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57-456: The Nine Worthies include three pagans ( Hector , Alexander the Great , and Julius Caesar ), three Jews ( Joshua , David , and Judas Maccabeus ), and three Christians ( King Arthur , Charlemagne , and Godfrey of Bouillon ). They were first described in the early fourteenth century, by Jacques de Longuyon in his Voeux du Paon (1312). Their selection, as Johan Huizinga pointed out, betrays

114-467: A chariot attack, with Apollo clearing the way. After much war across several books of the Iliad , Hector lays hold of Protesilaus ' ship and calls for fire. The Trojans cannot bring it to him, as Ajax kills everyone who tries. Eventually, Hector breaks Ajax's spear with his sword, forcing him to give ground, and he sets the ship afire. These events are all according to the will of the gods, who have decreed

171-504: A close connection with the romance genre of chivalry . Neatly divided into a triad of triads, these men were considered to be paragons of chivalry within their particular traditions, whether Pagan , Jewish , or Christian . Longuyon's choices soon became a common theme in the literature and art of the Middle Ages and earned a permanent place in the popular consciousness. The medieval "craving for symmetry" engendered female equivalents,

228-478: A few words in victory and ties Hector's body by the heels to his chariot. He drags the body around the city of Troy, as the Trojans watch from the walls and lament, especially Andromache, Hector's wife. The desecration of Hector's body by Achilles is considered an affront to the gods and ultimately leads to Achilles' downfall. During and after Patroclus' funeral, Achilles drags Hector's body around his pyre. However,

285-637: A fresco by the Maestro del Castello della Manta , an anonymous master , painted c. 1420 in the sala baronale of the Castello della Manta , Saluzzo, Italy. The series also includes depictions of their female counterparts. Montacute House has sculptures of the Nine Worthies spaced along the upper eastern façade on the exterior of the long gallery piers . These figures are dressed in Roman armour. In

342-475: A good son, husband and father, and without darker motives." Hector of Troy is a Trojan prince and warrior. He is the first-born son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba , making him a prince of the royal house and heir to his father's throne. Hector weds Andromache , the mother of his first and only son, Scamandrius, whom the people of Troy know as Astyanax . Hector throughout the Trojan War brings glory to

399-627: A servant with the name referred to in a Linear B tablet. In the tablet, the name is spelled 𐀁𐀒𐀵 , E-ko-to . Moses I. Finley proposed that the Homeric hero was partly based on an earlier Theban hero of the same name. Hector was described by the sixth-century Christian chronicler Malalas in his account of the Chronography as "dark-skinned, tall, very stoutly built, strong, good nose, wooly-haired, good beard, squinting, speech defect, noble, fearsome warrior, deep-voiced". Meanwhile, in

456-404: A slight by Agamemnon —reenters the war to avenge his friend, and the Trojans are beaten back again. Hector's parents plead for him to take shelter within the city walls. Hector refuses, wanting to talk with Achilles, in an attempt to resolve the altercation without bloodshed, though Achilles is not one to be placated after Hector slays his close friend, Patroclus. Achilles chases Hector around

513-569: Is a Trojan prince, a hero and the greatest warrior for Troy during the Trojan War . He is a major character in Homer 's Iliad , where he leads the Trojans and their allies in the defense of Troy, killing countless Greek warriors. He is ultimately killed in single combat by the Greek hero Achilles , who later drags his dead body around the city of Troy behind his chariot . In Greek, Héktōr

570-476: Is a derivative of the verb ἔχειν ékhein , archaic form * ἕχειν , hékhein ('to have' or 'to hold'), from Proto-Indo-European * seɡ́ʰ- ('to hold'). Héktōr , or Éktōr as found in Aeolic poetry, is also an epithet of Zeus in his capacity as 'he who holds [everything together]'. Hector's name could thus be taken to mean 'holding fast'. The name was in use during Mycenaean times, as evidenced by

627-760: Is also home to the Hawkshead Campus of the Royal Veterinary College , part of the University of London . The campus also includes the Equine Referral Hospital, and the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals. At the 2011 Census the population was 8,921. North Mymms is spelt differently from its sister village of South Mimms. The spellings Mymms and Mimms appear to have been used interchangeably over

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684-465: Is an enclosure . North Mymms Park and Brookmans Park enclose large areas of the parish. Even the parish church (St Mary's) stands in the park of North Mymms; in it is a chapel, the burialplace of the Coningsbys. There is a monument to Robert Knolles, also of North Mymms Place, dated 1458, and a brass to a priest. There is a large monument to Lord Somers , Baron Evesham, and lord chancellor in

741-506: Is doomed. Hector decides that he will go down fighting and that men will talk about his bravery in years to come. Hector pulls out his sword, now his only weapon, and charges. But Achilles grabbed his thrown spears that were delivered to him by the unseen Athena who wore the Hades helmet. Achilles then aimed his spear and pierced the collar bone section of Hector, the only part of the stolen Armor of Achilles that did not protect Hector. The wound

798-559: Is to take the body, while Achilles escapes after he fights his way through the Trojan reinforcements. In the tenth year of the war, observing Paris avoiding combat with Menelaus , Hector scolds him with having brought trouble on his whole country and now refusing to fight. Paris therefore proposes single combat between himself and Menelaus, with Helen to go to the victor, ending the war. The duel, however, leads to inconclusive results due to intervention by Aphrodite , who leads Paris off

855-464: The Iliad are dedicated to Hector's funeral. Homer concludes by referring to the Trojan prince as the "Breaker of Horses." In Virgil 's Aeneid , the dead Hector appears to Aeneas in a dream urging him to flee Troy. North Mymms North Mymms is a civil parish in the English county of Hertfordshire . At the 2011 Census the civil parish had a population of 8,921. The village itself

912-750: The Master of the Griselda Legend and others, now incomplete and widely dispersed, showed male and female worthies - the remaining paintings were reunited in a 2007 exhibition at the National Gallery , London. In the German Renaissance , Hans Burgkmair made a set of six woodcuts , each showing three of the "Eighteen Worthies". In addition to the usual males, his prints showed the Pagan Lucretia , Veturia and Virginia ,

969-433: The neuf preuses , who were sometimes added, though the women chosen varied. Eustache Deschamps selected "a group of rather bizarre heroines" selected from fiction and history, among them Penthesilea , Tomyris , Semiramis . Literature and suites of tapestry featured the full complement of eighteen, whose allegorical figures preceded King Henry VI of England in his triumphal royal entry to Paris, 1431. A "tenth worthy"

1026-603: The Jewish Esther , Judith and Yael , and the Christian Saints Helena , Bridget of Sweden and Elizabeth of Hungary . Burgkmair was in touch with Augsburg Renaissance Humanist circles, who may have helped choose the group. Apart from Veturia, mother of Coriolanus , who tried to save Rome from defeat by her son, the other pagan two were examples of chastity, responsible for no heroic acts except their defence of their own virtue. In contrast, two of

1083-493: The Jewish women, Judith and Jael, are known for their personal assassination of leaders opposed to Israel. Judith carries a sword in one hand and Holofernes 's severed head in the other, and Jael carries the mallet with which she hammered a peg in the head of Sisera . The " Power of Women " and female violence was an interest of German artists at the time, and Lucas van Leyden , Albrecht Altdorfer and others made prints of Jael in

1140-546: The Nine Worthies". Don Quixote evokes the Nine Worthies in Volume I, Chapter 5, telling a peasant (who is trying to get him to admit who he is) "I know that I may be not only those I have named, but all the Twelve Peers of France and even all the Nine Worthies, since my achievements surpass all that they have done all together and each of them on his own account". The Nine Worthies had not devolved to folk culture even in

1197-617: The Prudent" as Dauphin , Ladislaus I of Hungary , and Otto III, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg of the House of Welf ). The Nine Worthies comprise a triad of triads as follows: The Nine Worthies were also a popular subject for masques in Renaissance Europe. In William Shakespeare 's play Love's Labour's Lost the comic characters attempt to stage such a masque, but it descends into chaos. The list of Worthies actually named in

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1254-472: The Trojans as their best fighter. He is loved by all his people and known for never turning down a fight. He is gracious to all and thus thought of favorably by all but the Achaeans , who both hate and fear him as the Trojans' best warrior. He turns the tide of battle, breaking down their barriers and slaughtering their troops. When Hector kills Patroclus , Achilles —who had refused to fight because of

1311-540: The account of Dares the Phrygian and also that of the Trojan priest and author Dares Phrygius , he was described as "... [speaking] with a slight lisp. His complexion was fair, his hair curly. His eyes would blink attractively. His movements were swift. His face, with its beard, was noble. He was handsome, fierce, and high-spirited, merciful to the citizens, and deserving of love.". Greek author and poet Homer portrayed Hector as "peace-loving, thoughtful, as well as bold,

1368-513: The act. The Christian trio of saints, all very popular in Germany at the time, are all women who had been married - Bridget became an abbess as a widow. In addition, like three of the male worthies, Elizabeth of Hungary was an ancestor of Burgkmair's patron Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor , and Helena was a Roman Empress. Unlike the other two groups, who all face each other, apparently in conversation, these three all look down, and may illustrate

1425-416: The armor of Achilles off the fallen Patroclus and gives it to his men to take back to the city. Glaucus accuses Hector of cowardice for not challenging Ajax. Stung, Hector calls for the armor, puts it on, and uses it to rally the Trojans. Zeus regards the donning of a hero's armor as an act of insolence by a fool about to die, but it makes Hector strong for now. The next day, the enraged Achilles renounces

1482-483: The blood of his enemies, and make his mother proud. Once he leaves for battle, those in the house begin to mourn, as they know he would not return. Hector and Paris pass through the gate and rally the Trojans, raising havoc among the Greeks. Zeus weighs the fates of the two armies in the balance, and that of the Greeks sinks. The Trojans press the Greeks into their camp over the ditch and wall and would have laid hands on

1539-445: The body, but it remains preserved from all injury by Apollo and Aphrodite . After these twelve days, the gods can no longer stand watching it and send down two messengers: Iris , another messenger god, and Thetis, the mother of Achilles. Thetis has told Achilles to allow King Priam to come and take the body for ransom. Once King Priam has been notified that Achilles will allow him to claim the body, he goes to his strongroom to withdraw

1596-479: The challenge and draw by lot to see who is to face Hector. Ajax wins. Hector is unable to pierce Ajax's famous shield, but Ajax crushes Hector's shield with a rock and stabs through his armor with a spear, drawing blood, upon which the god Apollo intervenes, and the duel is ended, as the sun is setting. Hector gives Ajax his sword, which Ajax later uses to kill himself. Ajax gives Hector his girdle that Achilles later attaches to his chariot to drag Hector's corpse around

1653-700: The city three times before Hector masters his fear and turns to face Achilles. But Athena, in the disguise of Hector's brother Deiphobus , has deluded Hector. He requests from Achilles that the victor should return the other's body after the duel, (though Hector himself made it clear he planned to throw the body of Patroclus to the dogs) but Achilles refuses. Achilles hurls his spear at Hector, who dodges it, but Athena brings it back to Achilles' hands without Hector noticing. Hector then throws his own spear at Achilles; it hits his shield and does no injury. When Hector turns to face his supposed brother to retrieve another spear, he sees no one there. At that moment he realizes that he

1710-471: The ensuing fight, Hector killed him, fulfilling the prophecy. As described by Homer in the Iliad at the advice of Hector's brother Helenus (who also is divinely inspired) and being told by him that he is not destined to die yet, Hector manages to get both armies seated and challenges any one of the Greek warriors to single combat . The Argives are initially reluctant to accept the challenge. However, after Nestor 's chiding, nine Greek heroes step up to

1767-744: The fall of Troy, and therefore intend to tempt Achilles back into the war. Patroclus , Achilles' closest companion, disguised in Achilles' armor, enters the combat leading the Myrmidons and the rest of the Achaeans to force a Trojan withdrawal. After Patroclus has routed the Trojan army, Hector, with the aid of Apollo and Euphorbus , kills Patroclus, vaunting over him: "Wretch! Achilleus, great as he was, could do nothing to help you." The dying Patroclus foretells Hector's death: "You yourself are not one who shall live long, but now already death and powerful destiny are standing beside you, to go down under

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1824-698: The female virtue of silence. Burgkmair's conception was not very widely followed. Nine Worthies of London is a book by Richard Johnson, written in 1592, which borrows the theme from the Nine Worthies. The book is subtitled Explaining the Honourable Excise of Armes, the Vertues of the Valiant, and the Memorable Attempts of Magnanimous Minds; Pleasaunt for Gentlemen, not unseemly for Magistrates, and most profitable for Prentises , celebrated

1881-458: The field, wounded in the arm by a spear. Then Hector rallies the Trojans: ... like some fierce tempest that swoops down upon the sea ... Diomedes and Odysseus hinder Hector and win the Greeks some time to retreat, but the Trojans sweep down upon the wall and rain blows upon it. The Greeks in the camp contest the gates to secure entrance for their fleeing warriors. The Trojans try to pull down

1938-438: The field. After Pandarus wounds Menelaus with an arrow, the fight begins again. The Greeks attack and drive the Trojans back. Hector must now go out to lead a counter-attack. According to Homer, his wife Andromache , carrying in her arms her son Astyanax , intercepts Hector at the gate, pleading with him not to go out for her sake as well as his son's. Hector knows that Troy and the house of Priam are doomed to fall and that

1995-659: The fight. In his response, Achilles points out that while Hector is terrorizing the Greek forces now, and that while he himself had fought in their front lines, Hector had 'no wish' to take his force far beyond the walls and out from the Skaian Gate and nearby oak tree. He then claims, 'There he stood up to me alone one day, and he barely escaped my onslaught.' Another duel takes place, although Hector receives help from Aeneas (his cousin ) and Deiphobus, when Hector rushes to try to save his brother Troilus from Achilles. He comes too late; Troilus has already perished. All Hector can do

2052-453: The gates of Troy three times. Apollo gives Hector strength so he can always stay in the lead. But whenever he nears the entrance to the city, Achilles cuts him off. Finally Athena takes the guise of his favorite brother, Deiphobus , telling him that they can face Achilles together. Tricked into thinking he might have a chance at winning, Hector waits for Achilles. He then proposes that whoever wins, be it him or Achilles, will be respectful to

2109-528: The gloomy fate of his wife and infant son will be to die or go into slavery in a foreign land. With understanding, compassion, and tenderness, he explains that he cannot personally refuse to fight, and comforts her with the idea that no one can take him until it is his time to go. The gleaming bronze helmet frightens Astyanax and makes him cry. Hector takes it off, embraces his wife and son, and for his sake prays aloud to Zeus that his son might be chief after him, become more glorious in battle than he, to bring home

2166-666: The gods Aphrodite and Apollo protected his body from the dogs, disfigurement, and decomposition. Twelve days elapse before Priam goes to Achilles to ransom his son's body. According to the Iliad , Hector did not approve of war between the Greeks and the Trojans. For ten years, the Achaeans besieged Troy and their allies in the east. Hector commanded the Trojan army, with a number of subordinates including Polydamas , and his brothers Deiphobus , Helenus and Paris . By all accounts, Hector

2223-507: The gods' curse ... upon you, on that day when Paris and Phoibos Apollo...destroy you in the Skainan gates, for all your valor. After his death, Achilles slits Hector's heels and passes the girdle that Ajax had given Hector through the slits. He then fastens the girdle to his chariot and drives his fallen enemy through the dust to the Danaan camp. For the next twelve days, Achilles mistreats

2280-476: The hands of Aiakos' great son, Achilleus" Alas! the gods have lured me on to my destruction. ... death is now indeed exceedingly near at hand and there is no way out of it – for so Zeus and his son Apollo the far-darter have willed it, though heretofore they have been ever ready to protect me. My doom has come upon me; let me not then die ingloriously and without a struggle, but let me first do some great thing that shall be told among men hereafter. Hector strips

2337-572: The late fourteenth century, Lady Worthies began to accompany the Nine Worthies, though usually not individualized and shown as anonymous Amazon-styled warriors . In later years, nine of the "Most Illustrious Ladies of All Ages and Nations" were chosen from scripture, history and legend to be placed alongside their male counterparts, though the choices for the Lady Worthies were not usually standardized and often varied by region, author and artist. Eustache Deschamps added neuf preuses (women) to

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2394-604: The list of neuf preux , including Penthesilea , Tomyris , and Semiramis . Together with their male counterparts, they precede Henry VI as he enters Paris in 1431, and figure in Le Jouvencel (1466). The list of preuses was however less fixed, and not always structured in pagan, Jewish and Christian triads. Thomas III of Saluzzo has: Deiphille , Synoppe , Hippolyte , Menalyppe , Semiramis , Lampetho , Thamarys , Teuta , Penthésilée . A very fine set of Siennese fifteenth century panel paintings, attributed to

2451-526: The other's body and give it back so there can be a proper burial. Achilles refuses, saying that there is "...no love between us. No truce till the other falls and gluts with blood" (Book 22, 313–314). After a short fight, Achilles stabs Hector in the throat, which results in his fated death. Hector then foretells Achilles' own death, saying that he will be killed by Paris and Apollo. After slaying him, Achilles strips him of his armor. The other Achaeans then gather to look upon and stab Hector's body. Achilles says

2508-499: The play include two not on the original list, Hercules and Pompey the Great . Alexander, Judah Maccabee, and Hector also appear on stage before the show collapses into complete disorder. The worthies are also mentioned in Henry IV, Part 2 in which Doll Tearsheet is so impressed by Falstaff 's bravery in fighting Ancient Pistol that she says he is "as valorous as Hector of Troy, worth five of Agamemnon, and ten times better than

2565-401: The ramparts while the Greeks rain arrows upon them. Hector smashes open a gate with a large stone, clears the gate, and calls on the Trojans to scale the wall, which they do, and ... all was uproar and confusion. The battle rages inside the camp. Hector goes down, hit by a stone thrown by Ajax, but Apollo arrives from Olympus and infuses strength into "the shepherd of the people", who orders

2622-734: The ransom. The ransom King Priam offers includes twelve fine robes, twelve white mantles, several richly embroidered tunics, ten bars of yellow gold, a very beautiful cup, and several cauldrons. Priam himself goes to claim his son's body, and Hermes grants him safe passage by casting a charm that will make anyone who looks at him fall asleep. Think of thy father, and this helpless face behold See him in me, as helpless and as old! Though not so wretched: there he yields to me, The first of men in sovereign misery! Thus forced to kneel, thus groveling to embrace The scourge and ruin of my realm and race; Suppliant my children’s murderer to implore, And kiss those hands yet reeking with their gore! Achilles,

2679-681: The rise of nine famous Londoners through society from the ranks of apprentices or commoners. The nine were Sir William Walworth , Sir Henry Pritchard , Sir Thomas White , Sir William Sevenoke , Sir John Hawkwood , Sir John Bonham, Christopher Croker, Sir Henry Maleverer of Cornhill, and Sir Hugh Calverley. The term "Nine Worthies" was later used to refer to nine of the privy councillors of William III : Devonshire , Dorset , Monmouth , Edward Russell , Carmarthen , Pembroke , Nottingham , Marlborough , and Lowther . Hector In Greek mythology , Hector ( / ˈ h ɛ k t ər / ; Ἕκτωρ , Hektōr , pronounced [héktɔːr] )

2736-676: The seventeenth century, for a frieze of the Nine Worthies, contemporary with Shakespeare's comedy, was painted at the outset of the seventeenth century at North Mymms Place, Hertfordshire , an up-to-date house built by the Coningsby family, 1599. The Cloisters , in New York City, has important portions of an early 15th-century tapestry series illustrating the surviving five of the Nine Worthies: King Arthur, Joshua, David, Hector, and Julius Caesar. I Nove Prodi ,

2793-453: The ships, but Agamemnon personally rallies the Greeks. The Trojans are driven off, night falls, and Hector resolves to take the camp and burn the ships the next day. The Trojans bivouac in the field. A thousand camp-fires gleamed upon the plain .... The next day Agamemnon rallies the Greeks and drives the Trojans like a herd of cows maddened with fright when a lion has attacked them ... Hector refrains from battle until Agamemnon leaves

2850-593: The three "better Jews", "best pagans" and "best Christians" alongside the arms attributed to three heroes of King David (glossed as "the first coats of arms"), the Three Magi , the "three mildest princes", the "three worst tyrants" ( Nebuchadnezzar , Antiochos Epiphanes and Nero ), "three patient ones" ( Alphonse the Wise , Job and Saint Eustachius ), "three anointed kings" (France, Denmark and Hungary) and "three noble dynasties" ( Louis XI of France , called "Louis

2907-488: The time of William III, d. 1716. The monument was erected by his sister, Lady Elizabeth Jekyll. The civil parish includes: North Mymms House was a location for the 1983 film The Wicked Lady , starring Faye Dunaway as a bored aristocratic lady who takes up highway robbery, while the exterior appeared in Agatha Christie's Marple ' s The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side as the house of Marina Gregg. North Mymms

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2964-437: The walls of Troy. The Greeks and the Trojans make a truce to bury the dead. In the early dawn the next day, the Greeks take advantage of the truce to build a wall and ditch around the ships, while Zeus watches in the distance. Another mention of Hector's exploits in the early years of war is given in the Iliad in book IX. During the embassy to Achilles , Odysseus, Phoenix and Ajax all try to persuade Achilles to rejoin

3021-405: The wrath that kept him out of action and routs the Trojans, forcing them back to the city. Hector chooses to remain outside the gates of Troy to face Achilles, partly because had he listened to Polydamas and retreated with his troops the previous night, Achilles would not have killed so many Trojans. When he sees Achilles, however, Hector is seized by fear and turns to flee. Achilles chases him around

3078-573: Was added by Deschamps, in the figure of Bertrand du Guesclin , the Breton knight to whom France owed recovery from the battles of Crécy (1346) and Poitiers (1356) . Francis I of France still occasionally paraded himself at court dressed in the "antique mode" to identify himself also as one of the Neuf Preux . The 1459 Ingeram Codex presents the coat of arms of the Nine Worthies among a larger list of attributed arms of exemplary individuals, as

3135-484: Was fatal yet allowed Hector to speak to Achilles. In his final moments, Hector begs Achilles for an honorable funeral, but Achilles replies that he will let the dogs and vultures devour Hector's flesh. (Throughout the Homeric poems, several references are made to dogs, vultures, and other creatures that devour the dead. It can be seen as another way of saying one will die.) Hector dies, prophesying that Achilles' death will follow soon: Be careful now; for I might be made into

3192-399: Was moved by Priam's actions and following his mother's orders sent by Zeus, returns Hector's body to Priam and promises him a truce of twelve days to allow the Trojans to perform funeral rites for Hector. Priam returns to Troy with the body of his son, and it is given full funeral honors. Even Helen mourns Hector, for he had always been kind to her and protected her from spite. The last lines of

3249-583: Was the best warrior the Trojans and their allies could field, and his fighting prowess was admired by Greeks and his own people alike. In the Iliad , Hector's exploits in the war prior to the events of the book are recapitulated. He had fought the Greek champion Protesilaus in single combat at the start of the war and killed him. A prophecy had stated that the first Greek to land on Trojan soil would die. Thus, Protesilaus, Ajax , and Odysseus would not land. Finally, Odysseus threw his shield out and landed on that, and Protesilaus jumped next from his own ship. In

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