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91-613: The World Parrot Trust is an international charity dedicated to saving parrots . When the Trust was founded in 1989 at Paradise Park in Cornwall , UK, it was decided that the main objective was to promote the survival of all parrot species and the welfare of individual birds, both in the wild and in captivity. The Trust has achieved these aims by funding vital conservation work, research projects and educational programmes, both locally and internationally. Over its nearly thirty-year span

182-575: A process. It is a process of rivalry between firms (or consumers) intensifying selective pressures for improvements. One can restate this as a process of discovery. Three levels of end-state economic competition have been classified: In addition, companies compete for financing on the capital markets (equity or debt) in order to generate the necessary cash for their operations. Investor typically consider alternative investment opportunities given their risk profile, and not only look at companies just competing on product ( direct competitors ). Enlarging

273-410: A ball, or defending territory on a playing field is not an innate biological factor in humans. Athletes in sports such as gymnastics and competitive diving compete against each other in order to come closest to a conceptual ideal of a perfect performance, which incorporates measurable criteria and standards which are translated into numerical ratings and scores by appointed judges. Sports competition

364-476: A combination of both. People that enjoy entering competitions are known as compers. Many philosophers and psychologists have identified a trait in most living organisms which can drive the particular organism to compete. This trait, called competitiveness, is viewed as having a high adaptive value , which coexists along with the urge for survival. Competitiveness, or the inclination to compete, though, has become synonymous with aggressiveness and ambition in

455-481: A decision. Sigmund Freud explained competition as a primal dilemma in which all infants find themselves. The infant competes with other family members for the attention and affection of the parent of the opposite sex or the primary caregiving parent. During this time, a boy develops a deep fear that the father (the son's prime rival) will punish him for these feelings of desire for the mother, by castrating him. Girls develop penis envy towards all males. The girl's envy

546-432: A deliberate system of internal brand-versus-brand rivalry. The company was organized around different brands , with each brand allocated resources, including a dedicated group of employees willing to champion the brand. Each brand manager was given responsibility for the success or failure of the brand, and compensated accordingly. Most businesses also encourage competition between individual employees. An example of this

637-399: A game of basketball , two teams compete against one another to determine who can score the most points. When there is no set reward for the winning team, many players gain a sense of pride . In addition, extrinsic rewards may also be given. Athletes, besides competing against other humans, also compete against nature in sports such as whitewater kayaking or mountaineering , where the goal

728-596: A given market. The two academic bodies of thought on the assessment of competitiveness are the Structure Conduct Performance Paradigm and the more contemporary New Empirical Industrial Organisation model. Predicting changes in the competitiveness of business sectors is becoming an integral and explicit step in public policymaking. Within capitalist economic systems, the drive of enterprises is to maintain and improve their own competitiveness. One-upmanship , also called "one-upsmanship",

819-426: A high degree of dexterity, in a similar manner to a human using their hands. A study conducted with Australian parrots has demonstrated that they exhibit " handedness ", a distinct preference with regards to the foot used to pick up food, with adult parrots being almost exclusively "left-footed" or "right-footed", and with the prevalence of each preference within the population varying by species. Cockatoo species have

910-415: A high level of agency thrive on competition, are self-motivated, and are willing to risk failure. Compared to their counterparts who are low in agency, these students are more likely to be flexible, adaptable and creative as adults. Merriam-Webster gives as one definition of competition (relating to business ) as "[...] rivalry: such as [...] the effort of two or more parties acting independently to secure

1001-431: A large dog. The lower mandible is shorter, with a sharp, upward-facing cutting edge, which moves against the flat part of the upper mandible in an anvil-like fashion. Touch receptors occur along the inner edges of the keratinised bill, which are collectively known as the " bill tip organ ", allowing for highly dexterous manipulations. Seed-eating parrots have a strong tongue (containing similar touch receptors to those in

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1092-618: A means for aspiring writers to gain recognition. Awards for fiction include those sponsored by the Missouri Review , Boston Review , Indiana Review , North American Review and Southwest Review . The Albee Award, sponsored by the Yale Drama Series, is among the most prestigious playwriting awards. Margaret Heffernan 's study, A Bigger Prize , examines the perils and disadvantages of competition in (for example) biology, families, sport, education, commerce and

1183-467: A mobile crest of feathers on the top of their heads, which they can raise for display, and retract. No other parrots can do so, but the Pacific lorikeets in the genera Vini and Phigys can ruffle the feathers of the crown and nape, and the red-fan parrot (or hawk-headed parrot) has a prominent feather neck frill that it can raise and lower at will. The predominant colour of plumage in parrots

1274-438: A population. However, competition among resources also has a strong tendency for diversification between members of the same species, resulting in coexistence of competitive and non-competitive strategies or cycles between low and high competitiveness. Third parties within a species often favour highly competitive strategies leading to species extinction when environmental conditions are harsh ( evolutionary suicide ). Competition

1365-516: A significant role in natural selection . At shorter time scales, competition is also one of the most important factors controlling diversity in ecological communities, but at larger scales expansion and contraction of ecological space is a much larger factor than competition. This is illustrated by living plant communities where asymmetric competition and competitive dominance frequently occur. Multiple examples of symmetric and asymmetric competition also exist for animals. In Australia, New Zealand and

1456-504: A simple concept to measure heights that firms can climb may help improve execution of strategies. International competitiveness can be measured on several criteria but few are as flexible and versatile to be applied across levels as Trade Competitiveness Index (TCI) The tendency toward extreme, unhealthy competition has been termed hypercompetitiveness . This concept originated in Karen Horney 's theories on neurosis ; specifically,

1547-539: A small genus restricted to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The superfamily Strigopoidea contains three living species of aberrant parrots from New Zealand. The broad-tailed parrots, subfamily Platycercinae , are restricted to Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific islands as far eastwards as Fiji . The true parrot superfamily, Psittacoidea, includes a range of species from Australia and New Guinea to South Asia and Africa. The centre of cockatoo biodiversity

1638-600: A wide array of economic phenomena and approaches, such as auctions , bargaining , mergers & acquisitions pricing, fair division , duopolies , oligopolies , social network formation, agent-based computational economics , general equilibrium , mechanism design , and voting systems ; and across such broad areas as experimental economics , behavioral economics , information economics , industrial organization , and political economy . This research usually focuses on particular sets of strategies known as "solution concepts" or "equilibria" . A common assumption

1729-433: A wide frontal binocular field for a bird, although this is nowhere near as large as primate binocular visual fields. Unlike humans, the vision of parrots is also sensitive to ultraviolet light. Parrots have strong zygodactyl feet (two toes facing forward and two back) with sharp, elongated claws, which are used for climbing and swinging. Most species are capable of using their feet to manipulate food and other objects with

1820-748: Is Australia and New Guinea, although some species reach the Solomon Islands (and one formerly occurred in New Caledonia ), Wallacea and the Philippines. Several parrots inhabit the cool, temperate regions of South America and New Zealand . Three species—the thick-billed parrot , the green parakeet , and the now-extinct Carolina parakeet —have lived as far north as the southern United States. Many parrots, especially monk parakeets , have been introduced to areas with temperate climates, and have established stable populations in parts of

1911-579: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an organisation based in Cornwall is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Parrot Parrots ( Psittaciformes ), also known as psittacines ( / ˈ s ɪ t ə s aɪ n z / ), are birds with a strong curved beak , upright stance, and clawed feet. They are classified in four families that contain roughly 410 species in 101 genera , found mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. The four families are

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2002-402: Is a contest between sales representatives. The sales representative with the highest sales (or the best improvement in sales) over a period of time would gain benefits from the employer. This is also known as intra-brand competition . Shalev and Asbjornsen found that success (i.e. the saving resulted) of reverse auctions correlated most closely with competition. The literature widely supported

2093-429: Is a free entry lottery run to promote goods or services supplied by a business. An example is where you purchase goods or services and then given the chance to enter into the lottery and possibly win a prize. A trade promotion lottery can be called a lotto, competition, contest, sweepstake, or giveaway. Such competitions can be games of luck (randomly drawn) or skill (judged on an entry question or submission), or possibly

2184-442: Is a major factor in education. On a global scale, national education systems, intending to bring out the best in the next generation, encourage competitiveness among students through scholarships . Countries such as England and Singapore have special education programmes which cater for specialist students, prompting charges of academic elitism . Upon receipt of their academic results, students tend to compare their grades to see who

2275-452: Is also found in trade . For nations, as well as firms it is important to understand trade dynamics in order to market their goods and services effectively in international markets. Balance of trade can be considered a crude, but widely used proxy for international competitiveness across levels: country , industry or even firm . “We share a common belief that innovation comes from the edges,” said Luisa Delgado, an SAP HR director, who noted

2366-445: Is also present between species ("interspecific"). When resources are limited, several species may depend on these resources. Thus, each of the species competes with the others to gain access to the resources. As a result, species less suited to compete for the resources may die out unless they adapt by character dislocation, for instance. According to evolutionary theory , this competition within and between species for resources plays

2457-489: Is better. In severe cases, the pressure to perform in some countries is so high that it can result in stigmatization of intellectually deficient students, or even suicide as a consequence of failing the exams. Critics of competition as a motivating factor in education systems, such as Alfie Kohn , assert that competition actually has a net negative influence on the achievement levels of students, and that it "turns all of us into losers". Economist Richard Layard has commented on

2548-589: Is closely connected with the law on deregulation of access to markets, providing state aids and subsidies, the privatisation of state-owned assets and the use of independent sector regulators, such as the United Kingdom telecommunications watchdog Ofcom . Behind the practice lies the theory, which over the last fifty years has been dominated by neo-classical economics . Markets are seen as the most efficient method of allocating resources, although sometimes they fail , and regulation becomes necessary to protect

2639-415: Is essential to an economic system. The parties to an economic action co-operate in competing, like two chess players". Optimal strategies to achieve goals are studied in the branch of mathematics known as game theory . Competition has been studied in several fields, including psychology , sociology and anthropology . Social psychologists , for instance, study the nature of competition. They investigate

2730-460: Is generally broken down into three categories: individual sports, such as archery ; dual sports, such as doubles tennis , and team sports competition, such as cricket or football . While most sports competitions are recreation, there exist several major and minor professional sports leagues throughout the world. The Olympic Games , held every four years, is usually regarded as the international pinnacle of sports competition. Competition

2821-405: Is green, though most species have some red or another colour in small quantities. Cockatoos, however, are predominately black or white with some red, pink, or yellow. Strong sexual dimorphism in plumage is not typical among parrots, with some notable exceptions, the most striking being the eclectus parrot . However, it has been shown that some parrot species exhibit sexually dimorphic plumage in

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2912-469: Is in South America and Australasia . Parrots—along with ravens, crows, jays, and magpies —are among the most intelligent birds, and the ability of some species to imitate human speech enhances their popularity as pets . They form the most variably sized bird order in terms of length; many are vividly coloured and some, multi-coloured. Most parrots exhibit little or no sexual dimorphism in

3003-416: Is mainly used in economics , political science , and psychology , as well as logic , computer science , biology and poker . Originally, it mainly addressed zero-sum games , in which one person's gains result in losses for the other participants. Game theory is a major method used in mathematical economics and business for modeling competing behaviors of interacting agents . Applications include

3094-552: Is more efficient than perfect competition . Competition, according to the theory, causes commercial firms to develop new products, services and technologies, which would give consumers greater selection and better products. The greater selection typically causes lower prices for the products, compared to what the price would be if there was no competition ( monopoly ) or little competition ( oligopoly ). However, competition may also lead to wasted (duplicated) effort and to increased costs (and prices) in some circumstances. For example,

3185-626: Is not from a bird, but from a caenagnathid oviraptorosaur (a non-avian dinosaur with a birdlike beak), as several details of the fossil used to support its identity as a parrot are not actually exclusive to parrots, and it is dissimilar to the earliest-known unequivocal parrot fossils. It is generally assumed that the Psittaciformes were present during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (K-Pg extinction), 66 mya. They were probably generalised arboreal birds, and did not have

3276-474: Is rooted in the biologic fact that, without a penis, she cannot sexually possess mother, as the infantile id demands, resultantly, the girl redirects her desire for sexual union upon father in competitive rivalry with her mother. This constellation of feelings is known as Oedipus Complex (after the Greek Mythology figure who accidentally killed his father and married his mother). This is associated with

3367-442: Is taken to be unambiguously good, even where that competition leaks into the rules of the game. He claims this drives financialisation (the approximate doubling of proportion of economic resources dedicated to finance and to 'rule making and administering' professions such as law, accountancy and auditing. Competition between countries is quite subtle to detect, but is quite evident in the world economy . Countries compete to provide

3458-585: Is that players act rationally. In non-cooperative games, the most famous of these is the Nash equilibrium . A set of strategies is a Nash equilibrium if each represents a best response to the other strategies. If all the players are playing the strategies in a Nash equilibrium, they have no unilateral incentive to deviate, since their strategy is the best they can do given what others are doing. Literary competitions, such as contests sponsored by literary journals , publishing houses and theaters, have increasingly become

3549-583: Is the art or practice of successively outdoing a competitor . The term was first used in the title of a book by Stephen Potter , published in 1952 as a follow-up to The Theory and Practice of Gamesmanship (or the Art of Winning Games without Actually Cheating) (1947). Other Lifemanship titles in his series of tongue-in-cheek self-help books , as well as film and television derivatives, teach various ploys to achieve this. This comic satire of self-help style guides manipulates traditional British conventions for

3640-460: Is to reach a destination, with only natural barriers impeding the process. A regularly scheduled (for instance annual) competition meant to determine the "best" competitor of that cycle is called a championship . Competitive sports are governed by codified rules agreed upon by the participants. Violating these rules is considered to be unfair competition . Thus, sports provide artificial (not natural) competition; for example, competing for control of

3731-580: The Early Miocene around 20 mya. The name 'Psittaciformes' comes from the ancient Greek for parrot, ψιττακός ( 'Psittacus' ), whose origin is unclear. Ctesias (5th century BCE) recorded the name Psittacus after the Indian name for a bird, most likely a parakeet (now placed in the genus Psittacula ). Pliny the Elder (23/24–79 CE) in his Natural History (book 10, chapter 58) noted that

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3822-463: The English language . More advanced civilizations integrate aggressiveness and competitiveness into their interactions , as a way to distribute resources and adapt. Many plants compete with neighboring ones for sunlight. The term also applies to econometrics . Here, it is a comparative measure of the ability and performance of a firm or sub-sector to sell and produce/supply goods and/or services in

3913-546: The Philippines in the north to Australia and across the Pacific as far as French Polynesia , with the greatest diversity being found in and around New Guinea . The subfamily Arinae encompasses all the neotropical parrots, including the amazons, macaws, and conures, and ranges from northern Mexico and the Bahamas to Tierra del Fuego in the southern tip of South America. The pygmy parrots, tribe Micropsittini , form

4004-533: The Psittaculidae (Old World parrots), Psittacidae (African and New World parrots), Cacatuoidea (cockatoos), and Strigopidae (New Zealand parrots). One-third of all parrot species are threatened by extinction , with a higher aggregate extinction risk ( IUCN Red List Index ) than any other comparable bird group. Parrots have a generally pantropical distribution with several species inhabiting temperate regions as well. The greatest diversity of parrots

4095-675: The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in the United States and the European Commission's Competition Directorate General (DGCOMP) have formed international support- and enforcement-networks. Competition law is growing in importance every day, which warrants for its careful study. Game theory is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers." Game theory

4186-715: The United States (including New York City ), the United Kingdom , Belgium , Spain , and Greece . These birds can be quite successful in introduced areas, such as the non-native population of red-crowned amazons in the U.S. which may rival that of their native Mexico. The only parrot to inhabit alpine climates is the kea , which is endemic to the Southern Alps mountain range on New Zealand's South Island . Competition Competition occurs in nature, between living organisms which co-exist in

4277-463: The United States as antitrust law, has three main functions: In all three cases, competition law aims to protect the welfare of consumers by ensuring that each business must compete for its share of the market economy . In recent decades, competition law has also been sold as good medicine to provide better public services , traditionally funded by tax -payers and administered by democratically accountable governments . Hence competition law

4368-429: The buff-faced pygmy parrot , at under 10 g (0.4 oz) in weight and 8 cm (3.1 in) in length, to the hyacinth macaw , at 1 m (3.3 ft) in length, and the kākāpō , at 4.0 kg (8.8 lb) in weight. Among the superfamilies, the three extant Strigopoidea species are all large parrots, and the cockatoos tend to be large birds, as well. The Psittacoidea parrots are far more variable, ranging

4459-628: The order may have evolved in Gondwana , centred in Australasia. The scarcity of parrots in the fossil record, however, presents difficulties in confirming the hypothesis. There is currently a higher number of fossil remains from the northern hemisphere in the early Cenozoic. Molecular studies suggest that parrots evolved approximately 59 million years ago (Mya) (range 66–51 Mya) in Gondwana. The Neotropical Parrots are monophyletic , and

4550-472: The pet trade , as well as hunting , habitat loss , and competition from invasive species , has diminished wild populations, with parrots being subjected to more exploitation than any other group of wild birds. As of 2021, about 50 million parrots (half of all parrots) live in captivity, with the vast majority of these living as pets in people's homes. Measures taken to conserve the habitats of some high-profile charismatic species have also protected many of

4641-621: The phallic stage of childhood development where intense primal emotions of competitive rivalry with (usually) the parent of the same sex are rampant and create a crisis that must be negotiated successfully for healthy psychological development to proceed. Unresolved Oedipus complex competitiveness issues can lead to lifelong neuroses manifesting in various ways related to an overdetermined relationship to competition. Gandhi speaks of egoistic competition. For him, such qualities glorified and/or left unbridled, can lead to violence, conflict, discord and destructiveness. For Gandhi, competition comes from

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4732-653: The Indians called the bird "siptaces"; however, no matching Indian name has been traced. Popinjay is an older term for parrots, first used in English in the 1500s. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Psittaciformes form a monophyletic clade that is sister to the Passeriformes : The time calibrated phylogeny indicates that the Australaves diverged around 65  Ma (million years ago) and

4823-516: The Psittaciformes diverged from the Passeriformes around 62 Ma. Cariamiformes – seriemas Falconiformes – falcons Passeriformes – songbirds Psittaciformes – parrots Most taxonomists now divide Psittaciformes into four families: Strigopidae (New Zealand parrots), Cacatuidae (Cockatoos), Psittacidae (African and New World parrots) and Psittaculidae (Old World parrots). In 2012 Leo Joseph and collaborators proposed that

4914-659: The Psittacoidea, but the former is now placed at the base of the parrot tree next to the remaining members of the Psittacoidea, as well as all members of the Cacatuoidea. The Cacatuoidea are quite distinct, having a movable head crest, a different arrangement of the carotid arteries, a gall bladder , differences in the skull bones, and lack the Dyck texture feathers that—in the Psittacidae—scatter light to produce

5005-629: The Soviet Union. Karl Marx insisted that "the capitalist system fosters competition and egoism in all its members and thoroughly undermines all genuine forms of community". It promotes a "climate of competitive egoism and individualism", with competition for jobs and competition between employees; Marx said competition between workers exceeds that demonstrated by company owners. He also points out that competition separates individuals from one another and while concentration of workers and development of better communication alleviate this, they are not

5096-720: The Trust has raised some $ 2.0 M US and has used these funds to begin and support conservation and welfare projects in 43 countries for 70 species of parrot. The Trust has expanded globally to include national branches in Africa , Australia , Belgium , Canada , Italy , Netherlands , Scandinavia , Spain and the United States . In 1999, the Trust joined with the IUCN to publish the Parrot Action Plan, to help protect 89 species of parrot from habitat destruction and international trade. This article relating to parrots

5187-444: The United Kingdom, competitions or lotto are the equivalent of what are commonly known as sweepstakes in the United States. The correct technical name for Australian consumer competitions is a trade promotion lottery or lotto. Competition or trade promotion lottery entrants enter to win a prize or prizes, hence many entrants are all in competition, or competing for a limited number of prizes. A trade promotion lottery or competition

5278-436: The best possible business environment for multinational corporations . Such competition is evident by the policies undertaken by these countries to educate the future workforce. For example, East Asian economies such as Singapore, Japan and South Korea tend to compete by allocating a large portion of the budget to the education sector, including by implementing programmes such as gifted education . Competition law , known in

5369-423: The bill tip organ), which helps to manipulate seeds or position nuts in the bill so that the mandibles can apply an appropriate cracking force. The head is large, with eyes positioned high and laterally in the skull, so the visual field of parrots is unlike any other birds. Without turning its head, a parrot can see from just below its bill tip, all above its head, and quite far behind its head. Parrots also have quite

5460-432: The business of a third party by offering the most favorable terms". Adam Smith in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations and later economists described competition in general as allocating productive resources to their most highly valued uses and encouraging efficiency . Later microeconomic theory distinguished between perfect competition and imperfect competition , concluding that no system of resource allocation

5551-620: The cases of a government monopoly or of a government-granted monopoly . Governments may institute tariffs , subsidies or other protectionist measures in order to prevent or reduce competition. Depending on the respective economic policy, pure competition is to a greater or lesser extent regulated by competition policy and competition law . Another component of these activities is the discovery process , with instances of higher government regulations typically leading to less competitive businesses being launched. Nicholas Gruen has referred to The Competition Delusion , in which competition

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5642-522: The company so that each division would compete with the other divisions. For example, the Chevrolet division would compete with the Pontiac division for some market segments . The competing brands by the same company allowed parts to be designed by one division and shared by several divisions, for example parts designed by Chevrolet would also be used by Pontiac. In 1931 Procter & Gamble initiated

5733-520: The company valued the ability of many autistic people to “think differently and spark innovation.” SAP’s Bangalore office saw its productivity increase after deploying autistic hires. The company is working closely with a Danish not-for-profit specializing in IT job placements for individuals with autism spectrum disorders." Research data hints that exporting firms have a higher survival rate and achieve greater employment growth compared with non-exporters. Using

5824-439: The ego, and therefore society must be based on mutual love, cooperation and sacrifice for the well-being of humanity. In the society desired by Gandhi, each individual will cooperate and serve for the welfare of others and people will share each other's joys, sorrows and achievements as a norm of a social life. For him, in a non-violent society, competition does not have a place and this should become realized with more people making

5915-486: The end of which another election is usually held to determine the next holder of the office. In addition, there is inevitable competition inside a government. Because several offices are appointed, potential candidates compete against the others in order to gain the particular office. Departments may also compete for a limited amount of resources, such as for funding . Finally, where there are party systems , elected leaders of different parties will ultimately compete against

6006-452: The full spectrum of sizes shown by the family. The most obvious physical characteristic is the strong, curved, broad bill. The upper mandible is prominent, curves downward, and comes to a point. It is not fused to the skull, which allows it to move independently, and contributes to the tremendous biting pressure the birds are able to exert. A large macaw, for example, has a bite force of 35 kg/cm (500 lb/sq in), close to that of

6097-414: The gamester. The principle being all life being a game, who understands that if you're not one-up, you're one-down. Potter's unprincipled principles apply to almost any possession, experience or situation, deriving maximum undeserved rewards and discomfitting the opposition. The 1960 film School for Scoundrels and its 2006 remake were satiric portrayals of how to use Potter's ideas. In that context,

6188-531: The harmful effects, stating "people feel that they are under a great deal of pressure. They feel that their main objective in life is to do better than other people. That is certainly what young people are being taught in school every day. And it's not a good basis for a society." However, other studies such as the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking show that the effect of competition on students depends on each individual's level of agency . Students with

6279-515: The highly aggressive personality type which is characterized as "moving against people". In her view, some people have a need to compete and win at all costs as a means of maintaining their self-worth . These individuals are likely to turn any activity into a competition, and they will feel threatened if they find themselves losing. Researchers have found that men and women who score high on the trait of hypercompetitiveness are more narcissistic and less psychologically healthy than those who score low on

6370-579: The ideal market model. Behind the theory lies the history, reaching back further than the Roman Empire . The business practices of market traders, guilds and governments have always been subject to scrutiny and sometimes to severe sanctions. Since the twentieth century, competition law has become global. The two largest, most organised and influential systems of competition regulation are United States antitrust law and European Community competition law . The respective national/international authorities,

6461-437: The importance of competition as the primary driver of reverse auctions success. Their findings appear to support that argument, as competition correlated strongly with the reverse auction success, as well as with the number of bidders. Business and economic competition in most countries is often limited or restricted. Competition often is subject to legal restrictions. For example, competition may be legally prohibited, as in

6552-586: The intense competition for the small number of top jobs in music and movie-acting leads many aspiring musicians and actors to make substantial investments in training which are not recouped, because only a fraction become successful. Critics have also argued that competition can be destabilizing, particularly competition between certain financial institutions. Experts have also questioned the constructiveness of competition in profitability. It has been argued that competition-oriented objectives are counterproductive to raising revenues and profitability because they limit

6643-464: The investment universe to include indirect competitors leads to a broader peer universe of comparable, indirectly competing companies. Competition does not necessarily have to be between companies. For example, business writers sometimes refer to internal competition . This is competition within companies. The idea was first introduced by Alfred Sloan at General Motors in the 1920s. Sloan deliberately created areas of overlap between divisions of

6734-495: The less charismatic species living in the same ecosystems . Parrots are the only creatures that display true tripedalism , using their necks and beaks as limbs with propulsive forces equal to or greater than those forces generated by the forelimbs of primates when climbing vertical surfaces. They can travel with cyclical tripedal gaits when climbing. Psittaciform diversity in South America and Australasia suggests that

6825-424: The natural urge of competition and its circumstances. They also study group dynamics , to detect how competition emerges and what its effects are. Sociologists , meanwhile, study the effects of competition on society as a whole. Additionally, anthropologists study the history and prehistory of competition in various cultures. They also investigate how competition manifested itself in various cultural settings in

6916-416: The options of strategies for firms as well as their ability to offer innovative responses to changes in the market. In addition, the strong desire to defeat rival firms with competitive prices has the strong possibility of causing price wars . Another distinction appearing in economics is that between competition as an end-state – as in the case of both perfect and imperfect competition – and competition as

7007-929: The other parties for laws , funding and power . Finally, competition also exists between governments . Each country or nationality struggles for world dominance, power, or military strength. For example, the United States competed against the Soviet Union in the Cold War for world power, and the two also struggled over the different types of government (in these cases representative democracy and communism ). The result of this type of competition often leads to worldwide tensions, and may sometimes erupt into warfare . While some sports and games (such as fishing or hiking ) have been viewed as primarily recreational, most sports are considered competitive. The majority involve competition between two or more persons (sometimes using horses or cars ). For example, in

7098-476: The parrots should be divided into six families. The New Zealand parrots in the genus Nestor were placed in a separate family Nestoridae and the two basal genera in the family Psittaculidae ( Psittrichas and Coracopsis ) were placed in a separate family Psittrichasidae. The two additional families have not been recognised by taxonomists involved in curating lists of world birds and instead only four families are recognised. The following cladogram shows

7189-457: The past, and how competition has developed over time. Competition within, between, and among species is one of the most important forces in biology, especially in the field of ecology . Competition between members of a species ("intraspecific") for resources such as food , water , territory , and sunlight may result in an increase in the frequency of a variant of the species best suited for survival and reproduction until its fixation within

7280-415: The personal choice to have fewer tendencies toward egoism and selfishness. Competition is also found in politics . In democracies , a free and fair election is an electoral competition for an elected office. In other words, two or more candidates strive and compete against one another to attain a position of power. The winner gains the seat of the elected office for a predefined period of time, towards

7371-803: The phylogenetic relationships between the four families. The species numbers are taken from the list maintained by Frank Gill , Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), now the International Ornithologists' Union . Strigopidae – New Zealand parrots (4 species) Cacatuidae – Cockatoos (22 species) Psittacidae – African and New World parrots (179 species) Psittaculidae – Old World parrots (203 species) The Psittaciformes comprise three main lineages: Strigopoidea , Psittacoidea and Cacatuoidea . The Strigopoidea were considered part of

7462-503: The same environment . Animals compete over water supplies, food, mates, and other biological resources . Humans usually compete for food and mates , though when these needs are met deep rivalries often arise over the pursuit of wealth , power, prestige, and fame when in a static, repetitive, or unchanging environment. Competition is a major tenet of market economies and business, often associated with business competition as companies are in competition with at least one other firm over

7553-474: The same group of customers. Competition inside a company is usually stimulated with the larger purpose of meeting and reaching higher quality of services or improved products that the company may produce or develop. Competition is often considered to be the opposite of cooperation ; however, in the real world, mixtures of cooperation and competition are the norm. In economies, as the philosopher R. G. Collingwood argued "the presence of these two opposites together

7644-500: The specialised crushing bills of modern species. Genomic analysis provides strong evidence that parrots are the sister group of passerines , forming the clade Psittacopasserae , which is the sister group of the falcons . The first uncontroversial parrot fossils date to tropical Eocene Europe around 50 mya. Initially, a neoavian named Mopsitta tanta , uncovered in Denmark's Early Eocene Fur Formation and dated to 54 mya,

7735-408: The term refers to a satiric course in the gambits required for the systematic and conscious practice of "creative intimidation", making one's associates feel inferior and thereby gaining the status of being "one-up" on them. Viewed seriously, it is a phenomenon of group dynamics that can have significant effects in the management field: for instance, manifesting in office politics . Competition

7826-661: The three major clades originated about 50 Mya (range 57–41 Mya). A single 15 mm (0.6 in) fragment from a large lower bill ( UCMP 143274), found in deposits from the Lance Creek Formation in Niobrara County, Wyoming , had been thought to be the oldest parrot fossil and is presumed to have originated from the Late Cretaceous period, which makes it about 70 million years old. However, other studies suggest that this fossil

7917-664: The tribe Cyclopsittini ) and budgerigar (tribe Melopsittacini). Strigopidae   Cacatuidae Neotropical parrots Psittacinae Psittrichadinae Coracopseinae Psittaculinae Broad-tailed parrots Fig parrots Budgerigar Lories and Lorikeets Bolbopsittacus Hanging parrots Lovebirds Psittacella The order Psittaciformes consists of four families containing roughly 410 species belonging to 101 genera. Superfamily Strigopoidea : New Zealand parrots Superfamily Cacatuoidea : cockatoos Superfamily Psittacoidea : true parrots Living species range in size from

8008-459: The ultraviolet spectrum, normally invisible to humans. Parrots are found on all tropical and subtropical continents and regions including Australia and Oceania , South Asia , Southeast Asia , Central America , South America , and Africa . Some Caribbean and Pacific islands are home to endemic species . By far the greatest number of parrot species come from Australasia and South America. The lories and lorikeets range from Sulawesi and

8099-443: The vibrant colours of so many parrots. Colourful feathers with high levels of psittacofulvin resist the feather-degrading bacterium Bacillus licheniformis better than white ones. Lorikeets were previously regarded as a third family, Loriidae, but are now considered a tribe ( Loriini ) within the subfamily Loriinae , family Psittaculidae. The two other tribes in the subfamily are the closely related fig parrots (two genera in

8190-453: The visual spectrum. The most important components of most parrots' diets are seeds, nuts, fruit, buds, and other plant material. A few species sometimes eat animals and carrion , while the lories and lorikeets are specialised for feeding on floral nectar and soft fruits. Almost all parrots nest in tree hollows (or nest boxes in captivity), and lay white eggs from which hatch altricial (helpless) young. Trapping wild parrots for

8281-798: Was assigned to the Psittaciformes. However, the rather nondescript bone is not unequivocally psittaciform, and it may rather belong to the ibis genus Rhynchaeites , whose fossil legs were found in the same deposits. Several fairly complete skeletons of parrot-like birds have been found in England and Germany. These are probably not transitional fossils between ancestral and modern parrots, but rather lineages that evolved parallel to true parrots and cockatoos: The earliest records of modern parrots date to around 23–20 mya. The fossil record—mainly from Europe—consists of bones clearly recognisable as belonging to anatomically modern parrots. The Southern Hemisphere contains no known parrot-like remains earlier than

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