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63-623: World Wetlands Day is celebrated on the second day of February every year, though it was not celebrated until 1997. This day serves to highlight the influence and positive production that wetlands have had on the world and brings communities together for the benefit of Mother Nature. This day also raises global awareness of wetlands' significant role not only for people but for the planet. Community protectors and environmental enthusiasts all come together on this day to celebrate their love for nature through celebration, which recognises what wetlands have done for not only humans, but all sorts of organisms in

126-492: A coalition of human rights organisations, had undertaken a project to develop a set of international legal principles on the application of international law to human rights violations based on sexual orientation and gender identity to bring greater clarity and coherence to States' human rights obligations... 88. These principles give further content to the fundamental rights contained in Articles 14, 15, 19 and 21, and viewed in

189-409: A consciousness-raising tactic by consciousness-raising groups. Activist and writer Audre Lorde was noted to have been one of many scholars who wrote of poetry as a means of communication for women of color activist and resistance groups. This focus has also been studied by other feminist scholars as a new approach to women's literary writing experience, and the usage of critical consciousness through

252-563: A consistent understanding about application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity. The Yogyakarta Principles were developed at a meeting of the International Commission of Jurists , the International Service for Human Rights and human rights experts from around the world at Gadjah Mada University on Java from 6 to 9 November 2006. The seminar clarified

315-490: A form of therapy", but that it was, in fact, in its time and context, "the primary method of understanding women's condition" and constituted "the movement's most successful organizing tool." At the same time, she saw the lack of theory and emphasis on personal experience as concealing "prior political and philosophical assumptions". However, some in the feminist movement criticised consciousness raising groups as "trivial" and apolitical . Historically, poetry has been used as

378-837: A lengthy document addressing legal matters. A website that was established to hold the principles and to make them accessible has an overview of the principles, reproduced here in full: The website promoting the Principles notes that concerns have been voiced about a trend of people's human rights being violated because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. While the United Nations human rights instruments detail obligations to ensure that people are protected from discrimination and stereotypes , which includes people's expression of sexual orientation or gender identity, implementation of these rights has been fragmented and inconsistent internationally. The Principles aim to provide

441-511: A means of raising awareness in the wider society. In The God Delusion , anti-religion activist Richard Dawkins uses the term "consciousness raising" for several other things, explicitly describing these as analogous to the feminist case. These include replacing references to children as Catholic, Muslim, etc. with references to children of the adults who are members of these religions (which he compares to our using non-sexist terminology) and Darwin as "raising our consciousness" in biology to

504-546: A sexual orientation and that penalties for its practice be abolished'. The Principles have never been accepted by the United Nations and the attempt to make gender identity and sexual orientation new categories of non-discrimination has been repeatedly rejected by the General Assembly, the UN Human Rights Council and other UN bodies. In July 2010, Vernor Muñoz, United Nations Special Rapporteur on

567-399: A theme is selected to focus attention and help raise public awareness about the value of wetlands. Countries organize a variety of events to raise awareness such as; lectures, seminars, nature walks, children's art contests, sampan races, community clean-up days, radio and television interviews, letters to newspapers, to the launch of new wetland policies, new Ramsar Sites and new programs at

630-550: Is a document about human rights in the areas of sexual orientation and gender identity that was published as the outcome of an international meeting of human rights groups in Yogyakarta , Indonesia , in November 2006. The principles were supplemented and expanded in 2017 to include new grounds of gender expression and sex characteristics and a number of new principles. However, the Principles have never been accepted by

693-408: Is often the first activity in which any advocacy group engages. However, in practice, raising awareness is often combined with other activities, such as fundraising , membership drives or advocacy , in order to harness and/or sustain the motivation of new supporters which may be at its highest just after they have learned and digested the new information. The term awareness raising is used in

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756-466: Is to redress that situation". The Yogyakarta Principles were presented at a United Nations event in New York City on 7 November 2007, co-sponsored by Argentina , Brazil and Uruguay . Human Rights Watch explain that the first step towards this would be the de-criminalisation of homosexuality in 77 countries that still carry legal penalties for people in same-sex relationships, and repeal of

819-552: The Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (APF) states, "The Principles do not deal appropriately or adequately with the application of international human rights law in relation to intersex people. They do not specifically distinguish sex characteristics." Those issues were addressed in the Yogyakarta Principles plus 10 update. Boris Dittrich of Human Rights Watch comments that

882-615: The Old Left , they used to say that the workers don't know they're oppressed, so we have to raise their consciousness. One night at a meeting I said, 'Would everybody please give me an example from their own life on how they experienced oppression as a woman? I need to hear it to raise my own consciousness.' Kathie was sitting behind me and the words rang in her mind. From then on she sort of made it an institution and called it consciousness-raising. On Thanksgiving 1968, Kathie Sarachild presented A Program for Feminist Consciousness Raising , at

945-718: The United Nations (UN) and the attempt to make gender identity and sexual orientation new categories of non-discrimination has been repeatedly rejected by the General Assembly , the UN Human Rights Council and other UN bodies. The principles and the supplement contain a set of precepts intended to apply the standards of international human rights law to address the abuse of human rights of lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender , and intersex ( LGBTI ) people. The Principles themselves are

1008-834: The Yogyakarta Principles against discriminatory attitudes and LGBT stereotypes as well as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to combat stereotypes , prejudices and harmful practices toward people with disabilities . Until the early-17th century, English speakers used the word "consciousness" in the sense of "moral knowledge of right or wrong"—a concept today referred to as " conscience ". Consciousness raising groups were formed by New York Radical Women , an early Women's Liberation group in New York City, and quickly spread throughout

1071-424: The closet among welcoming, tolerant individuals and share personal stories about coming out. The idea of coming out as a tool of consciousness-raising had been preceded by even earlier opinions from German theorists such as Magnus Hirschfeld , Iwan Bloch and Karl Heinrich Ulrichs , all of whom saw self-disclosure as a means of self-emancipation, the raising of consciousness among fellow un-closeted individuals and

1134-574: The right to water ) and 14 of 2000 (on the right to the highest attainable standard of health ), it indicated that the Covenant proscribes any discrimination on the basis of, inter alia , sex and sexual orientation "that has the intention or effect of nullifying or impairing the equal enjoyment or exercise of [the right at issue]". The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), notwithstanding that it has not addressed

1197-533: The Application of International Human Rights Law in relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity discussed below, which were also referred to by Radhakrishnan, J. in NALSA (supra), conform to our constitutional view of the fundamental rights of the citizens of India and persons who come to this Court. 85. The International Commission of Jurists and the International Service for Human Rights , on behalf of

1260-527: The Brazilian Supreme Federal Court became the first supreme court in the world to recognize same-sex civil unions as a family entity equal in rights to a heterosexual one, as certified by UNESCO , expressly citing the Yogyakarta Principles as a significant legal guideline: It is important to point out, for relevant, that this examination is in line with the Yogyakarta Principles, that translates recommendations addressed to

1323-953: The First National Women's Liberation Conference near Chicago, Illinois, in which she explained the principles behind consciousness-raising and outlined a program for the process that the New York groups had developed over the past year. Groups founded by former members of New York Radical Women—in particular Redstockings , founded out of the breakup of the NYRW in 1969, and New York Radical Feminists —promoted consciousness raising and distributed mimeographed sheets of suggesting topics for consciousness raising group meetings. New York Radical Feminists organized neighborhood-based c.r. groups in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens, involving as many as four hundred women in c.r. groups at its peak. Over

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1386-663: The Human Rights Council." The representative of Mauritania , speaking on behalf of the Arab League , said that the Arab States were "dismayed" and accused the rapporteur of attempting to promote "controversial doctrines that did not enjoy universal recognition" and to "redefine established concepts of sexual and reproductive health education, or of human rights more broadly". The Russian Federation expressed "its disappointment and fundamental disagreement with

1449-964: The Principles detail how international human rights law can be applied to sexual orientation and gender identity issues, in a way that affirms international law and to which all states can be bound. They maintain that wherever people are recognised as being born free and equal in dignity and rights, this should include LGBT people. They argue that human rights standards can be interpreted in terms of sexual orientation and gender identity when they touch on issues of torture and violence, extrajudicial execution, access to justice, privacy, freedom from discrimination, freedom of expression and assembly, access to employment, health-care, education, and immigration and refugee issues. The Principles aim to explain that States are obliged to ensure equal access to human rights, and each principle recommends how to achieve this, highlighting international agencies' responsibilities to promote and maintain human rights. The Principles are based on

1512-406: The Principles have been cited by numerous national governments and court judgments. The principles influenced the proposed UN declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity in 2008. Human rights and LGBT-rights groups took up the principles, and discussion has featured in the gay press, as well as academic papers and text books (see bibliography). In a unanimous decision on May 5, 2011,

1575-549: The Ramsar Secretariat, also known as Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat , this financial support has produced a variety of outreach materials including logos, posters, factsheets, handouts and guide documents to support countries' activities organized to celebrate WWD. These materials are available for free download on the World Wetlands Day website in

1638-574: The Right to Education, presented to the United Nations General Assembly an interim report on the human right to comprehensive sexual education , in which he cited the Yogyakarta Principles as a Human Rights standard. In the ensuing discussion, the majority of General Assembly Third Committee members recommended against adopting the principles. The Representative of Malawi , speaking on behalf of all African States argued that

1701-537: The United States. In November 1967, a group including Shulamith Firestone , Anne Koedt , Kathie Sarachild (originally Kathie Amatniek), and Carol Hanisch began meeting in Koedt's apartment. Meetings often involved "going around the room and talking" about issues in their own lives. The phrase "consciousness raising" was coined to describe the process when Kathie Sarachild took up the phrase from Anne Forer: In

1764-505: The Yogyakarta Principles (200 7) , when ruling in the case of NLSA v. Union of India (2014) , which recognised the right to self-identify gender and recognized non-binary gender as " Third Gender ." The court held that Yogyakarta Principles must be recognised and followed as long as they are consistent with the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution of India . 53. ...Any international convention not inconsistent with

1827-463: The Yogyakarta Principles should be adopted as a universal standard, affirming binding international legal standard with which all States must comply but some states have expressed reservations. In alignment with the movement towards establishing basic human rights for all people, the Yogyakarta Principles specifically address sexual orientation and gender identity . The Principles were developed in response to patterns of abuse reported from around

1890-951: The Yogyakarta Principles", emerged from the intersection of the developments in international human rights law with the emerging understanding of violations suffered by person on ground of sexual orientation and gender identity and the recognition of the district and intersectional grounds of gender expression and sex characteristics . The update was drafted by a committee of Mauro Cabral Grinspan , Morgan Carpenter , Julia Ehrt , Sheherezade Kara , Arvind Narrain , Pooja Patel , Chris Sidoti and Monica Tabengwa . Signatories additionally include Philip Alston , Edwin Cameron , Kamala Chandrakirana , Sonia Onufer Corrêa , David Kaye , Maina Kiai , Victor Madrigal-Borloz , Sanji Mmasenono Monageng , Vitit Muntarbhorn , Sunil Pant , Dainius Puras , Ajit Prakash Shah , Sylvia Tamale , Frans Viljoen , and Kimberly Zieselman . The compilers explain that

1953-470: The attention of a wider group on some cause or condition. Common issues include diseases (e.g. breast cancer , AIDS ), conflicts (e.g. the Darfur genocide , global warming ), movements (e.g. Greenpeace , PETA , Earth Hour ) and political parties or politicians. Since informing the populace of a public concern is often regarded as the first step to changing how the institutions handle it, raising awareness

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2016-971: The basis of perceived or actual sexual orientation or gender identity. The finalised Yogyakarta Principles was launched as a global charter on 26 March 2007 at a public event in Geneva , timed to coincide with the main session of the United Nations Human Rights Council . Michael O'Flaherty, spoke at the International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) Conference in Lithuania on 27 October 2007; he explained that "all human rights belong to all of us. We have human rights because we exist – not because we are gay or straight and irrespective of our gender identities", but that in many situations these human rights are not respected or realised, and that "the Yogyakarta Principles

2079-679: The city where the conference was held. These principles have not been adopted by States in a treaty , and are thus not by themselves a legally binding part of international human rights law. However the Principles are intended to serve as an interpretive aid to the human rights treaties. Among the 29 signatories of the principles were Mary Robinson , Manfred Nowak , Martin Scheinin , Mauro Cabral , Sonia Corrêa , Elizabeth Evatt , Philip Alston , Edwin Cameron , Asma Jahangir , Paul Hunt , Sanji Mmasenono Monageng , Sunil Babu Pant , Stephen Whittle and Wan Yanhai . The signatories intended that

2142-435: The creation of art as a liberatory praxis. Art as a liberatory praxis has also been explored through a radical queer lens through a number of publications and journals such as Sinister Wisdom and Conditions , online publications with an emphasis on lesbian writing. In the 1960s, consciousness-raising caught on with gay liberation activists, who formed the first "coming-out groups" which helped participants come out of

2205-463: The death penalty in the seven countries that still have the death penalty for such sexual practice. On 10 November 2017, the "Yogyakarta Principles plus 10" (The YP +10) to the supplement the Principles, formally as "Additional Principles and State Obligation on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics to Complement

2268-549: The fundamental rights and in harmony with its spirit must be read into those provisions, e.g., Articles 14, 15, 19 and 21 of the Constitution to enlarge the meaning and content thereof and to promote the object of constitutional guarantee. Principles discussed hereinbefore on [Transgender Person]s and the International Conventions, including Yogyakarta principles, which we have found not inconsistent with

2331-440: The latter document would result in criminal prosecution for such criminal offences as corrupting youth. The Council of Europe states in "Human Rights and Gender Identity" that Principle 3 of the Yogyakarta Principles is "of particular relevance". They recommend that member states "abolish sterilisation and other compulsory medical treatment as a necessary legal requirement to recognise a person's gender identity in laws regulating

2394-629: The light of these principles also, Section 377 will have to be declared to be unconstitutional. Essentially, the Supreme Court read the Yogyakarta Principles (2007) into the Fundamental Rights of the Indian Constitution. The Yogyakarta Principles mention intersex people only briefly. In a manual on Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation , Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics

2457-462: The matter in a General Comment or otherwise specified the applicable provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women , on a number of occasions has criticised states for discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. For example, it addressed the situation of sexual minority women in Kyrgyzstan and recommended that, 'lesbianism be reconceptualised as

2520-439: The movement's most successful form of female bonding , and the source of most of its creative thinking. Some of the small groups stayed together for more than a decade". "In 1973, probably the height of CR, 100,000 women in the United States belonged to CR groups." Early mid-century feminists argued that women were isolated from each other, and as a result many problems in women's lives were misunderstood as "personal," or as

2583-581: The national States, as a result of a conference held in Indonesia, in November 2006, under the coordination of the International Commission of Jurists and the International Service for Human Rights . This Charter of Principles on the application of international human rights regarding sexual and gender identity has, in its text, the Principle 24, the wording of which is as follows: THE RIGHT TO CONSTITUTE FAMILY (...) . The Supreme Court of India relied on

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2646-428: The national level. The theme for World Wetlands Day in 2024 is "Wetlands and human wellbeing " and in 2023 was "Wetlands Restoration" and it will based on the restoration of wetlands. Raising awareness Consciousness raising (also called awareness raising ) is a form of activism popularized by United States feminists in the late 1960s. It often takes the form of a group of people attempting to focus

2709-431: The nature, scope and implementation of states' human rights obligations under existing human rights treaties and law, in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity. The principles that developed out of this meeting were adopted by human rights experts from around the world, and included judges, academics, a former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, NGOs and others. The Irish human rights expert Michael O'Flaherty

2772-457: The new update "protects intersex children from involuntary modification of their sex characteristics". Sexual education is a basic tool for ending discrimination against persons of diverse sexual orientations. A very important contribution to thinking in this area was made by the 2006 Yogyakarta Principles on the application of international human rights law in relation to sexual orientation and gender identity. The Special Rapporteur fully endorses

2835-690: The next few years, small-group consciousness raising spread rapidly in cities and suburbs throughout the United States. By 1971, the Chicago Women's Liberation Union , which had already organized several consciousness raising groups in Chicago, described small consciousness raising groups as "the backbone of the Women's Liberation Movement ". Susan Brownmiller , a member of the West Village would later write that small-group consciousness raising "was

2898-423: The original sources, both historic and personal, going to people—women themselves, and going to experience for theory and strategy". However, most consciousness raising groups did follow a similar pattern for meeting and discussion. Meetings would usually be held about once a week, with a small group of women, often in the living room of one of the members. Meetings were women-only , and usually involved going around

2961-400: The possibility of explaining complexity naturalistically and, in principle, raising our consciousness to the possibility of doing such things elsewhere (especially in physics). Earlier in the book, he uses the term (without explicitly referring to feminism) to refer to making people aware that leaving their parents' faith is an option. Yogyakarta Principles The Yogyakarta Principles

3024-471: The prejudice that "homosexuality is immoral" as a "subjective view usually based on religious dogma that, in a democratic society, cannot be a basis for limiting the rights of others." The document argued that the belief that "homosexuality is worsening the demographic crisis and threatening the future of the nation" is "illogical," and that "granting legal recognition to same-sex couples has no influence on whether heterosexuals marry or have children." However,

3087-594: The process for name and sex change," (V.4) as well as to "make gender reassignment procedures, such as hormone treatment, surgery and psychological support, accessible for transgender persons, and ensure that they are reimbursed by public health insurance schemes." (V.5) Similarly, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted a document titled "Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity" on 23 March 2010, describing

3150-476: The recognition of the right to non-discrimination. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) has dealt with these matters in its General Comments, the interpretative texts it issues to explicate the full meaning of the provisions of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights . In General Comments Nos. 18 of 2005 (on the right to work ), 15 of 2002 (on

3213-641: The report," writing of the rapporteur: As justification for his conclusions, he cited numerous documents which had not been agreed to at the intergovernmental level, and which therefore could not be considered as authoritative expressions of the opinion of the international community. In particular, he referred to the Yogyarkarta Principles and also to the International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education. Implementation of various provisions and recommendations of

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3276-609: The report: Reflected an attempt to introduce controversial notions and a disregard to the Code of Conduct for Special Procedures Mandate-holders as outlined in Human Rights Council resolution 8/4. She expressed alarm at the reinterpretation of existing human rights instruments, principles and concepts. The report also selectively quoted general comments and country-specific recommendations made by treaty bodies and propagated controversial and unrecognized principles, including

3339-439: The results of conflicts between the personalities of individual men and women, rather than systematic forms of oppression. Raising consciousness meant helping oneself and helping others to become politically conscious . Consciousness raising groups aimed to get a better understanding of women's oppression by bringing women together to discuss and analyze their lives, without interference from the presence of men. While explaining

3402-432: The room for each woman to talk about a predetermined subject—for example, "When you think about having a child, would you rather have a boy or a girl?" —speaking from her own experience, with no formal leader for the discussion and few rules for directing or limiting discussion. (Some c.r. groups did implement rules designed to give every woman a chance to speak, to prevent interruptions, etc.) Speaking from personal experience

3465-579: The so-called Yogyakarta Principles, to justify his personal opinion. Trinidad and Tobago , on behalf of the Caribbean States members of CARICOM , argued that the special rapporteur "had chosen to ignore his mandate, as laid down in Human Rights Council resolution 8/4, and to focus instead on the so-called 'human right to comprehensive education.' Such a right did not exist under any internationally agreed human rights instrument or law and his attempts to create one far exceeded his mandate and that of

3528-401: The theory behind consciousness raising in a 1973 talk, Kathie Sarachild remarked that "From the beginning of consciousness-raising ... there has been no one method of raising consciousness. What really counts in consciousness-raising are not methods, but results. The only 'methods' of consciousness raising are essentially principles. They are the basic radical political principles of going to

3591-464: The three languages of the convention: English, French, and Spanish. With that being said, all the materials are also available in their design files for event organizers to customize and adapt them to their local languages and contexts. A few print copies are available to countries upon request to the Secretariat. Starting in 2015, a month-long Wetlands Youth Photo Contest that starts on 2 February

3654-535: The various fundamental rights guaranteed under the Indian Constitution, must be recognized and followed, which has sufficient legal and historical justification in our country. The Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court of India held that the Yogyakarta Principles (2007) conform to the constitutional view of fundamental rights, when decriminalizing homosexuality in the case of Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) . In his concurring opinion, Justice R.F. Nariman said, 84. ...the Yogyakarta Principles on

3717-565: The world. Over time, human construction has led to various ecological problems affecting wetlands. Overpopulation and construction has led to a decrease in environmental conservation. Many wetlands are being lost and ecologists claim that human should recognise the dilemma before a natural filter and conserver of the world is lost. Since 1998, the Ramsar Secretariat has partnered with Danone Group Evian Fund for Water (based out of Paris and founded in Barcelona, Spain) for financial support. For

3780-462: The world. These included examples of sexual assault and rape, torture and ill-treatment, extrajudicial executions, honour killing , invasion of privacy, arbitrary arrest and imprisonment , medical abuse , denial of free speech and assembly and discrimination, prejudice and stigmatization in work, health, education, housing, family law, access to justice and immigration. These are estimated to affect millions of people who are, or have been, targeted on

3843-595: Was introduced as a part of a new approach to target young people and get them involved in WWD. People between ages 15 through 24 can take a picture of a certain wetland and upload it to the World Wetlands Day website between the months of February and March. Since 1997 the Ramsar website has posted reports from about 100 countries of their WWD activities. In 2016 a map of events was introduced to help countries promote their activities and to facilitate reporting after WWD. Each year

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3906-483: Was rapporteur responsible for drafting and development of the Yogyakarta Principles adopted at the meeting. Vitit Muntarbhorn and Sonia Onufer Corrêa were the co-chairpersons. The concluding document "contains 29 principles adopted unanimously by the experts, along with recommendations to governments, regional intergovernmental institutions , civil society, and the UN itself". The principles are named after Yogyakarta ,

3969-1114: Was used as a basis for further discussion and analysis based on the first-hand knowledge that was shared. Some feminist advocates of consciousness raising argued that the process allowed women to analyze the conditions of their own lives, and to discover ways in which what had seemed like isolated, individual problems (such as needing an abortion , surviving rape , conflicts between husbands and wives over housework, etc.) actually reflected common conditions faced by all women. As Sarachild wrote in 1969, "We assume that our feelings are telling us something from which we can learn... that our feelings mean something worth analyzing... that our feelings are saying something political , something reflecting fear that something bad will happen to us or hope, desire, knowledge that something good will happen to us. ... In our groups, let's share our feelings and pool them. Let's let ourselves go and see where our feelings lead us. Our feelings will lead us to ideas and then to actions". Ellen Willis wrote in 1984 that consciousness raising has often been "misunderstood and disparaged as

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