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47-581: Wabulacinus is a poorly known genus of thylacinid marsupial from Early Miocene and possibly Late Oligocene deposits at the Riversleigh World Heritage Area in Queensland . It consists of two species, the type species W. ridei and W. macknessi . The snout of W. ridei was relatively broad, while W. macknessi had a noticeably elongated skull. Both species are thought to have been hypercarnivorous. Wabulacinus

94-557: A species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

141-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

188-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

235-447: A longitudinal blade formed by the hypoconid being positioned lingually (towards the tongue) from the paracristid. The crest in front of the paracone (known as the preparacrista) is almost parallel to the tooth row. Similar to species of Thylacinus , the metaconid cusp is vestigial or completely absent. The molars of W. ridei are completely void of an entoconid cusp, whereas W. macknessi retains an entoconid on all molars except for

282-418: A multifurcating tree. Two types of polytomies are recognized, soft and hard polytomies. Soft polytomies are the result of insufficient phylogenetic information: though the lineages diverged at different times – meaning that some of these lineages are closer relatives than others, and the available data does not allow recognition of this. Most polytomies are soft, meaning that they would be resolved into

329-416: A particular gene, a hard polytomy arises when three or more sampled genes trace their ancestry to a single gene in an ancestral organism. In contrast, a soft polytomy stems from branches on gene trees of finite temporal duration but for which no substitutions have occurred. As DNA sequence evolution is usually much faster than evolution of complex phenotypic traits, it may be that genetic lineages diverge

376-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

423-432: A short time apart from each other, while the actual organism has not changed if the whole ancestral population is considered. Since few if any individuals in a population are genetically alike in any one population – especially if lineage sorting has not widely progressed – it may be that hard polytomies are indeed rare or nonexistent if the entire genome of each individual organism is considered, but rather widespread on

470-470: A species that has rapidly expanded its range or is highly panmictic undergoes peripatric speciation in different regions. An example is the Drosophila simulans species complex . Here, the ancestor seems to have colonized two islands at the same time but independently, yielding two equally old but divergently evolved daughter species If a phylogenetic tree is reconstructed from DNA sequence data of

517-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

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564-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

611-461: A typical tree of dichotomies if better data were available. In contrast, a hard polytomy represents a true divergence event of three or more lineages. Interpretations for a polytomy depend on the individuals that are represented in the phylogenetic tree. If the lineages in the phylogenetic tree stand for species, a polytomy shows the simultaneous speciation of three or more species. In particular situations, they may be common, for example when

658-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

705-509: Is known only from the Early Miocene Camel Sputum site of Riversleigh, which has been radiometrically dated to ~18.5-17.0 Ma. In contrast, fossils of W. macknessi have been recovered from the similarly aged Neville’s Garden (18.5-17.7 Ma) and Mike’s Menagerie sites (~18.5-16.2 Ma). During this period of time, Australia’s climate would have been warm and permanently wet after shifting from a more cooler and drier setting in

752-421: Is poorly known, with the only preserved material being a maxilla, two dentaries and isolated teeth. Based on the short size of the dentary, W. ridei probably had a relatively broad snout compared to W. macknessi . The maxilla is represented by a fragment retaining the first two molars. The infraorbital foramen is positioned just above the third molar, and is fully enclosed by the maxilla. Stylar cusps B and D on

799-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

846-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

893-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

940-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

987-630: The Late Oligocene . The environment inhabited by Wabulacinus consisted of open rainforest habitat. The Camel Sputum, Neville’s Garden and Mike’s Menagerie sites have also yielded the remains of the thylacinid Ngamalacinus timmulvaneyi , and the thylacoleonids Microleo , Lekaneleo roskellyae and Wakaleo schouteni . The two families of carnivorous marsupials likely did not compete with each other due to differences in both body size and vertical habitat segregation. Both species of Wabulacinus show adaptation towards hypercarnivory , such as

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1034-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

1081-430: The population genetical level if entire species are considered as interbreeding populations (see also species concept ). "Speciation or lineage divergence events occurring at the same time" refers to evolutionary time measured in generations , as this is the only means that novel traits (e.g. germline point mutations ) can be passed on. In practical terms, the ability to distinguish between hard and soft polytomies

1128-473: The French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or the scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of

1175-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

1222-406: The canine and premolar teeth, with two mental foramina positioned under the posterior root of the first premolar and the anterior root of the third premolar. In contrast, W. ridei lacks diastema between its teeth and has only one mental foramen, which is just under the anterior root of the second premolar. Both the upper and lower dentition retain anterior cingula . In addition, all molars display

1269-497: The first molar are completely absent, while the talon and protocone are both reduced in size. Both the preparacrista and centrocrista crests are almost parallel to each other. In addition, the first molar lacks a sulcus for the next molar. The second molar has a reduced stylar cusp D, while stylar cusp B is entirely absent. Posterior cingulids are present but poorly developed, whereas the buccal cingulids are well pronounced. The dentary of W. macknessi has diastema (gap) between

1316-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

1363-464: The fourth lower molar. W. macknessi was a fairly large thylacinid for its time, with an estimated body weight of 6.7-9.0 kg (14.8-19.8 lbs). W. ridei was only slightly smaller, weighing up to 5.3-7.8 kg (11.7-17.2 lbs). In its initial description, the position of Wabulacinus within Thylacinidae was tested by performing a single most parsimonious tree. The results of the tree found that it

1410-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

1457-604: The genus Wabulacinus , forming the new combination W. macknessi . The generic name combines the Waanyi word "wabula" (long ago) and the Ancient Greek stem word "-kynos" (dog), alluding to its canid-like resemblance. In 2003, Stephen Wroe reported a tooth referable to Wabulacinus sp. from older Riversleigh deposits, specifically the Late Oligocene White Hunter site. The skull of Wabulacinus

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1504-432: The idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but

1551-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

1598-492: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Polytomy An internal node of a phylogenetic tree is described as a polytomy or multifurcation if (i) it is in a rooted tree and is linked to three or more child subtrees or (ii) it is in an unrooted tree and is attached to four or more branches. A tree that contains any multifurcations can be described as

1645-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

1692-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

1739-569: The paleontological collection at the Queensland Museum . Five years prior to the description of the type species, Muirhead named a new species of Thylacinus , T. macknessi , based on material collected from Riversleigh deposits. At the time, only the back portion of the holotype dentary was known. In late 1993, the remaining half of this dentary was found in a limestone block and was later described in 1995. A study published by Churchill and colleagues in 2024 reassigned T. macknessi to

1786-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

1833-510: The reduction of tooth complexity and elongation of the shearing crests. In addition, the relatively broad snout of W. ridei would have allowed it to chew more efficiently and to deliver a more powerful bite. [REDACTED] Genus The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including

1880-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

1927-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

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1974-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

2021-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

2068-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

2115-407: Was first described in 1997, emerging from an examination undertaken by Jeanette Muirhead of thylacinid fossils collected at the Riversleigh World Heritage Area in northwestern Queensland , Australia . The holotype specimen of W. ridei (QM F16851) is a fragment of the right maxilla . A second specimen, a left dentary fragment, was also assigned to the species as well. All fossils are a part of

2162-838: Was initially thought to have been the basalmost species of Thylacinus . However, most cladistic analyses, such as Murray & Megirian (2006a) and Yates (2014), have recovered a sister taxa relationship between it and the type species W. ridei . Churchill and colleagues (2024) showed support for this relationship in their phylogenetic analyses. As a result, the authors reassigned T. macknessi to Wabulacinus . Muribacinus gadiyuli Ngamalacinus timmulvaneyi Ngamalacinus nigelmarveni Badjcinus turnbulli Nimbacinus dicksoni Tyarrpecinus rothi Badjcinus timfaulkneri Nimbacinus peterbridgei Thylacinus macknessi Wabulacinus ridei Thylacinus potens Thylacinus cynocephalus Thylacinus megiriani Thylacinus yorkellus The type species, W. ridei ,

2209-783: Was the sister taxon of the genus Thylacinus . In 2014, palaeontologist Adam Yates also found support for this close relationship. In 2019, Rovinsky and colleagues conducted three phylogenetic analyses, with the first analysis also confirming this assignment. The second analysis, however, recovered it in a polytomy , whereas the third and final analysis found that it claded with Thylacinus potens and Tyarrpecinus as sister group to Thylacinus . Badjcinus turnbulli Nimbacinus dicksoni Muribacinus gadiyuli Ngamalacinus timmulvaneyi Tyarrpecinus rothi Wabulacinus ridei "Thylacinus" macknessi Thylacinus potens Thylacinus megiriani Thylacinus yorkellus Thylacinus cynocephalus Thylacinus macknessi

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