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66-497: The park contains a varied flora and fauna. Its attractions include the sea cliffs of Gosań and Kawcza Góra, and a wisent (European bison) sanctuary. This West Pomeranian Voivodeship location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Polish protected area -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Wisent Bos bonasus Linnaeus, 1758 The European bison ( pl. : bison) ( Bison bonasus ) or

132-685: A żubrobizon . The products of a German interbreeding programme were destroyed after the Second World War. This programme was related to the impulse which created the Heck cattle . The cross-bred individuals created at other zoos were eliminated from breed books by the 1950s. A Russian back-breeding programme resulted in a wild herd of hybrid animals, which presently lives in the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve (550 animals in 1999). Wisent-cattle hybrids also occur, similar to

198-478: A matriarchy , as it is the cows of the herd that lead it, and decide where the entire group moves to graze. Although larger and heavier than the females, the oldest and most powerful male bulls are usually satellites that hang around the edges of the herd to protect the group. Bulls begin to serve a more active role in the herd when a danger to the group's safety appears, as well as during the mating season – when they compete with each other. Territory held by bulls

264-636: A 20 square mile grasslands area in the Țarcu Mountains of Romania in 2014 was found to have resulted in an additional 54,000 tons of carbon draw-down annually. The Wilder Blean project, headed up by the Wildwood Trust and Kent Wildlife Trust , introduced European bison to the UK for the first time in 6000 years (although there was an unsuccessful attempt in Scotland in 2011, and the European bison

330-516: A day. European bison in the Białowieża Forest in Poland have traditionally been fed hay in the winter for centuries, and large herds may gather around this diet supplement. European bison need to drink every day, and in winter can be seen breaking ice with their heavy hooves. Although superficially similar, a number of physical and behavioural differences are seen between the European bison and

396-554: A definition for Bíson ( Early Modern English : "a wilde oxe, great eied, broad-faced, that will neuer be tamed" ). In the 18th century the name of the European animal was applied to the closely related American bison (initially in Latin in 1693, by John Ray ) and the Indian bison (the gaur, Bos gaurus ). Historically the word was also applied to Indian domestic cattle, the zebu ( B. indicus or B. primigenius indicus ). Because of

462-441: A gestation period of 264 days, and typically give birth to one calf at a time. On average, male calves weigh 27.6 kg (60.8 lb) at birth, and females 24.4 kg (53.8 lb). Body size in males increases proportionately to the age of 6 years. While females have a higher increase in body mass in their first year, their growth rate is comparatively slower than that of males by the age of 3–5. Bulls reach sexual maturity at

528-490: A growl-like sound, known in Polish as chruczenie ( [xrutʂɛɲɛ] ). This sound can also be heard from wisent males during the mating season. The similar skeletal morphology of the wisent with the steppe bison ( Bison priscus ) which also formerly inhabited Europe complicates the understanding of the early evolution of the European bison. Genetic evidence indicates that European bison were present across Europe, from France to

594-501: A small rise in calf mortality. Genetic variability continues to shrink. From five initial bulls, all current European bison bulls have one of only two remaining Y chromosomes . Beginning in 1951, European bison have been reintroduced into the wild, including some areas where they were never found wild. Free-ranging herds are currently found in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Latvia, Switzerland, Kyrgyzstan, Germany, and in forest preserves in

660-515: Is a borrowing from Polish : żubr [ʐubr] , previously also used to denote one race of the European bison. The Polish żubr is similar to the word for the European bison in other modern Slavic languages , such as Upper Sorbian : žubr and Russian : зубр . The noun for the European bison in all living Slavonic tongues is thought to be derived from Proto-Slavic : *zǫbrъ ~ *izǫbrъ , which itself possibly comes from Proto-Indo-European : *ǵómbʰ- for tooth, horn or peg. The European bison

726-778: Is a possibility that the species' range extended to East Thrace during the 7th–8th century AD. Its population in Gaul was extinct in the 8th century AD. The species survived in the Ardennes and the Vosges Mountains until the 15th century. In the Early Middle Ages , the wisent apparently still occurred in the forest steppes east of the Urals, in the Altai Mountains , and seems to have reached Lake Baikal in

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792-445: Is correlated by age, with young bulls aged between five and six tending to form larger home ranges than older males. The European bison does not defend territory, and herd ranges tend to greatly overlap. Core areas of territory are usually sited near meadows and water sources. The rutting season occurs from August through to October. Bulls aged 4–6 years, though sexually mature, are prevented from mating by older bulls. Cows usually have

858-400: Is dependent on environmental factors, though on average, they number eight to 13 animals per herd. Herds consisting solely of bulls are smaller than mixed ones, containing two individuals on average. European bison herds are not family units. Different herds frequently interact, combine, and quickly split after exchanging individuals. Bison social structure has been described by specialists as

924-606: Is documented only from the Pre-Boreal . It is not recorded from the British Isles , nor from Italy or the Iberian Peninsula , although prehistorical absence of the species among British Isles is debatable; bison fossils of unclarified species have been found on Doggerland or Brown Bank, and Isle of Wight and Oxfordshire , followed by fossil records of Pleistocene woodland bison and steppe bison from

990-524: Is lighter in body mass, and yet slightly taller at the shoulder, than its American relatives, the wood bison ( Bison bison athabascae ) and the plains bison ( Bison bison bison ). Compared to the American species, the wisent has shorter hair on the neck, head, and forequarters, but longer tail and horns. See differences from American bison . The European bison makes a variety of vocalisations depending on its mood and behaviour, but when anxious, it emits

1056-514: Is not confirmed to be native to England while the British Isles once used to be inhabited by now-extinct Steppe bison and Pleistocene woodland bison ). The herd of 3 females, with plans to also release a male in the following months, was set free in July 2022 within a 2,500-acre conservation area in West Blean and Thornden Woods , near Canterbury. Unknown to the rangers, one of the females

1122-771: Is the heaviest surviving wild land animal in Europe. Similar to their American cousins, European bison were potentially larger historically than remnant descendants; modern animals are about 2.8 to 3.3 m (9.2 to 10.8 ft) in length, not counting a tail of 30 to 92 cm (12 to 36 in), 1.8 to 2.1 m (5.9 to 6.9 ft) in height, and 615 to 920 kg (1,356 to 2,028 lb) in weight for males, and about 2.4 to 2.9 m (7.9 to 9.5 ft) in body length without tails, 1.69 to 1.97 m (5.5 to 6.5 ft) in height, and 424 to 633 kg (935 to 1,396 lb) in weight for females. At birth, calves are quite small, weighing between 15 and 35 kg (33 and 77 lb). In

1188-577: The European wood bison , also known as the wisent ( / ˈ v iː z ə n t / or / ˈ w iː z ə n t / ), the zubr ( / ˈ z uː b ə r / ), or sometimes colloquially as the European buffalo , is a European species of bison . It is one of two extant species of bison, alongside the American bison . The European bison is the heaviest wild land animal in Europe , and individuals in

1254-581: The Hellenistic period , Aristotle referred to bison as βόνασος , bónasos . He also noted that the Paeonians called it μόναπος ( monapos ). Claudius Aelianus , writing in the late 2nd or early 3rd centuries AD, also referred to the species as βόνασος , and both Pliny the Elder 's Natural History and Gaius Julius Solinus used Latin : bĭson and bonāsus . Both Martial and Seneca

1320-602: The King James Version gives "bison" as a gloss for the Biblical animal called the " pygarg " mentioned in the Book of Deuteronomy . Randle Cotgrave 's 1611 French–English dictionary notes that French : bison was already in use, and it may have influenced the adoption of the word into English, or alternatively it may have been borrowed direct from Latin. John Minsheu 's 1617 lexicon, Ductor in linguas , gives

1386-595: The Russian tsars retained old Polish-Lithuanian laws protecting the European bison herd in Białowieża. Despite these measures and others, the European bison population continued to decline over the following century, with only Białowieża and Northern Caucasus populations surviving into the 20th century. The last European bison in Transylvania died in 1790. During World War I , occupying German troops killed 600 of

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1452-793: The Union of Lublin became part of the Polish Crown. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , at first European bison in the Białowieża Forest were legally the property of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania and later belonged to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland . Polish-Lithuanian rulers took measures to protect the European bison, such as King Sigismund II Augustus who instituted the death penalty for poaching bison in Białowieża in

1518-605: The Western Caucasus . The Białowieża Primeval Forest, an ancient woodland that straddles the border between Poland and Belarus, continues to have the largest free-living European bison population in the world with around 1000 wild bison counted in 2014. Herds have also been introduced in Moldova (2005), Spain (2010), Denmark (2012), the Czech Republic (2014), and Portugal (2024) Reintroduction of bison to

1584-717: The western Caucasus . By that year, 48 remained, all held by zoos. The International Society for the Preservation of the Wisent was founded on 25 and 26 August 1923 in Berlin, following the example of the American Bison Society . The first chairman was Kurt Priemel, director of the Frankfurt Zoo , and among the members were experts like Hermann Pohle, Max Hilzheimer and Julius Riemer . The first goal of

1650-794: The 15th and 18th centuries, those in the forest of Białowieża were protected and their diet supplemented. Efforts to restore this species to the wild began in 1929, with the establishment of the Bison Restitution Centre at Białowieża, Poland. Subsequently, in 1948, the Bison Breeding Centre was established within the Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve . The modern herds are managed as two separate lines – one consisting of only Bison bonasus bonasus (all descended from only seven animals) and one consisting of all 12 ancestors, including

1716-407: The American bison. The bison has 14 pairs of ribs, while the American bison has 15. Adult European bison are (on average) taller than American bison, and have longer legs. European bison tend to browse more, and graze less than their American relatives; to accommodate this their necks are set differently. Compared to the American bison, the nose of the European bison is set further forward than

1782-408: The American ones, and breed with domestic cattle less readily. The European bison is less shaggy, with a more lanky body shape. In terms of behavioural capability, European bison runs slower and with less stamina yet jumps higher and longer than American bisons, showing signs of more developed adaptations into mountainous habitats. The protection of the European bison has a long history; between

1848-466: The Balkans in the area of modern borderline between Greece , North Macedonia and Bulgaria date to the 3rd century AD. In northern Bulgaria , the wisent was thought to have survived until the 9th or 10th century AD, but more recent data summary shows that the species survived up to 13th - 14th century AD in eastern Bulgaria and up to 16th - 17th century AD in the northern part of the country. There

1914-793: The Caucasus during the Last Glacial Period , where they co-existed alongside steppe bison. Late Pleistocene European bison belong to two mitochondrial lineages, which are estimated to have split over 400,000 years ago, Bb1 (also known as Bison X) and Bb2. Bb1 became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene, with all modern European bison belonging to the Bb2 lineage. At the end of the Last Glacial Period steppe bison became extinct in Europe, leaving European bison as

1980-400: The European bison in the Białowieża Forest for sport, meat, hides and horns. A German scientist informed army officers that the European bison were facing imminent extinction, but at the very end of the war, retreating German soldiers shot all but nine animals. The last wild European bison in Poland was killed in 1921. The last wild European bison in the world was killed by poachers in 1927 in

2046-536: The North American beefalo . Cattle and European bison hybridise fairly readily. First-generation males are infertile. In 1847, a herd of wisent-cattle hybrids named żubroń ( / ˈ ʒ uː b r ɒ nj / ) was created by Leopold Walicki. The animals were intended to become durable and cheap alternatives to cattle. The experiment was continued by researchers from the Polish Academy of Sciences until

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2112-734: The Younger mention bison ( pl . bisontes ). Later Latin spellings of the term included visontes , vesontes , and bissontes . John Trevisa is the earliest author cited by the Oxford English Dictionary as using, in his 1398 translation of Bartholomeus Anglicus 's De proprietatibus rerum , the Latin plural bisontes in English, as "bysontes" ( Middle English : byſontes and bysountes ). Philemon Holland 's 1601 translation of Pliny's Natural History , referred to "bisontes". The marginalia of

2178-568: The affiliation between wisent and cattle nuclear genomes (in contrast to mitochondrial ones). Alternatively, genome sequencing completed on remains attributed to the Pleistocene woodland bison ( B. schoetensacki ), and published in 2017, posited that genetic similarities between the Pleistocene woodland bison and the wisent suggest that B. schoetensaki was the ancestor of the European wisent. However, other studies have disputed

2244-507: The age of two, while cows do so in their third year. European bison have lived as long as 30 years in captivity, but in the wild their lifespan is usually between 18 and 24 years, with females living longer than males. Productive breeding years are between four and 20 years of age in females, and only between six and 12 years of age in males. European bison feed predominantly on grasses, although they also browse on shoots and leaves; in summer, an adult male can consume 32 kg of food in

2310-420: The attribution of the remains to this species, otherwise known from remains hundreds of thousands of years older, instead referring them to an unnamed lineage of bison closely related to B. bonasus . A 2018 study proposed that the lineage leading to the wisent and to the lineage ancestral to both the American bison and Bison priscus had split over 1 million years ago, with the mitochondrial DNA discrepancy being

2376-529: The bison and bovine species diverged from about 1.7 to 0.85 Mya, through a speciation process involving limited gene flow. These data further support the occurrence of more recent secondary contacts, posterior to the divergence between Bos primigenius primigenius and B. p. namadicus (ca. 150,000 years ago), between the wisent and (European) taurine cattle lineages. An independent study of mitochondrial DNA and autosomal markers confirmed these secondary contacts (with an estimate of up to 10% of bovine ancestry in

2442-457: The breeding line, Lutz Heck planned to grow the population faster by cross-breeding with American bison in a separate breeding project in Munich, in 1934. Heck gained the support of then Reichsjägermeister Hermann Göring , who hoped for huntable big game. Heck promised his powerful supporter in writing: "Since surplus bulls will soon be set, the hunting of the Wisent will be possible again in

2508-710: The east. The northern boundary in the Holocene was probably around 60°N in Finland. European bison survived in a few natural forests in Europe, but their numbers dwindled. In 1513 the Białowieża Forest , at this point one of the last areas on Earth where the European bison still roamed free, was transferred from the Troki Voivodeship of Lithuania to the Podlaskie Voivodeship , which after

2574-432: The forehead when the neck is in a neutral position. The body of the wisent is less hairy, though its tail is hairier than that of the American species. The horns of the European bison point forward through the plane of their faces, making them more adept at fighting through the interlocking of horns in the same manner as domestic cattle, unlike the American bison, which favours charging. European bison are less tameable than

2640-605: The foreseeable future". Göring himself took over the patronage of the German Professional Association of Wisent Breeders and Hegers, founded at Heck's suggestion. Kurt Priemel, who had since resigned as president of the International Society for the Preservation of the Wisent, warned in vain against "manification". Heck answered by announcing that Göring would take action against Priemel if he continued to oppose his crossing plans. Priemel

2706-474: The free-ranging population of the Białowieża Forest of Belarus and Poland, body masses among adults (aged 6 and over) are 634 kg (1,398 lb) on average in the cases of males, and 424 kg (935 lb) among females. An occasional big bull European bison can weigh up to 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) or more with old bull records of 1,900 kg (4,200 lb) for lowland wisent and 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) for Caucasian wisent. On average, it

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2772-528: The international herd book. The first two bison were released into the wild in the Białowieża Forest in 1929. By 1964 more than 100 existed. Over the following decades, thanks to Polish and international efforts, the Białowieża Forest regained its position as the location with the world's largest population of European bison, including those in the wild. In 2005–2007, a wild bison nicknamed Pubal became renowned in southeast Poland due to his friendly interactions with humans and unwillingness to reintegrate into

2838-971: The isles. Furthermore, a 16-kyr-old specimen belonging to the ancient Bison X group of European bison has been found in Northern Italy. The extinct steppe bison ( B. priscus ) is known from across Eurasia and North America, last occurring 7,000 BC to 5,400 BC, and is depicted in the Cave of Altamira and Lascaux . The Pleistocene woodland bison ( B. schoetensacki ) has been proposed to have last existed around 36,000 BC. But other authors restrict B. schoetensacki to remains that are hundreds of thousands of years older. Cave paintings appear to distinguish between B. bonasus and B. priscus . Within mainland Europe, its range decreased as human populations expanded and cut down forests. They seemed to be common in Aristotle 's period on Mount Mesapion (possibly

2904-407: The late 1980s. Although the program resulted in a quite successful animal that was both hardy and could be bred in marginal grazing lands, it was eventually discontinued. Currently, the only surviving żubroń herd consists of just a few animals in Białowieża Forest, Poland and Belarus. In 2016, the first whole genome sequencing data from two European bison bulls from the Białowieża Forest revealed that

2970-526: The mid-16th century. Wild European bison herds existed in the forest until the mid-17th century. In 1701, King Augustus II the Strong greatly increased protection over the forest; the first written sources mentioning the use of some forest meadows for the production of winter fodder for the bison come from this period. In the early 19th century, after the partitions of the Polish Commonwealth ,

3036-512: The modern Ograzhden ). In the same wider area Pausanias calling them Paeonian bulls and bison , gives details on how they were captured alive; adding also the fact that a golden Paeonian bull head was offered to Delphi by the Paeonian king Dropion (3rd century BC) who lived in what is today Tikveš . The last references ( Oppian , Claudius Aelianus ) to the animal in the transitional Mediterranean / Continental biogeographical region in

3102-403: The modern wisent genome) leading the authors to go further in their conclusions by proposing the wisent to be a hybrid between steppe bison and aurochs with a hybridisation event originating before 120,000 years ago. However, other studies considered the 10% estimate for aurochs gene flow a gross overstimate and based on flawed data, and not supported by the data from the full nuclear genome of

3168-449: The one B. b. caucasicus bull. The latter is generally not considered a separate subspecies because they contain DNA from both B. b. bonasus and B. b. caucasicius , although some scientists classify them as a new subspecies, B. b. montanus . Only a limited amount of inbreeding depression from the population bottleneck has been found, having a small effect on skeletal growth in cows and

3234-821: The only bison species in the region. Historically, the lowland European bison's range encompassed most of the lowlands of northern Europe, extending from the Massif Central to the Volga River and the Caucasus . It may have once lived in the Asiatic part of what is now the Russian Federation , reaching to Lake Baikal and Altai Mountains in east. The European bison is known in southern Sweden only between 9500 and 8700 BP , and in Denmark similarly

3300-504: The past may have been even larger than their modern-day descendants. During late antiquity and the Middle Ages , bison became extinct in much of Europe and Asia , surviving into the 20th century only in northern-central Europe and the northern Caucasus Mountains . During the early years of the 20th century, bison were hunted to extinction in the wild . By the late 2010s, the species numbered several thousand and had been returned to

3366-559: The past, especially during the Middle Ages, humans commonly killed bison for their hide and meat. They used their horns to make drinking horns . European bison were hunted to extinction in the wild in the early 20th century, with the last wild animals of the B. b. bonasus subspecies being shot in the Białowieża Forest (on today's Belarus–Poland border ) in 1921. The last of the Caucasian wisent subspecies ( B. b. caucasicus )

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3432-444: The result of incomplete lineage sorting. The authors also proposed that during the late Middle Pleistocene there had been interbreeding between the ancestor of the wisent and the common ancestor of Bison priscus and the American bison. The European bison is a herd animal , which lives in both mixed and solely male groups. Mixed groups consist of adult females, calves, young aged 2–3 years, and young adult bulls. The average herd size

3498-472: The scarcity of the European bison the word 'bison' was most familiar in relation to the American species. By the time of the adoption of 'bison' into Early Modern English, the early medieval English name for the species had long been obsolete: the Old English : wesend had descended from Proto-Germanic : * wisand , * wisund and was related to Old Norse : vísundr . The word 'wisent'

3564-576: The society was to take stock of all living bison, in preparation for a breeding programme. Important members were the Polish Hunting Association and the Poznań zoological gardens, as well as a number of Polish private individuals, who provided funds to acquire the first bison cows and bulls. The breeding book was published in the company's annual report from 1932. While Priemel aimed to grow the population slowly with pure conservation of

3630-417: The tribe Bovini : Y chromosome analysis associated wisent and American bison. An earlier study, using amplified fragment-length polymorphism fingerprinting, showed a close association of wisent and American bison and probably with yak. It noted the interbreeding of Bovini species made determining relationships problematic. European bison can crossbreed with American bison. This hybrid is known in Poland as

3696-445: The wild by captive breeding programmes. It is no longer in immediate danger of extinction, but remains absent from most of its historical range. It is not to be confused with the aurochs ( Bos primigenius ), the extinct ancestor of domestic cattle , with which it once co-existed. Besides humans, bison have few predators. In the 19th century, there were scattered reports of wolves , lions , tigers , and bears hunting bison. In

3762-501: The wild. As of 2014 there were 1,434 wisents in Poland, out of which 1,212 were in free-range herds and 522 belonged to the wild population in the Białowieża Forest . Compared to 2013, the total population in 2014 increased by 4.1%, while the free-ranging population increased by 6.5%. Bison from Poland have also been transported beyond the country's borders to boost the local populations of other countries, among them Bulgaria, Spain, Romania, Czechia and others. Poland has been described as

3828-450: The wild. Its status has improved since then, changing to vulnerable and later to near-threatened . European bison were first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Some later descriptions treat the European bison as conspecific with the American bison. Three subspecies of the European bison existed in the recent past, but only one, the nominate subspecies ( B. b. bonasus ), survives today. The ancestry and relationships of

3894-404: The wisent to fossil bison species remain controversial and disputed. The European bison is one of the national animals of Poland and Belarus. The ancient Greeks and ancient Romans were the first to name bison as such; the 2nd-century AD authors Pausanias and Oppian referred to them as Hellenistic Greek : βίσων , romanized:  bisōn . Earlier, in the 4th century BC, during

3960-436: The wisent. Some of the authors however support the hypothesis that similarity of wisent and cattle ( Bos ) mitochondrial genomes is result of incomplete lineage sorting during divergence of Bos and Bison from their common ancestors rather than further post- speciation gene flow (ancient hybridisation between Bos and Bison ). But they agree that limited gene flow from Bos primigenius taurus could account for

4026-641: The world's breeding centre of the European bison, where the bison population doubled between 1995 and 2017, reaching 2,269 by the end of 2019 – the total population has been increasing by around 15% to 18% yearly. In July 2022 a small population was released into woodland by Canterbury in Kent to trial their reintroduction into the UK. In May 2024, a small population was released in central Portugal. In 2012 and 2019 bisons were released in protected areas on Bornholm and Northern Jutland, Denmark. A 2003 study of mitochondrial DNA indicated four distinct maternal lineages in

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4092-600: Was around 7,500 – about half of this number being in Poland and Belarus , with over 25% of the global population located in Poland alone. For 2016, the number was 6,573 (including 4,472 free-ranging) and has been increasing. Some local populations are estimated as: National animal National animals are important symbols that represent a country's cultural identity, heritage, and natural environment. National animals are typically chosen for their symbolic qualities, such as strength, courage, or resilience, and they reflect

4158-621: Was pregnant and gave birth to a calf in October 2022, marking the first wild bison born in the UK for the first time in millennia. As below-mentioned, there are established herds in Spain , Portugal and Italy , however European bison has not been recorded naturally from the Iberian and Italian Peninsulas , while these regions were once inhabited by Pleistocene woodland bison and Steppe bison. The total worldwide population recorded in 2019

4224-480: Was shot in the northwestern Caucasus in 1927. The Carpathian wisent ( B. b. hungarorum ) had been hunted to extinction by 1852. The Białowieża or lowland European bison was kept alive in captivity, and has since been reintroduced into several countries in Europe. In 1996, the International Union for Conservation of Nature classified the European bison as an endangered species , no longer extinct in

4290-421: Was then banned from publishing in relation to bison breeding, and the regular bookkeeper of the International Society, Erna Mohr, was forced to hand over the official register in 1937. Thus, the older society was effectively incorporated into the newly created Professional Association. After the Second World War, therefore, only the pure-blooded bison in the game park Springe near Hanover were recognised as part of

4356-432: Was then borrowed in the 19th century from modern German : Wisent [ ˈviːzɛnt ], itself related to Old High German : wisunt , wisent , wisint , and to Middle High German : wisant , wisent , wisen , and ultimately, like the Old English name, from Proto-Germanic. The Proto-Germanic root: * wis- , also found in weasel , originally referred to the animal's musk . The word 'zubr' in English

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