.15\ {\mathsf {dB}}~.} Losses in
1615-402: Is 8.77 dB d = 10.92 dB i . Its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, i.e., it is not correct to use units of dB d or dB i with ERP and EIRP. Let us assume a 100 watt (20 dB W ) transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to
1710-580: Is multiplexed : WBRE and WYOU began airing digital signals simultaneously in December 2002. Both stations ceased analog broadcasts on the original digital transition date of February 17, 2009, with WYOU continuing to broadcast on VHF channel 13. It was repacked to channel 12 in March 2020 as a result of the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction . WYOU and the other major Scranton–Wilkes-Barre stations maintain secondary transmitters at Waymart , where
1805-496: Is non-commercial educational (NCE) and considered public broadcasting . To avoid concentration of media ownership of television stations, government regulations in most countries generally limit the ownership of television stations by television networks or other media operators, but these regulations vary considerably. Some countries have set up nationwide television networks, in which individual television stations act as mere repeaters of nationwide programs . In those countries,
1900-422: Is a constant, i.e., 0 dB d = 2.15 dB i . Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP. The ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator (a purely mathematical device which cannot exist in the real world), and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. The distinction between dB d and dB i is often left unstated and
1995-538: Is also directional horizontally, gain and ERP will vary with azimuth ( compass direction). Rather than the average power over all directions, it is the apparent power in the direction of the peak of the antenna's main lobe that is quoted as a station's ERP (this statement is just another way of stating the definition of ERP). This is particularly applicable to the huge ERPs reported for shortwave broadcasting stations, which use very narrow beam widths to get their signals across continents and oceans. ERP for FM radio in
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#17327938423792090-470: Is broadcast via terrestrial radio waves. A group of television stations with common ownership or affiliation are known as a TV network and an individual station within the network is referred to as O&O or affiliate , respectively. Because television station signals use the electromagnetic spectrum, which in the past has been a common, scarce resource, governments often claim authority to regulate them. Broadcast television systems standards vary around
2185-406: Is larger it will be used instead. The maximum ERP for US FM broadcasting is usually 100,000 watts (FM Zone II) or 50,000 watts (in the generally more densely populated Zones I and I-A), though exact restrictions vary depending on the class of license and the antenna height above average terrain (HAAT). Some stations have been grandfathered in or, very infrequently, been given
2280-792: Is often used for newscasts or other local programming . There is usually a news department , where journalists gather information. There is also a section where electronic news-gathering (ENG) operations are based, receiving remote broadcasts via remote pickup unit or satellite TV . Outside broadcasting vans, production trucks , or SUVs with electronic field production (EFP) equipment are sent out with reporters , who may also bring back news stories on video tape rather than sending them back live . To keep pace with technology United States television stations have been replacing operators with broadcast automation systems to increase profits in recent years. Some stations (known as repeaters or translators ) only simulcast another, usually
2375-438: Is quantified by the antenna gain , which is the ratio of the signal strength radiated by an antenna in its direction of maximum radiation to that radiated by a standard antenna. For example, a 1,000 watt transmitter feeding an antenna with a gain of 4× (equiv. 6 dBi) will have the same signal strength in the direction of its main lobe, and thus the same ERP and EIRP, as a 4,000 watt transmitter feeding an antenna with
2470-481: Is the same as ERP, except that a short vertical antenna (i.e. a short monopole ) is used as the reference antenna instead of a half-wave dipole . Cymomotive force ( CMF ) is an alternative term used for expressing radiation intensity in volts , particularly at the lower frequencies. It is used in Australian legislation regulating AM broadcasting services, which describes it as: "for a transmitter, [it] means
2565-448: Is typical for medium or longwave broadcasting, skywave , or indirect paths play a part in transmission, the waves will suffer additional attenuation which depends on the terrain between the antennas, so these formulas are not valid. Because ERP is calculated as antenna gain (in a given direction) as compared with the maximum directivity of a half-wave dipole antenna , it creates a mathematically virtual effective dipole antenna oriented in
2660-486: Is usually connected to the antenna through a transmission line and impedance matching network . Since these components may have significant losses L , {\displaystyle \ L\ ,} the power applied to the antenna is usually less than the output power of the transmitter P T X . {\displaystyle \ P_{\mathsf {TX}}~.} The relation of ERP and EIRP to transmitter output power
2755-666: The CBS Evening News and fearing that WDAU-TV's poor image weighed down its entire lineup of shows, CBS made two overtures to WNEP-TV within 18 months, in 1981 and again in 1983, in hopes of inducing an affiliation switch; channel 16 refused, remaining with ABC . Southeastern Capital Corporation took control of WDAU-TV on July 26, 1984, and began implementing a series of changes to update the station under general manager Gene Bohi, who arrived in Scranton from WGHP in High Point, North Carolina . These included improvements to
2850-635: The Philadelphia Bulletin newspaper in that city—which sought to purchase the WGBI stations. This resulted in a $ 650,000 deal for a 50-percent interest and voting control in WGBI-TV, while the Megargees retained full ownership of the radio stations. The deal was approved that October, and channel 22 changed its call sign to WDAU-TV on April 1, 1957, coinciding with the activation of a higher-power, 892,300-watt transmitter facility expected to double
2945-470: The Philadelphia Bulletin —owner of WCAU radio and television in Philadelphia—purchased a controlling stake which was later repurchased by the Megargees. In the 1970s, ratings began to slide for the station's newscasts as WNEP-TV catapulted into a dominant first-place position. The station's problems were compounded by a lack of investment during a three-year period in the early 1980s in which
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3040-495: The Arbitron survey showed WDAU-TV tying WBRE-TV for second place at 6 p.m. Between November 1984 and November 1986, the station increased its audience share for the 6 p.m. news from 10 to 15 percent, tying WBRE-TV but far from the 51-percent share of viewers watching WNEP-TV. In June 1986, Southeastern Capital Corporation agreed to sell WDAU-TV to Diversified Communications of Portland, Maine , for $ 22.5 million. Coinciding with
3135-693: The International Correspondence School ) on Wyoming Avenue, with a tower on Bald Mountain . Construction on the Bald Mountain tower began in early November, at which time the owning Megargee family announced the station would be the CBS television affiliate for the Scranton–Wilkes-Barre area. WGBI-TV began broadcasting on June 7, 1953. Network programs were received directly from WCBS-TV in New York City by means of
3230-405: The broadcast range , or geographic area, that the station is limited to, allocates the broadcast frequency of the radio spectrum for that station's transmissions, sets limits on what types of television programs can be programmed for broadcast and requires a station to broadcast a minimum amount of certain programs types, such as public affairs messages . Another form of television station
3325-534: The electricity bill and emergency backup generators . In North America , full-power stations on band I (channels 2 to 6) are generally limited to 100 kW analog video ( VSB ) and 10 kW analog audio ( FM ), or 45 kW digital ( 8VSB ) ERP. Stations on band III (channels 7 to 13) can go up by 5 dB to 316 kW video, 31.6 kW audio, or 160 kW digital. Low-VHF stations are often subject to long-distance reception just as with FM. There are no stations on Channel 1 . UHF , by comparison, has
3420-750: The $ 47 million sale of WBRE-TV to Nexstar. At the time, duopolies were not permitted, so Nexstar opted to sell WYOU to Bastet Broadcasting of Columbus, Ohio . Bastet, in turn, would enter into a shared services agreement (SSA) with Nexstar. Under the SSA, the stations could pool many operating functions and save on costs. Bastet was a sister company to Mission Broadcasting , which owned UPN affiliates in Greensboro, North Carolina , and Nashville, Tennessee ; both stations were run by other local broadcasters through local marketing agreements. The sale closed in December 1997 and became effective on January 5, 1998, leading
3515-445: The 1959 Knox Mine disaster . Most of the surviving aerial footage of the flooding brought by Hurricane Agnes was shot by channel 22; Powell arranged for the use of a helicopter owned by a coal businessman. WDAU-TV news commanded as much as 48 percent of news viewers in the market in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This changed when the third-rated station, WNEP-TV (channel 16), began a top-to-bottom overhaul of its news department in
3610-1195: The EIRP or ERP. Since an isotropic antenna radiates equal power flux density over a sphere centered on the antenna, and the area of a sphere with radius r {\displaystyle \ r\ } is A = 4 π r 2 {\displaystyle \ A=4\pi \ r^{2}\ } then S ( r ) = E I R P 4 π r 2 . {\displaystyle \ S(r)={\frac {\ {\mathsf {EIRP}}\ }{\ 4\pi \ r^{2}\ }}~.} Since E I R P = E R P × 1.64 , {\displaystyle \ \mathrm {EIRP} =\mathrm {ERP} \times 1.64\ ,} S ( r ) = 0.410 × E R P π r 2 . {\displaystyle \ S(r)={\frac {\ 0.410\times {\mathsf {ERP}}\ }{\ \pi \ r^{2}\ }}~.} After dividing out
3705-632: The FCC database shows the station's transmitter power output, not ERP. According to the Institution of Electrical Engineers (UK), ERP is often used as a general reference term for radiated power, but strictly speaking should only be used when the antenna is a half-wave dipole, and is used when referring to FM transmission. Effective monopole radiated power ( EMRP ) may be used in Europe, particularly in relation to medium wave broadcasting antennas. This
3800-609: The Megargees instead agreed to sell WDAU-TV to an affiliate of the Atlanta-based Southeastern Capital Corporation, a diversified holding company. The $ 10.2 million deal, approved in 1984, included a 15-year lease of the studio facility from Scranton Broadcasters. We stood stagnant, while Channel 16 went crazy. Jack Scannella, longtime WDAU-TV/WYOU cameraman, on how the station fell to third place as WNEP-TV surged The lengthy sale process further deferred investment and attention in
3895-647: The U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is taking another large portion of this band (channels 52 to 69) away, in contrast to the rest of the world, which has been taking VHF instead. This means that some stations left on VHF are harder to receive after the analog shutdown . Since at least 1974, there are no stations on channel 37 in North America for radio astronomy purposes. Most television stations are commercial broadcasting enterprises which are structured in
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3990-471: The United States is always relative to a theoretical reference half-wave dipole antenna. (That is, when calculating ERP, the most direct approach is to work with antenna gain in dB d ). To deal with antenna polarization, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) lists ERP in both the horizontal and vertical measurements for FM and TV. Horizontal is the standard for both, but if the vertical ERP
4085-498: The activation of the new Mountain Top transmitter on Penobscot Knob , the call letters were changed to the current WYOU on October 9. In 1986 and 1987, the station debuted a news helicopter, "Chopper 22"; a satellite newsgathering truck, "SpaceLink 22"; a new news set; a 5:30 p.m. newscast, 1st News ; and a 6:30 a.m. newscast, News 22 Daybreak . During this time, WYOU began moving ahead of WBRE-TV in early evening news ratings, though channel 28 continued to bounce back at 11 p.m. owing to
4180-446: The actual source antenna at a distant receiver located in the direction of the antenna's strongest beam ( main lobe ). ERP measures the combination of the power emitted by the transmitter and the ability of the antenna to direct that power in a given direction. It is equal to the input power to the antenna multiplied by the gain of the antenna. It is used in electronics and telecommunications , particularly in broadcasting to quantify
4275-428: The actual total power radiated by the antenna. The difference between ERP and EIRP is that antenna gain has traditionally been measured in two different units, comparing the antenna to two different standard antennas; an isotropic antenna and a half-wave dipole antenna: In contrast to an isotropic antenna, the dipole has a "donut-shaped" radiation pattern, its radiated power is maximum in directions perpendicular to
4370-426: The antenna itself are included in the gain. If the signal path is in free space ( line-of-sight propagation with no multipath ) the signal strength ( power flux density in watts per square meter) S {\displaystyle \ S\ } of the radio signal on the main lobe axis at any particular distance r {\displaystyle r} from the antenna can be calculated from
4465-1049: The antenna's strongest beam. The difference between EIRP and ERP is that ERP compares the actual antenna to a half-wave dipole antenna, while EIRP compares it to a theoretical isotropic antenna. Since a half-wave dipole antenna has a gain of 1.64 (or 2.15 dB ) compared to an isotropic radiator, if ERP and EIRP are expressed in watts their relation is E I R P ( W ) = 1.64 × E R P ( W ) {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {EIRP}}_{\mathsf {(W)}}=1.64\times {\mathsf {ERP}}_{\mathsf {(W)}}\ } If they are expressed in decibels E I R P ( d B ) = E R P ( d B ) + 2.15 d B {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {EIRP}}_{\mathrm {(dB)} }={\mathsf {ERP}}_{\mathrm {(dB)} }+2.15\ {\mathsf {dB}}\ } Effective radiated power and effective isotropic radiated power both measure
4560-1002: The antenna, declining to zero on the antenna axis. Since the radiation of the dipole is concentrated in horizontal directions, the gain of a half-wave dipole is greater than that of an isotropic antenna. The isotropic gain of a half-wave dipole is 1.64, or in decibels 10 log 10 ( 1.64 ) = 2.15 d B , {\displaystyle \ 10\ \log _{10}(1.64)=2.15\ {\mathsf {dB}}\ ,} so G i = 1.64 G d . {\displaystyle \ G_{\mathsf {i}}=1.64\ G_{\mathsf {d}}~.} In decibels G ( d B i ) = G ( d B d ) + 2.15 d B . {\displaystyle \ G_{\mathsf {(dB_{i})}}=G_{\mathsf {(dB_{d})}}+2.15\ {\mathsf {dB}}~.} The two measures EIRP and ERP are based on
4655-426: The antenna. ERP < 22.77 dB W and EIRP < 24.92 dB W , both less than ideal by η in dB. Assuming that the receiver is in the first side-lobe of the transmitting antenna, and each value is further reduced by 7.2 dB, which is the decrease in directivity from the main to side-lobe of a Yagi–Uda. Therefore, anywhere along the side-lobe direction from this transmitter, a blind receiver could not tell
4750-414: The apparent power of a broadcasting station experienced by listeners in its reception area. An alternate parameter that measures the same thing is effective isotropic radiated power ( EIRP ). Effective isotropic radiated power is the hypothetical power that would have to be radiated by an isotropic antenna to give the same ("equivalent") signal strength as the actual source antenna in the direction of
4845-676: The audience and in 1984 was the highest-rated early evening newscast in a three-station TV market in the country. Compounding the station's fall was a protracted series of circumstances involving the Megargees' attempts to sell WDAU-TV between 1981 and 1984. That February, the Scranton Preparatory School —which had moved into the Wyoming Avenue building in 1963—gave WGBI and WDAU-TV a year to leave their basement studio so that it could alleviate overcrowding on its campus. Three months later, channel 22 officially went on
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#17327938423794940-575: The case of medium wave (AM) stations in the United States , power limits are set to the actual transmitter power output, and ERP is not used in normal calculations. Omnidirectional antennas used by a number of stations radiate the signal equally in all horizontal directions. Directional arrays are used to protect co- or adjacent channel stations, usually at night, but some run directionally continuously. While antenna efficiency and ground conductivity are taken into account when designing such an array,
5035-499: The cash necessary to make the purchase, requiring extensions of time from the FCC. In the meantime, as a result of the delays, Scranton Broadcasters acquired a former S. S. Kresge department store in the 400 block of Lackawanna Avenue downtown and began refitting it to serve as channel 22's new home. The Dudley–Woods–Benedek transaction hit another snag in November, despite an amended payment plan and FCC approval, due to hesitancy from
5130-459: The combined operation laid off 14 employees; it aired no news programs for three years until the station began simulcasting newscasts from WBRE in 2012. When the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ended a multi-year freeze on television channel allocations in 1952, it assigned three channels in the ultra high frequency (UHF) band for use in Scranton: 16, 22, and 73. Scranton Broadcasters,
5225-430: The company began exploring a potential sale of the station. In June, Diversified announced the sale of WYOU to a new company, Nexstar Broadcasting Group , which would be headquartered in Scranton and led by Pennsylvania native Perry Sook. Sook founded Nexstar with ABRY Partners to buy major network affiliates in midsize markets. It marked his return to broadcast station ownership; he formed Nexstar just days after closing on
5320-403: The difference if a Yagi–Uda was replaced with either an ideal dipole (oriented towards the receiver) or an isotropic radiator with antenna input power increased by 1.57 dB. Polarization has not been taken into account so far, but it must be properly clarified. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was perfectly aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that
5415-476: The direction of the receiver. In other words, a notional receiver in a given direction from the transmitter would receive the same power if the source were replaced with an ideal dipole oriented with maximum directivity and matched polarization towards the receiver and with an antenna input power equal to the ERP. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference. Maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole
5510-567: The ending of its separate news department, WYOU struggled to receive even a 3% share of the ratings for the syndicated programming that replaced the newscasts. Local news programs returned to WYOU on April 2, 2012, coinciding with a switch to high-definition news production for WBRE-TV. On that date, dedicated Eyewitness News newscasts at noon and 7 p.m. were added to WYOU's schedule, and the station began to simulcast WBRE's weekday morning and nightly 6 and 11 p.m. newscasts. In 2018, Nexstar announced it would acquire Tribune Media . Tribune had been
5605-434: The factor of π , {\displaystyle \ \pi \ ,} we get: S ( r ) = 0.131 × E R P r 2 . {\displaystyle \ S(r)={\frac {\ 0.131\times {\mathsf {ERP}}\ }{\ r^{2}\ }}~.} However, if the radio waves travel by ground wave as
5700-420: The highest point available in the transmission area, such as on a summit , the top of a high skyscraper , or on a tall radio tower . To get a signal from the master control room to the transmitter, a studio/transmitter link (STL) is used. The link can be either by radio or T1 / E1 . A transmitter/studio link (TSL) may also send telemetry back to the station, but this may be embedded in subcarriers of
5795-460: The husband-and-wife team of Kevin Daniels and Valerie Amsterdam to anchor the 6 and 11 p.m. newscasts. WYOU unveiled a new logo and graphics and expanded its local morning newscast. The license transfer received FCC approval in late September. In response to her dismissal, Dunleavy sued Diversified Communications for unjust termination in 1998. The case was settled out of court in 2001. As Nexstar
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#17327938423795890-436: The latter emphasized Lackawanna County and Scranton. Two years later, the stations debuted combined morning and midday newscasts, Pennsylvania Morning and Pennsylvania Midday , presented by a mix of WBRE and WYOU personnel; evening newscasts remained separate. In 2003, Nexstar split oversight of news for the two stations and elevated Andrews to the role of news director for WYOU; Andrews left WYOU in March 2006 while preparing
5985-400: The local television station has no station identification and, from a consumer's point of view, there is no practical distinction between a network and a station, with only small regional changes in programming, such as local television news . To broadcast its programs, a television station requires operators to operate equipment, a transmitter or radio antenna , which is often located at
6080-419: The main broadcast. Stations which retransmit or simulcast another may simply pick-up that station over-the-air , or via STL or satellite. The license usually specifies which other station it is allowed to carry. VHF stations often have very tall antennas due to their long wavelength , but require much less effective radiated power (ERP), and therefore use much less transmitter power output , also saving on
6175-534: The market. On September 17, Scranton Broadcasters agreed to sell the station for $ 12 million to a consortium of Robert Dudley, Charles Woods , and A. Richard Benedek . Under the deal, the new owners would construct a new studio facility for WDAU-TV so it could move out of the Scranton Prep building. The transaction bogged down over the course of 1982 as the Dudley–Woods–Benedek group struggled to raise
6270-413: The mid-1970s in the mold of the successful Eyewitness News format as used by WABC-TV in New York City. As a result, over a period of several years, channel 16 climbed to the top while channel 22 fell to the bottom in the Northeastern Pennsylvania market. Though only slightly behind WBRE-TV, both stations combined had fewer viewers than channel 16's early evening news, which by 1981 commanded nearly half
6365-556: The operation of the Waymart Wind Farm interferes with the reception of television signals from Mountain Top. In 2004, the FCC authorized the construction of a tower on Moosic Mountain. FPL Energy (now NextEra Energy Resources ), owner of the wind farm, built the facility to provide the signals of the major networks. Television station The Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow ( TV Station Paul Nipkow ) in Berlin , Germany ,
6460-486: The operator of WNEP-TV through a services agreement since 2014. Nexstar elected to retain WBRE, as well as its agreement to operate WYOU, and sold WNEP-TV to Tegna Inc. in 2019. WYOU's archive of newsfilm is the most extensive in the market. WBRE-TV lost all of its footage in 1972 because of Hurricane Agnes, which flooded the station's basement, while WNEP disposed of significant portions of its archive. The station's signal
6555-577: The parent of radio station WGBI (910 AM), had already applied for channel 22 on September 7, 1951, and amended its proposal on June 27, 1952. With no opposition, the construction permit for WGBI-TV was one of the first two awarded for Scranton on August 14, 1952. WGBI announced that the TV station studios would be co-located with the radio station in the basement of what was then the Prudential Life Insurance Building (previously
6650-428: The power density a radio transmitter and antenna (or other source of electromagnetic waves) radiate in a specific direction: in the direction of maximum signal strength (the " main lobe ") of its radiation pattern. This apparent power is dependent on two factors: The total power output and the radiation pattern of the antenna – how much of that power is radiated in the direction of maximal intensity. The latter factor
6745-441: The product, expressed in volts, of: It relates to AM broadcasting only, and expresses the field strength in " microvolts per metre at a distance of 1 kilometre from the transmitting antenna". The height above average terrain for VHF and higher frequencies is extremely important when considering ERP, as the signal coverage ( broadcast range ) produced by a given ERP dramatically increases with antenna height. Because of this, it
6840-476: The programmes seen on its owner's flagship station, and have no television studio or production facilities of their own. This is common in developing countries . Low-power stations typically also fall into this category worldwide. Most stations which are not simulcast produce their own station identifications . TV stations may also advertise on or provide weather (or news) services to local radio stations , particularly co-owned sister stations . This may be
6935-658: The proposal and to a similar plan by the companies to consolidate the ad sales of two TV stations in Wichita Falls, Texas . Citing the resources needed to respond to the Department of Justice, the companies abandoned the plan in July. At the end of 1999, WYOU vacated 415 Lackawanna Avenue and moved its sales and programming offices, as well as a Scranton news bureau for the WBRE–WYOU news operation, next door to smaller space on
7030-449: The reader is sometimes forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi–Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at precise intervals to create greater energy focusing (directivity) than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dB d , but listed only as dB. This ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi–Uda antenna's maximum directivity
7125-464: The receiving antenna is circularly polarized, and there will be a minimum 3 dB polarization loss regardless of antenna orientation. If the receiver is also a dipole, it is possible to align it orthogonally to the transmitter such that theoretically zero energy is received. However, this polarization loss is not accounted for in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Rather, the receiving system designer must account for this loss as appropriate. For example,
7220-485: The sale of two TV stations in Oklahoma and Kentucky to Sinclair Broadcast Group . Nexstar assumed immediate operational control of WYOU upon the announcement of the sale and instituted a staff shake-up. Three top managers were fired and a fourth departed. In August, citing a cash shortage and overstaffing, Nexstar dismissed three anchors, including Debbie Dunleavy, who had spent nearly 20 years with channel 22; Sook moved
7315-582: The silent WBPZ-TV in Lock Haven for the purpose of rebroadcasting channel 22 for the Williamsport area. For more than two decades, WDAU-TV's news department, headed by Powell, led news ratings in the Scranton area, while WBRE was the most-watched station in and around Wilkes-Barre. Under Powell, the station provided extensive coverage of local politics and coverage of local and national events including 1957 U.S. Senate hearings into racketeering and
7410-506: The station WYOU in October 1986. Under Diversified, the news product improved and expanded with new equipment and a news helicopter, and at times the station eclipsed WBRE-TV for second place in local news ratings. In 1996, WYOU was the first station acquired by Nexstar Broadcasting Group, which cut costs by firing several on-air personnel. When WBRE-TV came up for sale shortly after, Nexstar acquired it and sold WYOU to Mission Broadcasting with
7505-428: The station as its ratings continued to decline. Vacancies were left unfilled so that new managers could make hires; as a result, WDAU-TV had only three full-time reporters on its news staff by February 1984 compared to seven at WBRE-TV and nine at WNEP-TV, and its total news staff had shrunk by a third. The station's equipment was outdated, another matter expected to be handled by new owners. Alarmed by slumping ratings for
7600-422: The station was forced to relocate to downtown Scranton. Southeastern Capital Corporation acquired WDAU-TV in 1984 after another acquisition attempt failed. The new owners immediately set out to upgrade the station's outdated equipment and news department, as well as to establish a more regional image for the station. Two years later, Southeastern Capital sold channel 22 to Diversified Communications , which renamed
7695-424: The station's picture quality, as well as a new set for the newscasts. The new ownership led to changes in personnel. Kent Westling, the sportscaster, was fired the day before the new set debuted. In January 1985, Powell—by this time a news director and editorialist—was fired after more than 31 years and replaced with Larry Stirewalt, who had been WGHP's news director. Debbie Dunleavy, the station's main female anchor,
7790-582: The station's service area. The Bulletin 's ownership of channel 22 was short-lived. The next year, it sold the WCAU stations in Philadelphia to CBS, retaining its interests in WDAU-TV and a Muzak background music service. The Megargees bought back the newspaper's stake in 1959. Again, the family pursued the possibility of constructing satellite stations of channel 22; in 1960, it proposed to reactivate
7885-592: The strength of NBC's prime time lineup. Diversified explored selling WYOU and most of its other television stations as early as 1993 and reached a deal with Vision Communications, a firm consisting of Scranton-area investors including channel 22's general manager, to purchase WYOU as well as WPDE-TV in South Carolina and WABI-TV in Maine. When the economic outlook for the television industry improved and revenues rose, Diversified instead opted to retain control of
7980-474: The third floor of the Oppenheim Building at 409 Lackawanna. The arrangement failed to create the improvements that were sought. In May 2000, WBRE-TV had 18 percent of the early evening news audience and WYOU another 7 percent; WNEP-TV commanded 42 percent. In 2000, Nexstar shifted to differentiating WBRE and WYOU by their regional focus; the former emphasized Luzerne County and Wilkes-Barre, while
8075-506: The three stations. After carrying Star Trek: Voyager , the station added UPN as a secondary affiliation in June 1995. UPN programming ran primarily on weekends. UPN programs moved to the new WQPX-TV (channel 64) in 1998. The market for TV stations grew so hot that, by January 1996, Diversified was regularly receiving unsolicited offers of interest in WYOU from other companies. As a result,
8170-789: The two different standard antennas above: Since the two definitions of gain only differ by a constant factor, so do ERP and EIRP E I R P ( W ) = 1.64 × E R P ( W ) . {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {EIRP}}_{\mathsf {(W)}}=1.64\times {\mathsf {ERP}}_{\mathsf {(W)}}~.} In decibels E I R P ( d B W ) = E R P ( d B W ) + 2.15 d B . {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {EIRP}}_{\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}={\mathsf {ERP}}_{\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}+2.15\ {\mathsf {dB}}~.} The transmitter
8265-534: The way for work to begin on the shared services plan between the two stations. The only departments that would not be shared were sales, programming, and accounting. Eight WYOU employees lost their jobs in May 1998 as the news operation moved from Scranton to Wilkes-Barre, where both stations would be overseen by the WBRE-TV news director. Shortly after the move, in July, the WYOU newscasts were rebranded as ActioNews , with
8360-399: The world. Television stations broadcasting over an analog system were typically limited to one television channel , but digital television enables broadcasting via subchannels as well. Television stations usually require a broadcast license from a government agency which sets the requirements and limitations on the station. In the United States, for example, a television license defines
8455-582: Was approved to be increased in 1955. At the time, the Megargees planned to construct satellite stations in Williamsport and Sunbury . Eventually, the link to New York was changed to a private microwave system after reception of the over-the-air signal from WCBS-TV degraded; still later, the station began taking a proper feed from AT&T to broadcast network shows in color. In July 1956, Scranton Broadcasters began entering into negotiations with WCAU radio and television —the broadcasting stations of
8550-541: Was briefly suspended at the same time for having her hair done without station permission; she published a statement in support of Powell. Powell filed a complaint of age discrimination and reached a settlement with WDAU-TV in April 1986. WDAU-TV hired Gary Essex, who had been one of the anchormen behind WNEP-TV's rise to number one in the 1970s, away from KUSA in Denver to anchor its newscasts in 1985. The local sales staff
8645-544: Was expanded. That fall, the station began drafting plans to move its transmitter from Bald Mountain to Mountain Top to join the other area stations and give WDAU-TV much-needed signal parity with its competitors. Seeking to shed an image as Scranton-centric, it opened a news bureau in Wilkes-Barre, changed its corporate name from Scranton Broadcasters to Keystone Broadcasters, and rolled out an image campaign titled "The Pride of Pennsylvania". News ratings edged up slightly;
8740-549: Was making staff changes at WYOU, WBRE-TV—the second-rated station in Northeastern Pennsylvania—was reluctantly put on the market. A group of limited partners successfully forced the managing partner in WBRE-TV's owner, Northeastern Television Limited Partners, to offer channel 28 for sale so they could receive a return on their investment. Officials from ABRY Partners—Nexstar's capital backer—as well as Sook toured WBRE-TV. In April 1997, Northeastern Television announced
8835-417: Was revamped again in June 2008 to consist of First at Four , a 4 p.m. early evening newscast; WYOU Interactive at 6 p.m.; and a new WYOU News at 7 . Nexstar and Mission announced on April 3, 2009, that WYOU would cease airing newscasts, with the final newscasts airing that night; they would be replaced by syndicated programs. This resulted in the layoffs of 14 personnel. The station saved nearly $ 900,000
8930-462: Was teamed with Eric Scheiner, who came from a similar nontraditional newscast at WNDS-TV in Derry, New Hampshire . The new newscasts eschewed regular sports coverage on weeknights. The shared Pennsylvania Morning and Pennsylvania Midday shows were discontinued in January 2008; on WYOU, this resulted in its replacement with syndicated morning show The Daily Buzz . The WYOU early evening news lineup
9025-678: Was the first regular television service in the world. It was on the air from 22 March 1935, until it was shut down in 1944. The station was named after Paul Gottlieb Nipkow , the inventor of the Nipkow disk . Most often the term "television station" refers to a station which broadcasts structured content to an audience or it refers to the organization that operates the station. A terrestrial television transmission can occur via analog television signals or, more recently, via digital television signals. Television stations are differentiated from cable television or other video providers as their content
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