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42-501: Several studies have shown the checklist to reduce the rate of deaths and surgical complications by as much as one-third in centres where it is used. While the checklist has been widely adopted due to its efficacy in many studies as well as for its simplicity, some hospitals still struggle with implementation due to local customs and to a lack of buy-in from surgical staff. In 2004, the World Health Assembly (WHA) founded

84-507: A 38% lower odds of 30-day death after emergency abdominal surgery compared with the same operations performed at hospitals that didn't have a checklist. A subsequent analysis with additional pooled global data from 76 countries showed that checklist use was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate in emergency laparotomy, with checklist use associated with a lower 30‐day perioperative mortality ( OR 0·60, 0·50 to 0·73; P < 0·001) in multivariable models. Checklist use

126-593: A direct result of the checklist, such unsafe conditions caught while going through items on the list, while others also reported improved safety more indirectly, such as through improved availability of antibiotics and pulse oximetry, whose absence was highlighted through use of the checklist. In addition, many studies report improvements in safety culture , such as "more sharing of case critical information, better decision-making and team coordination, openness about knowledge gaps, and improved team cohesion." Other studies have failed to show surgical outcome improvements after

168-458: A lack of awareness of the issue; a lack of data on surgical complications ; inconsistent use of available safety resources; and increasing complexity of surgical procedures. One of the recommendations of this Global Patient Safety Challenge was the adoption of a checklist for use in surgical procedures. As understood in common language, a checklist is a physical list of tasks to be done, with some measure of marking each item's completion (e.g.,

210-584: A square to be filled with a checkmark). While it is a simple intervention, the checklist has historically been used in many occupations as an organizational and as a safety tool; Atul Gawande , the Safe Surgery Saves Lives program leader, describes the influence that the checklists had on the development of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist in his 2009 book The Checklist Manifesto . In particular, Gawande praised

252-504: A surgical procedure: sign-in (before induction of anesthesia , while the patient is still conscious); time-out (with the surgeon present, before skin incision ); and sign-out , based on the Joint Commission 's Universal Protocol. At each of these phases, the surgical team members present stop and make sure that the corresponding safety items have been performed (or that there is a valid reason to waive that requirement for

294-715: Is the forum through which the World Health Organization (WHO) is governed by its 194 member states . It is the world's highest health policy setting body and is composed of health ministers from member states. The members of the WHA generally meet every year in May in Geneva at the Palace of Nations , the location of WHO Headquarters. The main tasks of the WHA are to decide major policy questions, as well as to approve

336-457: The COVID-19 pandemic . Keva Bain of The Bahamas was selected President of WHA73. Botswana , Colombia , Ghana , Guinea-Bissau , India , Madagascar , Oman , Republic of Korea , Russian Federation , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland were elected to the executive board. Harsh Vardhan of India became the chairman of the executive board. Multiple countries, led by

378-945: The Cook Islands and Niue ). The WHA also includes two associate members, Puerto Rico and Tokelau . In addition, seven agencies have observer status at the WHA – the Vatican , the Palestinian Authority , the Sovereign Military Order of Malta , the International Committee of the Red Cross , the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies , the South Centre organization, and

420-741: The Inter-Parliamentary Union . The Assembly is governed by Rules of Procedure of the World Health Assembly ; agenda items are set by the General Committee of the Assembly, a group of 25 individuals that includes the President and subcommittee chairs, and a number of delegates elected by the Assembly previous. Taiwan participated as an observer to the WHA for 8 years between 2008 and 2016, under

462-657: The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) , the Safe Surgery Saves Lives group set out three goals: simplicity, wide applicability, and measurability. This drew some influence from a prior study that showed a significant decrease in central line infections following the use of a checklist that detailed the basic steps and hygiene requirements ( hand-washing ; avoidance of the femoral vein ; use of chlorhexidine soap; use of sterile PPE and barrier drapes; and daily inspection for possible removal). The checklist places its nineteen items into three "phases" of

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504-560: The 2012 MERS outbreak , Saudi Arabia Deputy Minister of Health Ziad Memish raised concerns that scientists who applied for a patent would not allow the MERS-Coronavirus to be used for investigations by other scientists and were, therefore, delaying the development of diagnostic tests. Ten of the 22 people who died and 22 of 44 cases reported were in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia–based microbiologist Ali Mohamed Zaki reported

546-473: The 2022 Health Assembly was: Health for peace, peace for health. The 76th World Health Assembly took place from 21 to 30 May 2023. The theme of the 2023 Health Assembly was: WHO at 75: Saving lives, driving health for all. The 77th World Health Assembly took place from 27 May to 1 June 2024. The theme of the 2024 Health Assembly was: All for Health, Health for All. Perioperative nursing#Circulating nurse Too Many Requests If you report this error to

588-625: The 66th WHA in May 2013, DGWHO Margaret Chan traced a brief history of revisions to the International Health Regulations following the SARS outbreak in 2002–3, the "first severe new disease of the 21st century." She observed that the two new diseases WHO is dealing with in 2013 are the novel coronavirus (MERS), from the same family as SARS, detected in 2012 in Saudi Arabia , and the first-ever human infections with

630-700: The DGWHO and the President of WHA. The 69th World Health Assembly took place from 23 to 28 May 2016, and agreed to pursue the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through a comprehensive set of foundational steps, prioritizing universal health coverage, working with actors outside the health sector to address the social, economic and environmental root causes of antimicrobial resistance and other human health problems, to continue expanding efforts to address poor maternal and child health and infectious diseases in developing countries, and to focus upon equity within and between countries. Delegates decided to invite

672-669: The H7N9 avian influenza virus reported in China in 2013. She attributed the positive report by the World Health Statistics (May 2013) on dramatic improvement in health in the world's poorest countries from 1993 to 2013, to the emphasis placed on poverty alleviation by the Millennium Development Goals . She announced the emergence of global action plans for noncommunicable diseases, mental health, and

714-676: The United States, called for the reinstatement of Taiwan 's observer status in protest against Chinese pressure. On 25 May, delegates reached a consensus to hold a special session in November 2021 to consider the International Treaty on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response . The 74th World Health Assembly took place virtually from 24 May to 1 June 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2021 event focused on

756-634: The WHA elects members from among its ranks to renew the executive board (EB). This body is governed in Chapter VI, Articles 24 through 29, of the Constitution of the WHO. The EB must have an equitable geographic distribution, and "shall be elected for three years and may be re-elected... The Board shall meet at least twice a year and shall determine the place of each meeting." This is invariably chosen (by consensus) to be Geneva. A current list of members on

798-796: The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control's (WHO FCTC) Conference of the Parties (COP) to provide information on outcomes of this biennial event to future World Health Assembly meetings. The 70th World Health Assembly took place from 22 to 31 May 2017. For the first time since 2009, Taiwan was completely excluded from the WHA, following the election of Tsai Ing-wen and subsequent political pressure from China . The 71st World Health Assembly took place from 21 to 26 May 2018. Australia , Chile , China , Djibouti , Finland , Gabon , Germany , Indonesia , Israel , Romania , Sudan , and United States of America were elected to

840-686: The WHO Patient Safety international alliance in order to tackle issues of adverse effects in unsafe healthcare. The Global Initiative for Emergency and Essential Surgical Care and the Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care focused on access and quality. In 2005, WHO Patient Safety began issuing Global Patient Safety Challenges, which bring together teams of specialists in order to put together clinical guidelines and tools for research that address patient safety issues, such as hand washing . In January 2007, an international consultation meeting

882-419: The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist. They found that across the 3,733 surgical patients before implementation and 3,955 after, there was a significant decrease in both complication rate (11.0% to 7.0%, p <0.001) and death rate (1.5% to 0.8%, p = 0.003). An independent international study at 357 hospitals located in 58 countries has demonstrated that the use of a surgical safety checklist has been associated with

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924-563: The WHO work programme and budget and elect its Director-General (every fifth year) and annually to elect ten members to renew part of its executive board. Its main functions are to determine the policies of the Organization, supervise financial policies, and review and approve the proposed programme budget. The original membership of the WHA, at the first assembly held in 1948, numbered 55 member states. The WHA has, currently, 194 member states (all UN members without Liechtenstein , plus

966-527: The checklist "'just appeared' in operating rooms one day" faced issues with buy-in from staff. In addition, cultural differences caused compliance issues with certain items on the checklist, such as placing marks on the body in Thai hospitals or perceived awkwardness in introducing oneself. In such cases, WHO guidelines recommend flexibility in editing the checklist to better fit local conditions. World Health Assembly The World Health Assembly ( WHA )

1008-691: The course of the Assembly. The 68th session of the WHA took place in Geneva from 18 to 26 May 2015. Jagat Prakash Nadda assumed the presidency of WHA. India assumed the presidency after a gap of 19 years. During the assembly the WHA agreed to the Global Malaria Strategy and Programme Budget for 2016–2017, polio, International Health Regulations, strengthening surgical care, WHO's reform of its emergency and response programme, antimicrobial resistance, immunization gaps, malnutrition, air pollution, and epilepsy. Annual health awards were given by

1050-854: The endorsement of the WHO Family of International Classifications , a series of internationally standardized medical classifications, including the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The focus of the 61st WHA was public health. Participants from 190 countries attended, with a record 2704 delegates. Important briefings and resolutions involved intellectual property barriers in research and development; combatting non-communicable diseases and female genital mutilation ; campaigns to support breastfeeding and to decrease abuse of alcohol and tobacco ; immunization practices, including adoption of

1092-531: The environment from effects of exposure to mercury and mercury compounds; and improving access to essential medicines worldwide. Also endorsed was a global monitoring framework for maternal, infant and child nutrition . Following the 67th WHA, DGWHO Chan was criticized by the Association of Correspondents Accredited to the United Nations (ACANU) for not having spoken directly to the media during

1134-402: The executive board can be derived through consultation of the WHA #Annual Assemblies summaries which are posted below. The main international policy frameworks adopted through WHA resolutions include: In addition, the WHA has endorsed through resolutions a number of WHO action plans dealing with different areas to improve health around the world, such as: The WHA is also responsible for

1176-518: The executive board. The 72nd World Health Assembly took place from 20 to 28 May 2019. Argentina , Austria , Bangladesh , Burkina Faso , Grenada , Guyana , Kenya , Singapore , Tajikistan , Tonga , Tunisia , United Arab Emirates were elected to the executive board. The President of WHA72 was Dr Bounkong Syhavong of the Lao People's Democratic Republic . The 73rd World Health Assembly took place virtually from 18 to 19 May 2020, due to

1218-492: The first known case, a 60-year-old Saudi man who got sick in June 2012 on ProMed-mail, a public health on-line forum then published more details including the virus's genetic makeup and closest relatives. The Erasmus Medical Center "tested, sequenced and identified" a sample provided by Ali Mohamed Zaki. Erasmus MC and Dr. Zaki strongly refuted all allegations concerning a presumed lack of willingness to cooperate in research into

1260-524: The impact of pilot checklists in mitigating aviation disasters, tracing their development back to disastrous test flights of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress . Because of its increased complexity, an experienced pilot had missed a step in flight, causing a crash; however, test pilots continued to fly the plane, albeit with short checklists that "fit on an index card, with step-by-step checks for takeoff, flight, landing, and taxiing ...

1302-525: The implementation of the SSC, whose causes may be indicative of the barriers to expanding its use. For example, the WHO guidelines recommend starting use of the checklist through the example of individual surgical teams well-versed in its intent and procedure. However, one study reported that, in one hospital, "staff understood neither why nor how the checklist could be implemented" due to a lack of training; in other studies, surgical staff were confused regarding who

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1344-519: The kind of stuff that pilots know how to do." In further testing, the B-17 was flown for 1.8 million miles without further incident; preflight and emergency pilot checklists became a standard safety feature for the industry. Gawande points to how checklists can be applicable in medicine by ensuring that practitioners do not skip important steps in procedures, both in complex, high-stress situations and in seemingly routine ones. In compiling what would become

1386-454: The name " Chinese Taipei ". The WHA allows non-state entities to join as observers, whereas the WHO requires statehood to be its member. However, since the 71st WHA in 2017, pressure from the Chinese government has prevented Taiwan from participating in the WHA again. The United States, Australia, Germany, and Japan are among countries that support the re-inclusion of Taiwan. Each year,

1428-509: The new MERS coronavirus, making diagnostic tests and virus specimens freely available to all research institutions around the globe. The 67th WHA took place in Geneva from 19 to 24 May 2014. Among the more than 20 resolutions adopted by the Assembly included ones concerning strengthening of national drug management systems to address antimicrobial resistance ; implementation of the Minamata Convention to protect human health and

1470-492: The numbers of women dying in pregnancy and childbirth were still the same 14 years later. Among other actions, the 65th Assembly endorsed the Rio Political Declaration to address the social determinants of health , intended to spearhead support for all countries to adopt inclusive Health For All approaches to health promotion. It also endorsed the first World Immunization Week . In her address to

1512-417: The prevention of avoidable blindness and visual impairment calling for a life course approach which includes "equity through universal health coverage," preventive strategies and "integrated service delivery." Chan declared at the assembly that intellectual property , or patents on strains of new virus, should not impede nations from protecting their citizens by limiting scientific investigations. Following

1554-442: The procedure). In order to avoid ambiguity in determining and documenting each step's completion, the WHO recommends that there should be only one clinician (usually a circulating nurse ) in charge of marking each item on the checklist. The Safe Surgery Saves Lives group held a study across eight hospitals worldwide, comparing their surgical safety measures and complication rates both before and after each local study team introduced

1596-627: The term " pharma fraud "; and health issues facing migrants . In her role as global patron of The White Ribbon Alliance for Safe Motherhood , and chair of the Maternal Mortality Campaign, Sarah Brown gave the keynote speech at the World Health Organization 's 62nd WHA, alongside United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon , asking "Where is the M in MCH?' [maternal and child health]" in an echo of Allan Rosenfield 's landmark Lancet article of 1985 – and highlighting that

1638-448: The theme, "Ending this pandemic, preventing the next: building together a healthier, safer and fairer world". The WHA gathered for a special session (only the second in the history of the WHO) on 29 November 2021, to draft and negotiate an International Treaty on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness and Response . The 75th World Health Assembly took place from 22 to 28 May 2022. The theme of

1680-469: Was also significantly more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) than low HDI, yet the greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low‐ and middle‐HDI countries. Many subsequent studies have shown improvements in both surgical outcomes and in various safety measurements, such as increased prophylactic antibiotic use. These data have been attributed to a number of possible causes. Several studies reported improved safety as

1722-460: Was held on the second Global Patient Safety Challenge, called Safe Surgery Saves Lives. In 2004, an estimated 187 to 281 million surgeries were performed worldwide, with complications occurring in 3-22% and deaths in 0.4-0.8% of procedures; the death rate in major procedures rose to 5-10% in developing nations. Pointing to the ubiquity of the use of surgery in both the developed and developing world, WHO Patient Safety aimed to meet four main problems:

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1764-418: Was intended to check off items on the SSC. Some hospitals lack training in the use of the surgical "time-out" procedure. Some hospitals that did successfully implement the SSC and find improved safety reported that changing the safety culture required time and effort by a "local champion" to ensure that all staff could see the benefits of the checklist. As could be expected, one study found that hospitals where

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