Misplaced Pages

#144855

50-411: Wardaman may refer to: Wardaman people , an indigenous group of Australia Wardaman language , the language isolate spoken by them Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Wardaman . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

100-501: A moribund language , it was, as late as the early 1990s, one of the most widely spoken Aboriginal languages in Katherine , with an estimated 30 speakers and perhaps 200 or more people who could understand it if spoken. The Wardaman controlled, according to Norman Tindale , some 7,300 square kilometres (2,800 sq mi) of territory from the headwaters of the southern branches of the upper Flora River , and westwards as far as

150-614: A Rainbow Serpent took up residence, though in some versions it is the Serpent which falls from heaven and creates the crater. The story sometimes continues telling of how an old hunter chased a dingo into the crater and got lost in a tunnel created by the Serpent, never to be found again, with the dingo being eaten and spat out by the Serpent. The Noongar people of south-western Western Australia tell of how Rainbow Serpents, or Wagyls , smashed and pushed boulders around to form trails on Mount Matilda, along with creating waterways such as

200-525: A bird, crocodile, dingo, or lizard, as taking the role of the Serpent in stories. In all cases, these animals are also associated with water. The Rainbow Serpent has also been identified with, or considered to be related to, the bunyip , a fearful, water-hole dwelling creature in Australian mythology. Unlike many other deities, the Rainbow Serpent does not have a human form and remains in

250-442: A bit from one Aboriginal culture to another, and should be properly called the Rainbow Serpent myth s of Australia. It has also been suggested that the Serpent's position as the most prominent creator God in the Australian tradition has largely been the creation of non-Aboriginal anthropologists. Another error of the same kind is the way in which Western-educated people, with a cultural stereotype of Greco-Roman or Norse myths, tell

300-774: A bolt of lightning cleaves the sandstone rockface at Yiwarlarlay, frogs emerge to watch, slapping their thighs rhythmically as the two fight on. Passing over en route to the Yingalarri water-hole, Wiyan , the rain, is told by Gorondolni , the Wardaman Rainbow serpent , to halt, whereby it is transformed into the Ngalanjarri rain rock close by. Yagjagbula eventually comes out the victor, either by knocking Jabirringi's headdress off, or by decapitating him, with his boomerang. The scene depicting this primordial conflict depicts Yagjagbula as being over 4 metres high, and

350-536: A healer, because of this the Rainbow Serpent is also representative of fertility. Thunder and lightning are said to stem from when the Rainbow Serpent is angry, causing powerful storms and cyclones that will drown those who have upset her. Other punishments carried out by the Rainbow Serpent included being turned into either a human or to stone. Stories about the Rainbow Serpent have been passed down from generation to generation. The serpent story may vary however, according to environmental differences. Peoples of

400-574: A women's menstrual blood, letting them flow together in a ceremonial unification of the sexes. The Rainbow Serpent is also identified as a healer and can pass on its properties as a healer to humans through a ritual. The Rainbow Serpent, in addition to the continuation of traditional beliefs is often referenced in modern culture by providing inspiration for art, film, literature, music, religion, and social movements. For example, The Rainbow Serpent Festival , an annual music festival in Australia, and

450-525: Is a common deity often seen as the creator God , known by numerous names in different Australian Aboriginal languages by the many different Aboriginal peoples . It is a common motif in the art and religion of many Aboriginal Australian peoples. Much like the archetypal mother goddess, the Rainbow Serpent creates land and diversity for the Aboriginal people, but when disturbed can bring great chaos. There are many names and stories associated with

500-470: Is also representative of Yams and water-lilies. Heavy rainfall brought an abundance of both to the land and there is rock art depicting the serpent as a "Yam Serpent". Other rock art depicts the Rainbow Serpent with a flying fox head or like attributes. On the Arnhem Plateau in Australia, there is also early art depicting the serpent as an urchin or "seaweed like." It is believed that early painting of

550-537: Is an annual festival of music, arts and culture in Victoria . The Rainbow Serpent is known by different names by the many different Aboriginal cultures . Yurlunggur is the name of the "rainbow serpent" according to the Murngin ( Yolngu ) in north-eastern Arnhemland, also styled Yurlungur , Yulunggur , Jurlungur , Julunggur or Julunggul . The Yurlunggur was considered "the great father". The serpent

SECTION 10

#1732776434145

600-750: Is called Witij / Wititj by the Galpu clan of the Dhangu people , one of Yolngu peoples. Kanmare is the name of the great water serpent in Queensland among the Pitapita people of the Boulia District ; it is apparently a giant carpet snake , and recorded under the name Cunmurra further south. The same snake is called Tulloun among the Mitakoodi (Maithakari). Two mythical Kooremah of

650-416: Is called Ganayanda. The brothers hunt on alternate days, each bringing the day's game back to the camp. At a certain point, as he comes back from his hunting, Jabirringi overhears whispering in a rocky area, and discovers his wife copulating with his younger brother. A pitched battle between the two ensues on open ground, and, as spears and boomerangs are thrown, lightning flashes and thunderclaps roar. When

700-730: Is called nawaran in the native Kunwinjku language, according to whose lore grew into the Ngalyod serpent. This snake is also brown with darker blotches with iridescent scales. Another candidate is the water python ( Liasis fuscus ), which is a particularly colourful snake. The carpet snake ( Morelia spilota variegata ) is considered a form that the Rainbow Serpent can take by the Walmadjari people in northern Western Australia. The Kanmare or Kooremah of Queensland are also considered enormous carpet snakes, as already mentioned. There are also some geologist that study and look at

750-718: Is now known as the mother of life. Another tale is told in Dick Roughsey 's children's book, which tells how the Rainbow Serpent creates the landscape of Australia by thrashing about and, by tricking and swallowing two boys, ends up creating the population of Australia by various animal, insect, and plant species. The Serpent has been depicted in rock art in various forms, generally snake-like but sometimes with heads resembling various marsupials ( macropods ), flying foxes, or in some cases birds. Unlike an ordinary snake, it may be depicted with appendages such as animal legs and feet or an unusual tail in rock art. The Rainbow Serpent

800-514: Is the Serpent as creator, with the Serpent often bringing life to an empty space. One prominent Rainbow Serpent myth is the story of the Wawalag or Wagilag sisters, from the Yolngu people of Arnhem Land . According to legend, the sisters are travelling together when the older sister gives birth, and her blood flows to a waterhole where the Rainbow Serpent lives. In another version of the tale,

850-664: The Avon River . Some Aboriginal peoples in the Kimberley region believe that it was the Rainbow Serpent who deposited spirit-children throughout pools in which women become impregnated when they wade in the water. This process is sometimes referred to as "netting a fish". A more child-friendly version of the Rainbow Serpent myth tells of how a serpent rose through the Earth to the surface, where she summoned frogs, tickled their bellies to release water to create pools and rivers, and

900-690: The Northern Territory marks the importance of the female menstruation process and led to the establishment of the Kunapipi blood ritual of the goddess, in which the Indigenous Australians allegorically recreate the Rainbow Serpent eating the Wawalag sisters through dance and pantomime, and can be regarded as a fertility ritual . Female menstruation is sacred to many Indigenous Australian cultures because it distinguishes

950-563: The Victoria River Depot. Their southern limits lay around Jasper Gorge. The Wardaman presence, attested in post-contact times, at Delamere is historically recent. European contact with Wardaman and related peoples like the Dagoman and Yangman was characterized from the outset by considerable violence. Eventually, as their tribal lands were given over to pastoral leases, the men mastered trades such as cattle-droving, while

1000-661: The monsoonal areas depict an epic interaction of the sun, Serpent, and wind in their Dreamtime stories, whereas those of the central desert experience less drastic seasonal shifts and their stories reflect this. It is known both as a benevolent protector of its people (the groups from the country around) and as a malevolent punisher of law breakers. The Rainbow Serpent's mythology is closely linked to land , water, life, social relationships, and fertility . The Rainbow Serpent often takes part in transitions from adolescence to adulthood for young men and swallows them to vomit them up later. The most common motif in Rainbow Serpent stories

1050-487: The Aboriginal stories in the past tense. For the Indigenous people of Australia, the stories are everywhen  – past, present and future. Robert Blust has documented beliefs about the rainbow in tribal societies around the world that closely resemble the Rainbow Serpent myth of Australia. Rather than supporting the long-standing academic supposition that this belief complex is peculiar to one continent,

SECTION 20

#1732776434145

1100-515: The Earth would dry up. In other cultures, the serpent stops rainfall: the Numereji serpent's iwaiyu (its soul or shadow) cast upon the sky becomes the rainbow, and the serpent ascends to stop the rain, the Andrénjinyi is said to halt the rain caused by enemies. The Rainbow Serpent is sometimes associated with human blood, especially circulation and the menstrual cycle, and is considered

1150-562: The Mycoolon ( Maikulan ) tribe of Queensland, are cosmic carpet snakes 40 miles long, residing in watery realm of the dead, or on the pathway leading to it; this is probably equivalent to the rainbow snake also. Other names include: Though the concept of the Rainbow Serpent has existed for a very long time in Aboriginal Australian cultures, it was introduced to the wider world through the work of anthropologists. In fact,

1200-493: The Rainbow Serpent Project, a series of films which document the filmmaker's journey to various sacred sites around the Earth, are both inspired and named after the creature. Many Aboriginal Australian artists continue to be inspired by the Rainbow Serpent and use it as a subject in their art. An artist by the name of Belle Parker created a painted in the year 2000 called 'The Journey'. This painting combined

1250-542: The Rainbow Serpent art in Australia who see many similarities between the Serpent and seahorses or pipefish. It's also been described as looking like a sea urchin or seaweed. Considering that the Aborigines are in Australia and surrounded by lush rainforest, tropical ocean, and great diversity, the origins of the Serpents form are varied. In Queensland , a fossil of a snake was found, and they believe that it came from

1300-546: The Rainbow Serpent with the Christian cross. She even won the Blake prize for this piece. The Rainbow Serpent has also appeared as a character in literature. The Lardil people 's Dreaming story of the Rainbow Serpent was retold in Dick Roughsey 's award-winning Australian children's book The Rainbow Serpent ; the Rainbow Serpent has also appeared as a character in comic books such as Hellblazer . The Rainbow Serpent, under

1350-577: The Serpent has no particular gender. The serpent is sometimes ascribed with a having crest or a mane or on its head, or being bearded as well. While it is single-headed, the Yurlunggur of Arnhem land may possess a double-body. In some stories, the Serpent is associated with a large fruit bat, sometimes called a "flying fox" in Australian English, engaged in a rivalry over a woman. Some scholars have identified other creatures, such as

1400-559: The Serpent speaks in their voices and teaches sacred rituals to the people living there. Wollunqua is the Warumungu people 's version of the Rainbow Serpent, telling of an enormous snake which emerged from a watering hole called Kadjinara in the Murchison Ranges , Northern Territory. Another story from the Northern Territory tells of how a great mother arrives from the sea, travelling across Australia and giving birth to

1450-485: The banded rock python ( aka Children's python ; Liasis childreni <sc>syn.</sc> Antaresia childreni ) has been identified with the Yurlunggur by one researcher. This species is of brown colour (cf. Yurlunggur described as "giant copper snake" ) flecked with darker patches and having a ventral side that is opalescent white. Another suggestion is the Oenpelli rock python ( aka Oenpelli python ), which

1500-520: The dreamtime speak of Yagjagbula and Jabirringi , the "Lightning Brothers" of the Jabijin sub-section associated with the onset of the wet season , and who are represented in Wardaman rock art sacred sites , such as Yiwarlarlay. Yagjagbula , the younger of the two, is tall and handsome, and has a wife, Gulliridan , while Jabirringi is shorter, and somewhat plain-looking. The latter's spouse

1550-443: The ethnographic record shows that it is a culture universal. The rainbow serpent is in the first instance, the rainbow itself. It is said to inhabit particular waterholes, springs etc., because such bodies of water can exhibit spectral colors by diffracting light , according to one explanation. Likewise, the rainbow quartz crystal and certain seashells are also associated with the Rainbow Serpent, and are used in rituals involving

Wardaman - Misplaced Pages Continue

1600-614: The figure is one of the largest anthropomorphs in the world. The Wardaman community in Katherine are concentrated in two camps, south and west of the township. One group is at Bunjarri (Binjara) on the Manbulloo station about 7.5 miles from Katherine, and the other is at The Rockhole, just over 6 miles outside the town, on the Florina Highway. Rainbow serpent The Rainbow Serpent or Rainbow Snake

1650-423: The form of animal. While each culture has a different interpretation on gender and which animal the deity is, it is nonetheless, always an animal. > The sometimes unpredictable Rainbow Serpent (in contrast to the unyielding sun) replenishes the stores of water, forming gullies and deep channels as the Rainbow Serpent slithers across the landscape. In this belief system, without the Serpent, no rain would fall and

1700-467: The gender is ambiguous or the Rainbow Serpent is hermaphroditic or bigender , thus an androgynous entity. Some commentators have suggested that the Rainbow Serpent is a phallic symbol , which fits its connection with fertility myths and rituals. When the Serpent is characterized as female or bigender, it is sometimes depicted with breasts, as in the case of the Kunmanggur serpent. Other times,

1750-438: The ground and created huge ridges, mountains, and gorges as it pushed upward. The Rainbow Serpent is understood to be of immense proportions and inhabits deep permanent waterholes and is in control of life's most precious resource , water. In some cultures, the Rainbow Serpent is considered to be the ultimate creator of everything in the universe. In some cultures, the Rainbow Serpent is male; in others, female; in yet others,

1800-401: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wardaman&oldid=721377732 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Wardaman people Wardaman is a non- Pama-Nyungan language. Though close to being

1850-418: The myths in this family describe the ancestral being as a snake. Of those that do, not all of them draw a connection with a rainbow. However, a link with water or rain is typical. When the rainbow is seen in the sky, it is said to be the Rainbow Serpent moving from one waterhole to another, and this divine concept explained why some waterholes never dried up when drought struck. The Rainbow Serpent Festival

1900-469: The name Rainbow Serpent or Rainbow Snake appears to have been coined in English by Alfred Radcliffe-Brown , an anthropologist who noticed the same concept going under different names among various Aboriginal Australian cultures, and called it "the rainbow-serpent myth of Australia." It has been suggested that this name implies that there is only one Rainbow Serpent, when the concept actually varies quite

1950-469: The name Yurlungur, has featured as a demon or persona in several titles of the Megami Tensei series of Japanese role-playing games . The Rainbow Serpent has also appeared as an antagonistic character in the novel Eyes of the Rainbow Serpent. The Rainbow Serpent can still serve a cultural role today, particularly for Aboriginal Australians. Some New Age religions and spirituality movements around

2000-572: The natural world have been proposed as the model for the rainbow serpent. One suggestion is that it is modeled on the "rock python", regarding the rainbow serpent in the myth of the Wawilak sisters among the Yonglu people. In some tellings of the sisters myth, the encounter with the Yurlunggur serpent occurs in its water-hole called the Mirrimina well, glossed as 'rock python's back'. Specifically,

2050-427: The past. In addition to stories about the Rainbow Serpent being passed down from generation to generation, the Rainbow Serpent has been worshipped through rituals and has also inspired cultural artifacts such as artwork and songs, a tradition which continues today. There are many ancient rituals associated with the Rainbow Serpent that are still practiced today. The myth of the Wawalag sisters of Arnhem Land in

Wardaman - Misplaced Pages Continue

2100-401: The prehistoric family of large snakes that may have inspired the original Rainbow Serpent. Wonambi is a genus that consisted of two species of very large snakes. These species were not pythons , like Australia's other large constrictors of the genus Morelia , and are currently classified in the extinct family Madtsoiidae that became extinct elsewhere in the world 55 million years in

2150-443: The rainbow serpent. The underlying reasons are likewise explainable, since quartz acts as a prism to diffract light into different colours, while the mother of pearl exhibits an iridescence of colours. The Dreaming (or Dreamtime or Tjukurrpa or Jukurrpa ) stories tell of the great spirits and totems during creation, in animal and human form that moulded the barren and featureless earth. The Rainbow Serpent came from beneath

2200-428: The serpent had similar characteristics to that of a seahorse, for example, a curved body, long nose, and curved tail. All depictions of the Rainbow Serpent in rock art are very detailed and similar across Australia. The main regional differences found between the serpent rock art are in the tail of the serpent and the head of the serpent; some have 3 tails and others, a crocodile's tail. Various species/taxa of snakes in

2250-503: The serpent, all of which communicate the significance and power of this being within Aboriginal mythology , which includes the worldview commonly referred to as The Dreaming . The serpent is viewed as a giver of life through its association with water, but can be a destructive force if angry. The Rainbow Serpent is one of the most common and well-known Aboriginal stories and is of great importance to Aboriginal society . Not all of

2300-504: The sisters are travelling with their mother, Kunapipi , all of whom know ancient secrets, and the Serpent is merely angered by their presence in its area. The Rainbow Serpent then traces the scent back to the sisters sleeping in their hut, a metaphor for the uterus. The Rainbow Serpent enters, a symbolic representation of a snake entering a hole, and eats them and their children. However, the Rainbow Serpent regurgitates them after being bitten by an ant, and this act creates Arnhem Land . Now,

2350-400: The time when a female is capable of bringing life into the world, putting a woman on the same level of creative abilities as the Rainbow Serpent. It is for this reason that men will attempt to mimic this holy process by cutting their arms and/or penises and letting their blood run over their own bodies, each other's bodies, and even into a woman's uterus. Men will sometimes mix their blood with

2400-535: The various Aboriginal peoples. In some versions, the great mother is accompanied by the Rainbow Serpent (or Lightning Snake), who brings the wet season of rains and floods. From the Great Sandy Desert area in the northern part of Western Australia comes a story that explains how the Wolfe Creek Crater , or Kandimalal, was created by a star falling from heaven, creating a crater in which

2450-514: The women were employed as help. The Wardaman distinguish two types of art: those objects made by creative beings in the primordial dreamtime , called buwarraja , and objects made by people, bulawula. The latter deals with more recent historical topics, such as events that occurred after whites occupied the country, featuring such things as guns and cattle-droving. Buwarraja designs are more abstract and have an extremely ancient history, some going back at least 5,000 years. Wardaman legends of

2500-446: The world have now also adopted the Rainbow Serpent as an icon. Similarly, the Rainbow Serpent can inspire social movements. Art historian Georges Petitjean has suggested that the identification of the Rainbow Serpent with various genders and sexualities helps to explain why the rainbow flag has been adopted as the symbol of lesbian, gay, bisexual, (although this is just speculation and quite possibly untrue). Politically, for example,

#144855