65-631: Wah Ching ( Chinese : 華青 ; Jyutping : Waa Cing ; lit. 'Youth of China') is a Chinese American criminal organization and street gang that was founded in San Francisco, California in 1964. The Wah Ching has been involved in crimes including narcotic sales, racketeering, and gambling. The Wah Ching (Youth of China) was founded in 1964 mainly by immigrants from Hong Kong and China working at Hop Sing Tong gambling establishments in San Francisco's Chinatown . The gang
130-509: A certain extent in South Korea , remain virtually identical to traditional characters, with variations between the two forms largely stylistic. There has historically been a debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters . Because the simplifications are fairly systematic, it is possible to convert computer-encoded characters between the two sets, with the main issue being ambiguities in simplified representations resulting from
195-524: A close relationship with one another and high-ranking members. Since 1969 to 1991, there have been six murders associated with Chinatown Wah Ching gang. Here is the chronology of violence: March 9, 1972 when Harry Quan (or Kwan) was shot from a car with a .32 caliber automatic as he stood with a group of youths in front of 815 Stockton Street, location of the Police Athletic League. Harry Ng, murdered in his Kung Fu studio March 13, 1972,
260-536: A defeated Kuomintang army fled in early 1950 from Yunnan province into Burma, a state which then as now has a weak government that does not exercise control over all of its territory. In the part of Burma controlled by the Kuomintang adjuring Yunnan became a center of growing opium. The 14K became the main distributors of the opium grown by their allies in Burma, shipping the opium to Europe and North America, becoming
325-482: A gunman believed to be connected to the local 14K killed a Portuguese national and wounded another at a pavement café in Macau . In 1999, a Portuguese court convicted 45-year-old mob boss, Broken Tooth Koi, on various criminal charges and sentenced him to 15 years' imprisonment. His 14K gang was suspected of drive-by shootings, car bombings and attempted assassinations. Seven of his associates received lesser sentences. Since
390-529: A relatively small role in the 14K triad, as it is a male dominant society. Two 14K groups, 14K-Hau and 14K-Ngai, are among seven Chinese criminal organizations operating in South Africa, represented in both Cape Town and Johannesburg , specializing primarily in extortion and abalone trafficking. In 2000, the estimated gross income from the illegal exportation of abalone to Hong Kong was US$ 32 million. The National Police Agency stated in 1997 that
455-469: A takeover of a Dublin -based Chinese gang's protection rackets which led to a deadly gang fight resulting in two deaths. Tony Lee, allegedly a high-ranking member of the 14K's Cork branch, was killed along with Michael Tsin of the rival Dublin faction. In August 1983, twelve members of the 14K were arrested in Limerick in connection with attempting to extort money from the owners of Chinese restaurant in
520-869: Is 産 (also the accepted form in Japan and Korea), while in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan the accepted form is 產 (also the accepted form in Vietnamese chữ Nôm ). The PRC tends to print material intended for people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese in traditional characters. For example, versions of the People's Daily are printed in traditional characters, and both People's Daily and Xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available, using Big5 encoding. Mainland companies selling products in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers;
585-562: Is believed to have been a courier between the Wah Chings and a mysterious person in Hong Kong known only by a code name. Ng gunned down on a Monday, had airline reservations for Hong Kong the following Saturday. The 60 year old Ng ("The Professor"), police say, was mentor of the Wah Ching thugs, teaching them extortion tactics. Former leader of the Wah Ching, Anton Wong, murdered in broad daylight May 23 at Powell and Jackson Streets. On
650-637: Is involved in the smuggling and sale of the amphetamine ya ba . Using Bangkok as a commercial and trafficking base, they transport and distribute the Burmese-manufactured drug to the Thai narcotics industry. The influx of other Chinese gangs and syndicates into Thailand has led to a series of turf wars between the 14K and smaller rival groups, fighting over territory in Thailand and sections of neighbouring Cambodia. The 14K triad has been active in
715-544: Is law enforcement anecdotal evidence that suggests as a group the gang has developed strong associations with other Asian organized crime groups, such as the 14K and Sun Yee On triads in Hong Kong. The Wah Ching has been in a long conflict with the Asian Boyz . One of the first shootouts between the two gangs occurred in the 1990s. The shooting occurred in El Monte at a pool hall. An Asian Boyz gang member, Lea Mek ,
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#1732783190037780-493: The Chinese Commercial News , World News , and United Daily News all use traditional characters, as do some Hong Kong–based magazines such as Yazhou Zhoukan . The Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified characters. DVDs are usually subtitled using traditional characters, influenced by media from Taiwan as well as by the two countries sharing the same DVD region , 3. With most having immigrated to
845-598: The Asian Boyz (ABZ) , who also aligned themselves with the Vietnamese Boyz (VBZ) in opposition to Wah Ching. Wah Ching's move from its original home in the Bay Area to Southern California is probably one of the sources of the disputes over gang turf. Over the decades, the Wah Ching has evolved from a street gang to an organized crime group, however, due to the fact that a lot of the Wah Ching's criminal activity and murders have been motivated by political agendas. There
910-488: The Flying Dragons . In Queens, he oversaw heroin dealing, illegal gambling, a luxury car-theft ring, extortion rackets and immigrant smuggling. Ma ordered numerous killings to protect his criminal enterprise. In 1996, he fled to China to avoid detection by police. He later returned to the U.S. and was arrested in 2003. In 2010, he was convicted of murder and narcotics charges and sentenced to life in prison. Frank Ma
975-582: The Kensiu language . 14K (triad) The 14K (十四K sap sei kei , [sap̚sɛjkɛj] ) is a triad group based in Hong Kong but active internationally. It is the second largest triad group in the world with around 20,000 members split into thirty subgroups. They are the main rival of the Sun Yee On , which is the largest triad. The 14K is responsible for large-scale drug trafficking around
1040-883: The Ping On triad in Boston and Wah Ching in San Francisco. High-ranking 14K member Hui Sin Ma aka Frank Ma, who was born in China and illegally immigrated to the U.S. in the 1980s, began his criminal career in Boston and San Francisco before settling in Queens, New York , where he became associated with the On Leong Tong and their youth gang the Ghost Shadows , as well as the Hip Sing Tong , along with their youth gang
1105-640: The Shanghainese -language character U+20C8E 𠲎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-20C8E —a composition of 伐 with the ⼝ 'MOUTH' radical—used instead of the Standard Chinese 嗎 ; 吗 . Typefaces often use the initialism TC to signify the use of traditional Chinese characters, as well as SC for simplified Chinese characters . In addition, the Noto, Italy family of typefaces, for example, also provides separate fonts for
1170-563: The Vietnamese community , and absorbed the remnants of the defunct Ghost Shadows . In 1988, the Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (CISC) estimated the number of members in the 14K's Toronto branch at 150, with around 40 criminally active in heroin trafficking, migrant smuggling, theft and extortion. The Sam Gor syndicate is composed of 14K and other Triads and has Canadian roots in and leadership from
1235-690: The 14K controls illegal gambling casinos in Antwerp. Belgium and the Netherlands form two corners of a triangular narcotics route of the 14K Triad. The third corner is Paris. The 14K is among the leading triads in France, where it has cooperated with Turkish , Albanian and Nigerian crime groups in heroin trafficking. The first reported triad activity in Ireland came in July 1979 when the 14K attempted
1300-491: The 14K had been expanding its operations in Japan since the 1980s and had branches in Fukuoka , Osaka , Sapporo and Tokyo , each with at least 1,000 members. The 14K in Japan has been involved in counterfeiting credit cards and has cooperated with yakuza groups in the importation large numbers of illegal Chinese migrants. The 14K triad has been involved in smuggling arms to Abu Sayyaf and has reportedly cooperated with
1365-541: The 1977 Golden Dragon Massacre (GDM) involving another Chinese gang, the Chung Ching Yee , or Joe Boys (JBS). The event took place at the Golden Dragon Restaurant in San Francisco's Chinatown. Five people were killed, and eleven others were injured. None of the victims were gang members. Five Joe Boys members were convicted of the shooting. The cause of the attack was vandalism by Wah Ching to
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#17327831900371430-751: The Big Circle Boys. Intelligence reports from the Attorney General of Mexico and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency have indicated that the 14K triad is among the suppliers of raw materials used in the manufacturing of methamphetamine to the Sinaloa Cartel . The 14K has a presence in New York , California , Chicago , Boston and Houston . The 14K has had connections to the leadership of
1495-572: The Islamic group in laundering and transmitting ransom money, taking a percentage of the ransoms in exchange for their assistance. The 14K is the largest Chinese crime syndicate operating in Thailand. In January 2000, a haul of 100 kilograms (220 pounds) of heroin bound for the United States confiscated during an operation in Bangkok was attributed to the 14K. In addition to heroin, the 14K
1560-611: The Nam and Tsin family. Underbosses, bosses and high ranking soldiers are believed to have "14K" tattooed on them using ink mixed with blood that's been blessed by Kuang Kong. This dilutes the ink and gives a faded effect which symbolises life in purgatory. Leaked diplomatic cables obtained by the Irish Independent in 2011 included intelligence reports by the Garda Síochána (Irish police) on Chinese organized crime in
1625-830: The Netherlands have been reassembled in Flanders, with strong bases in Brussels and Antwerp . A foothold in Belgium has brought the narcotics traffickers closer to the money-laundering banks of Luxembourg . In 1998, the chief of Belgium's security agency stated of Chinese criminal organizations in the country: "They include several hundred Asiatics and have a strong familial characteristic. Their activities are very diverse, also including [besides narcotics] gambling and illegal workshops. They also are developing money laundering, both small-scale (restaurants, etc.) and large-scale such as real estate and even industrial projects." For example,
1690-795: The Netherlands since as early as the 1970s, when members of the gang controlled Chinese restaurants in numerous cities in the country. Dutch police authorities believe that the 14K took full control of heroin importation into the Benelux countries in 1987. The 14K established a direct connection with Hong Kong, via Bangkok , the chief transit point. In the Netherlands, the 14K is divided into seven-to-ten-person cells, mainly in Amsterdam , that function as relay posts for moving heroin elsewhere in Europe. Authorities believe that Belgium now plays an equally important role. Heroin laboratories that were discovered in
1755-555: The People's Republic of China, traditional Chinese characters are standardised according to the Table of Comparison between Standard, Traditional and Variant Chinese Characters . Dictionaries published in mainland China generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts. There are differences between the accepted traditional forms in mainland China and elsewhere, for example the accepted traditional form of 产 in mainland China
1820-694: The Triad as a whole. Traditional Triad Structure goes as follows: The leader of a triad is known as the 489 or the San Chu. The second in command is usually split into two different roles, called the Vanguard or the Incense master, with the role number of 438. The Vanguard is in command of recruiting. The Incense master leads the ceremonial rituals. Next in the chain of command are the Red Poles or 426s, who are
1885-625: The UK until 1964, when the Labour Party encouraged large-scale immigration, bringing a huge influx of Hong Kong diaspora . While active predominantly in Birmingham and the north of England , the 14K has a strong presence in London, where they have been involved in turf wars with their rival Wo Shing Wo as well as Fujianese snakehead gangs. On 3 June 2003, alleged 14K member You Yi He, who
1950-524: The United States during the second half of the 19th century, Chinese Americans have long used traditional characters. When not providing both, US public notices and signs in Chinese are generally written in traditional characters, more often than in simplified characters. In the past, traditional Chinese was most often encoded on computers using the Big5 standard, which favored traditional characters. However,
2015-777: The Wo Hop To founded the Jackson Street Boys , a gang based in San Francisco's Chinatown which resumed what a SFPD officer described in 2000 as "the same stuff on a smaller scale and without the same visibility", including extortion of local merchants and operating gambling dens. By the mid-1990s, Southern California Wah Ching had already divided itself into four main branches because of internal disagreements. The four original Wah Ching branches (referred to as sides) are called Sonny-Side, Paul-Side, Ken-Side, and Taiwanese-Side, all named after their founders names or aliases. Despite Wah Ching breaking up into several branches, there
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2080-622: The arrests. The shootouts between the two gangs were called "Summer Madness" by the Asian Boyz gang, and resulted in at least 42 deaths on both sides. On June 2, 2007, Anh Duoc Nguyen, a member of Monterey Park-Side Wah Ching shot at five people in Westminster's Bowling Green Park, severely injuring one. The shootout was believed to be motivated by the fact that one of the victims changed his Myspace page bio to read "garden gang". The Wah Ching's main structure consists of one main boss under
2145-485: The city. Nine of the men were believed to have come over from the UK. During the operation, a hoard of weapons including knives, pickaxes, bars and clubs were found. The 14K and other triads gained a firm foothold in Ireland in the 1980s when large numbers of Chinese restaurants opened in Cork and Dublin. The triad association is still very much active but now operate in smaller groups run by members and distant relatives of
2210-511: The colonial government arrested over 10,000 14K members, with 600 of them being deported to Taiwan. The government then created the Triad Societies Bureau, in order to assist law enforcement in combating triad activities. In 1997, there were a number of gang-related attacks that left 69 people dead. Under Wan Kuok-koi (nicknamed "Broken Tooth Koi", 崩牙駒 ), the 14K was being challenged by the smaller Shui Fong Triad. In 1998,
2275-655: The control of protection rackets. The 14K has been among the most active triad societies in Canada, maintaining a chapter in Toronto . The 14K established its chapter in Toronto in 1976. The 14K was reported in the 1970s to be recruiting actively within the Chinese-Canadian community as well bringing new members from Hong Kong. Initially, the group was made up of members from Hong Kong but later recruited from
2340-493: The country, specifically the activities of the 14K and their rival Wo Shing Wo . The reported criminal activities of the triads included the trafficking of women and children from China into Ireland, involvement in casinos, and money laundering. Gardaí also reported a great deal of interaction between the Chinese gangs operating in Ireland and Scotland. Arriba España The 14K has a branch in Spain, operating from Madrid . The 14K
2405-564: The crackdown in Macau, the 14K triad resurfaced in cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco and Chicago in the United States; Vancouver, Calgary and Toronto in Canada; Sydney in Australia; and the UK. The 14K Triad is made up of a number of sub-triads, that are only symbolically part of the triad, though have similar organisational structure and personal networks. They are decentralised and highly flexible with no overarching leader that commands
2470-481: The dominant gang in Chinatown, Los Angeles throughout most of the 1970s and early 1980s. In 1991, Danny "Ah Pai" Wong, the leader of Wah Ching, was shot and killed by Wo Hop To (WHT) hitmen from Seattle Chinatown. After the murder, most of the Wah Ching members began to leave town, change sides, or retire. After law enforcement cracked down on the Wo Hop To around 1992, former Wah Ching members who had defected to
2535-635: The enforcers for the triad. The 415 or White Paper Fans handle administrative work. The 432 or Straw Hat crew, act as the mediator between other triads. Regular members with no leadership roles are just called soldiers, or 49s. The typical target for recruitment is the youth. In California there have been cases of 14K members recruiting teens in Asian densely populated areas such as San Francisco or Orange County. In Hong Kong, 14K members would usually recruit teens in poorer areas such as Kowloon, Kwun Tong, or Tuen Mun while also targeting certain schools. Women have
2600-736: The graves of several Joe Boy members and a shootout that took place a few months earlier that left one Joe Boy dead and two others wounded. During the mid-1960s, Wah Ching established themselves in Southern California, mainly around Chinatown, Los Angeles and the San Gabriel Valley . The Southern California branch of Wah Ching was led by David Quon and Philip Lee throughout the 1960s and 1970s. During this time, Wah Ching in Los Angeles operated illegal gambling houses, brothels, extortion rackets, and loan-sharking. Nearing
2665-665: The group relocated to British Hong Kong after the Kuomintang evacuated China following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War . Originally there were fourteen members who were part of the Kuomintang, hence the name 14K. Other sources say 14 stands for the road number of a former headquarters and K stands for Kowloon . After the Chinese Civil War ended in the victory of the Communists in 1949,
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2730-493: The inverse is equally true as well. In digital media, many cultural phenomena imported from Hong Kong and Taiwan into mainland China, such as music videos, karaoke videos, subtitled movies, and subtitled dramas, use traditional Chinese characters. In Hong Kong and Macau , traditional characters were retained during the colonial period, while the mainland adopted simplified characters. Simplified characters are contemporaneously used to accommodate immigrants and tourists, often from
2795-725: The mainland. The increasing use of simplified characters has led to concern among residents regarding protecting what they see as their local heritage. Taiwan has never adopted simplified characters. The use of simplified characters in government documents and educational settings is discouraged by the government of Taiwan. Nevertheless, with sufficient context simplified characters are likely to be successfully read by those used to traditional characters, especially given some previous exposure. Many simplified characters were previously variants that had long been in some use, with systematic stroke simplifications used in folk handwriting since antiquity. Traditional characters were recognized as
2860-682: The majority of Chinese text in mainland China are simplified characters , there is no legislation prohibiting the use of traditional Chinese characters, and often traditional Chinese characters remain in use for stylistic and commercial purposes, such as in shopfront displays and advertising. Traditional Chinese characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promulgation of the current simplification scheme, such as former government buildings, religious buildings, educational institutions, and historical monuments. Traditional Chinese characters continue to be used for ceremonial, cultural, scholarly/academic research, and artistic/decorative purposes. In
2925-916: The merging of previously distinct character forms. Many Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between these character sets. Traditional characters are known by different names throughout the Chinese-speaking world. The government of Taiwan officially refers to traditional Chinese characters as 正體字 ; 正体字 ; zhèngtǐzì ; 'orthodox characters'. This term is also used outside Taiwan to distinguish standard characters, including both simplified, and traditional, from other variants and idiomatic characters . Users of traditional characters elsewhere, as well as those using simplified characters, call traditional characters 繁體字 ; 繁体字 ; fántǐzì ; 'complex characters', 老字 ; lǎozì ; 'old characters', or 全體字 ; 全体字 ; quántǐzì ; 'full characters' to distinguish them from simplified characters. Some argue that since traditional characters are often
2990-438: The mid-1970s, Los Angeles Wah Ching recruited Joe Young, whom later became the leader of Southern California Wah Ching in the 1980s up until around mid 1990s. During the 1960s and 1970s in Chinatown, Los Angeles, the contest for gang dominance was between the Joe Boys, Yao Lai, and the Wah Ching. However, Wah Ching was able to push these gangs out of Los Angeles Chinatown and took over their illegal establishments. Wah Ching became
3055-490: The night of August 12, at a service station at 19th Avenue and Irving Street where he was employed, Wayne Fung was killed by seven bullets from a .38 caliber automatic. The gunman, an Asian youth, fired the shots and ran to a waiting car parked on 18th Avenue, witnesses said. Fung, 19, was a member of the Wah Ching. Traditional Chinese characters Traditional Chinese characters are a standard set of Chinese character forms used to write Chinese languages . In Taiwan ,
3120-556: The official script in Singapore until 1969, when the government officially adopted Simplified characters. Traditional characters still are widely used in contexts such as in baby and corporation names, advertisements, decorations, official documents and in newspapers. The Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative in Southeast Asia regarding simplification. Although major public universities teach in simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications such as
3185-700: The original standard forms, they should not be called 'complex'. Conversely, there is a common objection to the description of traditional characters as 'standard', due to them not being used by a large population of Chinese speakers. Additionally, as the process of Chinese character creation often made many characters more elaborate over time, there is sometimes a hesitation to characterize them as 'traditional'. Some people refer to traditional characters as 'proper characters' ( 正字 ; zhèngzì or 正寫 ; zhèngxiě ) and to simplified characters as 簡筆字 ; 简笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'simplified-stroke characters' or 減筆字 ; 减笔字 ; jiǎnbǐzì ; 'reduced-stroke characters', as
3250-495: The pioneers in establishing the smuggling networks in the "Golden Triangle" in Southeast Asia. Compared with other triad societies, the 14K is one of the largest and most violent Hong Kong-based triad societies, and its members appear to be more loosely connected. 14K factional violence is out of control, because no dragonhead is able to govern all factions of 14K worldwide. While Hong Kong's 14K triad gang dominates its traditional areas of operation and has expanded far beyond
3315-729: The predominant forms. Simplified characters as codified by the People's Republic of China are predominantly used in mainland China , Malaysia, and Singapore. "Traditional" as such is a retronym applied to non-simplified character sets in the wake of widespread use of simplified characters. Traditional characters are commonly used in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and Macau , as well as in most overseas Chinese communities outside of Southeast Asia. As for non-Chinese languages written using Chinese characters, Japanese kanji include many simplified characters known as shinjitai standardized after World War II, sometimes distinct from their simplified Chinese counterparts . Korean hanja , still used to
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#17327831900373380-405: The region, its focus remains China-centric. Hong Kong triads, including the 14K, have expanded their activities in mainland China. A key motivation for members to cross into China is to avoid police security and anti-gang crackdowns in Hong Kong. During the 1956 riots , the 14K confronted the colonial government at the time. The riot caused 60 deaths and over 400 hospitalizations. After the riot,
3445-405: The set of traditional characters is regulated by the Ministry of Education and standardized in the Standard Form of National Characters . These forms were predominant in written Chinese until the middle of the 20th century, when various countries that use Chinese characters began standardizing simplified sets of characters, often with characters that existed before as well-known variants of
3510-528: The traditional character set used in Taiwan ( TC ) and the set used in Hong Kong ( HK ). Most Chinese-language webpages now use Unicode for their text. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends the use of the language tag zh-Hant to specify webpage content written with traditional characters. In the Japanese writing system , kyujitai are traditional forms, which were simplified to create shinjitai for standardized Japanese use following World War II. Kyūjitai are mostly congruent with
3575-819: The traditional characters in Chinese, save for minor stylistic variation. Characters that are not included in the jōyō kanji list are generally recommended to be printed in their traditional forms, with a few exceptions. Additionally, there are kokuji , which are kanji wholly created in Japan, rather than originally being borrowed from China. In the Korean writing system , hanja —replaced almost entirely by hangul in South Korea and totally replaced in North Korea —are mostly identical with their traditional counterparts, save minor stylistic variations. As with Japanese, there are autochthonous hanja, known as gukja . Traditional Chinese characters are also used by non-Chinese ethnic groups. The Maniq people living in Thailand and Malaysia use Chinese characters to write
3640-412: The ubiquitous Unicode standard gives equal weight to simplified and traditional Chinese characters, and has become by far the most popular encoding for Chinese-language text. There are various input method editors (IMEs) available for the input of Chinese characters . Many characters, often dialectical variants, are encoded in Unicode but cannot be inputted using certain IMEs, with one example being
3705-437: The union and various factions called sides who have leaders or lung tao ('dragon head') or dai lao ('older brother') who work together to organize their syndicates with the sole purpose of making money. The number of members in each side can vary anywhere from a few dozen to a couple thousand, and the total number of sides is believed to be around 10. The four original sides, Ken-Side, Paul-Side, T-Side, and Sonny-Side, have
3770-418: The words for simplified and reduced are homophonous in Standard Chinese , both pronounced as jiǎn . The modern shapes of traditional Chinese characters first appeared with the emergence of the clerical script during the Han dynasty c. 200 BCE , with the sets of forms and norms more or less stable since the Southern and Northern dynasties period c. the 5th century . Although
3835-537: The world, most of it heroin and opium from China or Southeast Asia. This is their primary business in terms of generating income. They are also involved in illegal gambling, loan sharking , money laundering , contract murder, arms trafficking, prostitution , human trafficking, extortion , counterfeiting and, to a lesser extent, home invasion robberies. The 14K was formed in 1945, by Kuomintang Lieutenant-General Kot Siu-wong [ zh ] in Guangzhou , China, as an anti-Communist action group. In 1949,
3900-488: Was described by law enforcement as "one of the last of the Asian godfathers." The 14K is among the main groups responsible for meth trafficking in Australia. New Zealand police have stated that the 14K is the most powerful Asian crime syndicate operating in the country. They are involved in the importation of pseudoephedrine , a chemical precursor in the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine, from Hong Kong and mainland China, which they sell to local drug trafficking gangs,
3965-454: Was first formed as a protection group from the ABCs (American born Chinese) and later evolved into a criminal gang. Beginning in 1969, the Wah Ching fought a war with the Suey Sing Tong for control of Chinatown's gambling, loan-sharking and extortion rackets. After a number of shootings and homicides, the Suey Sing relinquished their territory and reestablished themselves in Oakland . Wah Ching first received widespread media attention because of
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#17327831900374030-543: Was killed by Wah Ching gang member Chieu Luong Yang. Another shootout between the two gangs occurred in San Marino that led to the deaths of two youths at a San Marino High School graduation party in June. After an investigation by the authorities, police claimed that when the Asian Boyz gang members arrived at the party, they noticed that Wah Ching gang members were there, prompting them to leave and return with weapons. At least nine gang members were arrested, and police seized five weapons from homes searched in conjunction with
4095-429: Was no internal war between the different Wah Ching sides and all sides were led by a lung tao ('dragon head') or dai lao ('older brother') who oversaw their group's activities. In the mid-1990s, the Wah Ching was reported as being engaged in murder, extortion, drug trafficking and gambling, and expanded into software bootlegging. The Wah Ching Gang has an ongoing conflict with another rival Asian gang in Los Angeles,
4160-409: Was the first triad society to arrive in the United Kingdom, emerging from the Chinese communities of London , Birmingham , Liverpool and Manchester during the post-war period. Although nearly all triad groups operating in the UK at the time were affiliated with the 14K, each operated independently of the Hong Kong 14K and generally viewed each other as rivals. Other triad societies did not arrive in
4225-402: Was the subject of a police investigation into people-smuggling at the time of his death, was shot and killed in London's Chinatown . The 14K has battled Wo Shing Wo for control of rackets in Glasgow . The two groups have cooperated in cigarette smuggling in Scotland. In July 2003, 14K members were ambushed in a machete attack on Glasgow's Sauchiehall Street by Wo Shing Wo, in a dispute over
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