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32-687: (Redirected from War Ministry ) Ministry of War may refer to: Ministry of War (imperial China) ( c. 600–1912) Chinese Republic Ministry of War (1912–1946) Ministry of War (Kingdom of Bavaria) (1808–1919) Ministry of War (Brazil) (1815–1999) Ministry of War (Estonia) (1918–1928; 1937-1940) Ministry of War (France) (1791–1947) Ministry of War (Italy) (1861–1947) Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan) (702–1872) Ministry of War (Japan) (1872–1945) Ministry of War (Peru) (1920–1987) War Ministry (Portugal) (1820–1974) Prussian Ministry of War (1808–1919) Ministry of War of

64-772: A form of corruption and these taxes never reached the imperial government under the traditional fiscal regime. Near the end of the Qing dynasty, one dìng (sycee, or yuanbao ) is about 50 taels. The local tael took precedence over any central measure. Thus, the Canton tael weighed 37.5 grams (1.21 ozt), the Convention or Shanghai tael was 33.9 grams (1.09 ozt), and the Haiguan ( 海關 ; hǎiguān ; 'customs') tael 37.8 grams (1.22 ozt). The conversion rates between various common taels were well known. In

96-526: A much less risky occupation. Most express post station masters did not suffer any forms of harassment, injury, or death from their clients. Post stations were smaller and less diplomatically important than relay stations. The staff and compensation were much smaller. Each express post station had between four and ten staffers serving as foot post soldiers and one postmaster whose primary duties were to oversee them and ensure mail delivery. The staff were typically local farming community youth. Apart from good health

128-629: A unit will typically abbreviate it as "tl". China's standard market tael (Chinese: 市两 ; pinyin: shìliǎng ) of 31.25 g was modified by the People's Republic of China in 1959. The new market tael was 50 g or 1 ⁄ 10 catty (500 g) to make it compatible with metric measures. (see Chinese unit for details.) In Shanghai, silver is still traded in taels. Some foodstuffs in China are sold in units also called "taels", but which do not necessarily weigh one tael. For cooked rice,

160-516: Is 1 + 1 ⁄ 3 oz. avoir. Similar to Hong Kong, in Singapore, one tael is defined as 1 + 1 ⁄ 3 ounce and is approximated as 37.7994 g The Taiwan tael is 37.5 g and is still used in some contexts. The Taiwan tael is derived from the tael or ryō ( 両 ) of the Japanese system (equal to 10 momme ) which was 37.5 g. Although the catty (equal to 16 taels)

192-515: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Ministry of War (imperial China) The Ministry of War is also commonly translated as the Ministry or Board of Defense . During the Ming dynasty , the Ministry of War had control over appointments, promotions, and demotions of military officers; the maintenance of military installations, equipment, and weapons; and administration over

224-467: Is still frequently used in Taiwan, the tael is only used for precious metals and herbal medicines. The Thai equivalent of the tael is known as the tamlueng , a term derived from Khmer . It was used as a unit of currency equal to four baht ; nowadays, as a unit of weight it is fixed at 60 grams. In French Indochina , the colonial administration fixed the tael ( lạng ) as 100 g, which

256-525: Is written 兩 (simplified as 两 ) and has the Mandarin pronunciation liǎng . The phrase "half a catty, eight taels" ( Chinese : 半斤八兩 , bàn jīn, bā liǎng ) is still used to mean two options are exactly equivalent, similar to the English "six of one, half a dozen of the other". In China, there were many different weighting standards of tael depending on the region or type of trade. In general

288-746: The Malay word tahil , meaning "weight". Early English forms of the name such as "tay" or "taes" derive from the Portuguese plural of tael, taeis . Tahil ( / ˈ t ɑː h ɪ l / in Singaporean English ) is used in Malay and English today when referring to the weight in Malaysia , Singapore , and Brunei , where it is still used in some contexts especially related to the significant Overseas Chinese population. In Chinese, tael

320-558: The silver tael weighed around 40 grams (1.3 ozt). The most common government measure was the Kuping ( 庫平 ; kùpíng ; 'treasury standard') tael, weighing 37.5 grams (1.21 ozt). A common commercial weight, the Caoping ( 漕平 ; cáopíng ; 'canal shipping standard') tael weighed 36.7 grams (1.18 ozt) of marginally less pure silver. As in China, other parts of East Asia such as Japan and Korea have also used

352-775: The tahil and by other names , can refer to any one of several weight measures used in East and Southeast Asia . It usually refers to the Chinese tael, a part of the Chinese system of weights and currency . The Chinese tael was standardized to 50 grams in 1959. In Hong Kong and Singapore , it is equivalent to 10 mace (Chinese: 錢 ; pinyin: qián ) or 1 ⁄ 16 catty , albeit with slightly different metric equivalents in these two places. These Chinese units of measurement are usually used in Chinese herbal medicine stores as well as gold and silver exchange. The English word tael comes through Portuguese from

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384-471: The Qing dynasty created a number of treaty ports alongside the China's main waterways and its coastal areas, these treaty ports would fundamentally change both the monetary system of China as well as its banking system , these changes were introduced by the establishment of European and American merchant houses and later banks that would engage in the Chinese money exchange and trade finance. Between

416-558: The Russian Empire (1802–1917) Ministry of War of Saxony (1831–1919) Ministry of War of Württemberg (1806–1919) See also [ edit ] Ministry of defence , a type of government department Department of Defence War Department War cabinet , a committee formed by a government in a time of war Chamberlain war ministry , the United Kingdom government 1939–1940 Churchill war ministry ,

448-623: The United Kingdom government 1940–1945 Ministry of War Transport (United Kingdom, 1941–1946) [REDACTED] Index of articles associated with the same name This set index article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_War&oldid=1216920737 " Category : Set index articles Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

480-519: The Western powers had managed to take over the complete administration of the Qing's maritime customs from the imperial Chinese governmental bureaucracy. The Imperial Maritime Customs Service developed the Haikwan tael (海關兩), this new form of measurement was an abstract unit of silver tael that would become the nationwide standard unit of account in silver for any form of Customs tax. The Haikwan tael

512-591: The associated risks. These risks came both from the travelers and, especially in the more isolated stations from bandits or foreign armies could target station or the travel routes. Station Masters could be harassed, beaten, or even murdered depending upon the whims of high-ranking travelers. These risks were not confined to the Station Master; banditry and invading armies did not distinguish their foes by rank. For every relay station as many as eight express post stations were present. Postmaster positions were

544-733: The imperial Chinese post or courier network. Workers found jobs at Relay Stations or Post Offices during the Ming dynasty in multiple ways. Some were directly appointed by the Emperor. In some cases, local indigenous leaders received these appointments. The subordinate positions were filled by members of the leader's entourage, including cooks, stable hands and innkeepers. Thereafter the Stationmaster became an inherited position, in some cases for over 100 years. At more isolated frontier stations, exiles, ex-criminals and prisoners of war filled

576-567: The job had no other qualifications. At isolated post stations, rank and file positions were filled by pardoned death-row criminals. Pay was between four and seven taels of silver per year. In November 1910 the Qing dynasty , as part of its New Policies , replaced the old Six Ministries with eleven new ministries. One of them was the Ministry of the Army, which had been created in November 1906 when

608-498: The maintenance of boats at water stations and horses at horse stations as well as supplying travelers according to their rank with appropriate equipment, servants and food to accommodate their journey. The wellbeing of official messengers and envoys was the primary concern of the Relay Station Master. The hierarchy within these stations was clear. The Post Master or Relay Station Master was in charge. Under him were

640-630: The official exchange rate between silver sycees and copper-alloy cash coins was set at 1,000 wén for 1 tael of silver before 1820, but after the year 1840 this official exchange rate was double to 2,000 wén to 1 tael. During the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor , the government of the Qing dynasty was forced to re-introduce paper money , among the paper money it produced were the Hubu Guanpiao (戶部官票) silver notes that were denominated in taels. The forced opening of China during

672-675: The old Ministry of War was changed. One of the main differences between the two organizations was that instead of being entirely an administrative and logistical institution staffed by civilian officials, military officers were given a greater role, and there was a General Staff Council within the ministry. It also included the Naval Commission, but that was turned into a separate Ministry of the Navy in December 1910. Tael Tael ( / ˈ t eɪ l / ), or liang , also known as

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704-520: The positions. Formerly high officials who had been convicted of crimes ranging from malversation (corrupt behaviour in a position of trust), to bribe-taking or drunkenness received these posts as punishment. By 1360 CE, local families were part of the relay system and required, depending upon their wealth, to supply the station with a horse, grain, or labor. Such posts were regarded as a punishment, ensuring that only minimal qualifications were needed. However, Relay Station Masters had to be responsible for

736-418: The shape and amount of extra detail on each ingot were highly variable; square and oval shapes were common but "boat", flower, tortoise and others are known. The tael was still used in Qing dynasty coinage as the basis of the silver currency and sycee remained in use until the end of the dynasty in 1911. Common weights were 50, 10, 5 and one tael. Before the year 1840 the government of the Qing dynasty had set

768-455: The staff performing jobs ranging from stable-hand or inn/tavern staff to warehouse duties managing the station's supplies. The pay for Masters varied based upon the importance of the station. Compensation was in the form of grain every lunar month, and later switched into silver ranging from fifteen to twenty-two taels per year. Despite this rather high pay, no individual during the Ming dynasty ever sought to become Relay Station Master, due to

800-435: The tael ( Japanese : 両 ; rōmaji : ryō ; Korean : 량/냥 (兩) ; romaja : nyang/ryang ) as both a unit of weight and, by extension, a currency. Traditional Chinese silver sycees and other currencies of fine metals were not denominated or made by a central mint and their value was determined by their weight in taels. They were made by individual silversmiths for local exchange, and as such

832-436: The various colonial powers and the government of the Qing dynasty. The Haikwan tael was on average 5% to 10% larger than the various local tael units that had existed in China, this was done as it deliberately excluded any form of extra surcharges which were embedded in the other units of the silver tael that existed as a form of intermediary income for local government tax collection, these surcharges were added to local taels as

864-546: The weight of the tael is approximated using special tael-sized ladles. Other items sold in taels include the shengjian mantou and the xiaolongbao , both small bao buns commonly sold in Shanghai. In these cases, one tael is traditionally four and eight buns respectively. The tael is a legal weight measure in Hong Kong , and is still in active use. In Hong Kong, one tael is 37.799364167 g, and in ordinance 22 of 1884

896-588: The year 1933 the government of the Republic of China abolished the tael and completely replaced it with the yuan in a process known as the fei liang gai yuan ( 廢兩改元 ; 'Abolishing tael and changing to yuan'). During this time the Republican government cleared all banknotes denominated in the ancient tael currency, making all bills which used this currency unit obsolete. Modern studies suggest that, on purchasing power parity basis, one tael of silver

928-473: The years 1840 and 1900, 1 market tael was worth 1.38 Spanish dollars . Various Western banking companies, the largest of which were the HSBC , and later Japanese banking companies started to begin to accept deposits. They would issue banknotes which were convertible into silver; these banknotes were popularized among the Chinese public that resided in the treaty ports. An important development during this era

960-458: Was preferred over the Kuping tael (庫平兩) by many merchants across China, this was because the units of the Kuping tael varied often to the advantage of imperial tax collectors, this form of corruption was an extra source of income for government bureaucrats at the expense of traders. The Haikwan tael unit was completely uniform, it was very carefully defined, and its creation had been negotiated among

992-641: Was the establishment of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service . This agency was placed in charge of collecting transit taxes for traded goods that were shipped both in and out of the Chinese Empire, these rules and regulations were all stipulated in various trade treaties that were imposed on the Qing by the Western colonial powers. Because these changes were implemented during the height of the Taiping Rebellion ,

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1024-426: Was worth about 4,130 yuan RMB in the early Tang dynasty , 2,065 yuan RMB in the late Tang dynasty , and 660.8 yuan RMB in the mid Ming dynasty . As of February 2024 the price of silver is about 254 yuan RMB/tael of 50 g. The tael is still in use as a weight measurement in a number of countries though usually only in limited contexts. In English-speaking countries, measurement scales that support Tael as

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