Misplaced Pages

#327672

68-476: The Washington State Apple Blossom Festival, originally called "Blossom Days", was founded in 1919 to celebrate the importance of the apple industry to the region. The Ladies Musical Club produced the first festival in 1920, a one-day event in Memorial Park involving songs, speeches, maypoles , and baseball. The festival's relative success in drawing in large crowds from the area assured the continuation of

136-401: A legume . Nuts are an energy-dense and nutrient -rich food source. A seed is the mature fertilised ovule of a plant; it consists of three parts, the embryo which will develop into a new plant, stored food for the embryo, and a protective seed coat. Botanically , a nut is a fruit with a woody pericarp developing from a syncarpous gynoecium . Nuts may be contained in an involucre ,

204-410: A nut is a fruit from a tree (or shrub) consisting of a hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible. The shell is indehiscent , meaning it does not open to release the seed. Most seeds come from fruits that naturally free themselves from the shell, but this is not the case in nuts such as hazelnuts , chestnuts , and acorns , which have hard shell walls and originate from

272-662: A sister city relationship with the Aomori Apple Blossom Festival in Japan . On what would've been the centennial anniversary in 2020, officials cite the COVID-19 pandemic as grounds for cancellation. The next year saw the festival defer to early June. There were other cancellations from 1942 to 1945. 47°25′30″N 120°19′30″W  /  47.42500°N 120.32500°W  / 47.42500; -120.32500 This Washington -related article

340-402: A bed of straw, chaff, or mats with windfalls kept separately. Though methods like this will extend the availabity of reasonably fresh apples, without refrigeration their lifespan is limited. Even sturdy winter apple varieties will only keep well until December in cool climates. For longer storage medieval Europeans strung up cored and peeled apples to dry, either whole or sliced into rings. Of

408-433: A common source of food allergens. Reactions can range from mild symptoms to severe ones, a condition known as anaphylaxis , which can be life-threatening. The reaction is due to the release of histamine by the body in response to an allergen in the nuts, causing skin and other possible reactions . Many experts suggest that a person with an allergy to peanuts should avoid eating tree nuts, and vice versa. Nuts contain

476-417: A compound ovary . Common usage of the term is less restrictive, which refers to any hard-walled, edible kernel as a nut. This original usage is preserved in a culinary sense, where many dry seeds are called "nuts" and come from indehiscent fruits. Almonds , cashews , pistachios , and Brazil nuts , are examples of "tree nuts" that are not true nuts . Peanuts are a unique case, and grow underground from

544-496: A cup-shaped structure formed from the flower bracts . The involucre may be scaly, spiny, leafy or tubular, depending on the species of nut. Most nuts come from the pistils with inferior ovaries (see flower ) and all are indehiscent (not opening at maturity). True nuts are produced, for example, by some plant families of the order Fagales . These include beech ( Fagus ), chestnut ( Castanea ), oak ( Quercus ), stone-oak ( Lithocarpus ) and tanoak ( Notholithocarpus ) in

612-406: A high oil content, they are a significant energy source. Many seeds are edible by humans and used in cooking, eaten raw, sprouted, or roasted as a snack food , ground to make nut butters, or pressed for oil that is used in cooking and cosmetics. Regular nut consumption of more than 5 ounces (140 g) per week may benefit weight control and contribute to lowering body weight in humans. Nuts are

680-420: A long period of time and permitted secondary introgression of genes from other species into the open-pollinated seeds. Significant exchange with Malus sylvestris , the crabapple, resulted in populations of apples being more related to crabapples than to the more morphologically similar progenitor Malus sieversii . In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the latter predominates. The apple

748-536: A pantry and four to six weeks from the date of purchase in a refrigerator that maintains 4 to 0 °C (39 to 32 °F). Some varieties of apples (e.g. ' Granny Smith ' and ' Fuji ') have more than three times the storage life of others. Non-organic apples may be sprayed with a substance 1-methylcyclopropene blocking the apples' ethylene receptors, temporarily preventing them from ripening. Apple trees are susceptible to fungal and bacterial diseases, and to damage by insect pests. Many commercial orchards pursue

SECTION 10

#1732790470328

816-447: A program of chemical sprays to maintain high fruit quality, tree health, and high yields. These prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides, though some older pesticides are allowed. Organic methods include, for instance, introducing its natural predator to reduce the population of a particular pest. A wide range of pests and diseases can affect the plant. Three of the more common diseases or pests are mildew, aphids, and apple scab. Among

884-459: A rounded to erect crown with a dense canopy of leaves. The bark of the trunk is dark gray or gray-brown, but young branches are reddish or dark-brown with a smooth texture. Young twigs are covered in fine downy hairs; they become hairless when older. The buds are egg-shaped and dark red or purple in color; they range in size from 3 to 5 millimeters, but are usually less than 4 mm. The bud scales have very hairy edges. When emerging from

952-471: A source of essential omega-3 fatty acids . As part of a healthy human diet, long-term consumption of diverse nutrients in nuts may contribute to a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases , reduced levels of blood cholesterol , and lower all-cause mortality . For vegetarians and vegans , nuts provide many of the essential nutrients which may be in short supply in other plant foods . Nuts supply nutrients for humans and wildlife. Because nuts generally have

1020-409: A species has more than 100 alternative scientific names, or synonyms . In modern times, Malus pumila and Malus domestica are the two main names in use. M. pumila is the older name, but M. domestica has become much more commonly used starting in the 21st century, especially in the western world. Two proposals were made to make M. domestica a conserved name : the earlier proposal

1088-560: A strong minority following. Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavor are popular in Asia, especially the Indian subcontinent . Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and grow in a variety of textures and colors. Some find them to have better flavor than modern cultivars, but they may have other problems that make them commercially unviable—low yield, disease susceptibility, poor tolerance for storage or transport, or just being

1156-477: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Apple An apple is a round, edible fruit produced by an apple tree ( Malus spp. , among them the domestic or orchard apple ; Malus domestica ). Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus Malus . The tree originated in Central Asia , where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii ,

1224-482: Is generally considered the center of origin for apples due to the genetic variability in specimens there. The wild ancestor of Malus domestica was Malus sieversii , found growing wild in the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , and northwestern China . Cultivation of the species, most likely beginning on the forested flanks of the Tian Shan mountains, progressed over

1292-562: Is generally pale yellowish-white, though it can be pink, yellow or green. Important volatile compounds in apples that contribute to their scent and flavour include acetaldehyde , ethyl acetate , 1-butanal , ethanol , 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal , ethyl propionate , ethyl 2-methylpropionate, ethyl butyrate , ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, hexanal , 1-butanol , 3-methylbutyl acetate , 2-methylbutyl acetate, 1-propyl butyrate, ethyl pentanoate , amyl acetate , 2-methyl-1-butanol , trans-2-hexenal, ethyl hexanoate , hexanol . The apple as

1360-572: Is hard to distinguish in the archeological record between foraged wild apples and apple plantations. There is indirect evidence of apple cultivation in the third millennium BCE in the Middle East . There is direct evidence, apple cores, dated to the 10th century BCE from a Judean site between the Sinai and Negev. There was substantial apple production in European classical antiquity, and grafting

1428-489: Is quite variable and may be nearly round, elongated, conical, or short and wide. The groundcolor of ripe apples is yellow, green, yellow-green or whitish yellow. The overcolor of ripe apples can be orange-red, pink-red, red, purple-red or brown-red. The overcolor amount can be 0–100%. The skin may be wholly or partly russeted , making it rough and brown. The skin is covered in a protective layer of epicuticular wax . The skin may also be marked with scattered dots. The flesh

SECTION 20

#1732790470328

1496-730: Is still found. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Eurasia and were introduced to North America by European colonists . Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures, including Norse , Greek , and European Christian tradition. Apples grown from seed tend to be very different from those of their parents, and the resultant fruit frequently lacks desired characteristics. For commercial purposes, including botanical evaluation, apple cultivars are propagated by clonal grafting onto rootstocks . Apple trees grown without rootstocks tend to be larger and much slower to fruit after planting. Rootstocks are used to control

1564-702: Is the responsibility of the Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, includes a collection of over 2,000 cultivars of apple tree in Kent. The University of Reading , which is responsible for developing the UK national collection database, provides access to search the national collection. The University of Reading's work is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources of which there are 38 countries participating in

1632-597: Is thought to have been domesticated 4,000–10,000 years ago in the Tian Shan mountains, and then to have travelled along the Silk Road to Europe, with hybridization and introgression of wild crabapples from Siberia ( M. baccata ), the Caucasus ( M. orientalis ), and Europe ( M. sylvestris ). Only the M. sieversii trees growing on the western side of the Tian Shan mountains contributed genetically to

1700-460: The apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing) burrow through the bark and into the phloem of apple trees, potentially causing significant damage. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars (cultivated varieties) of apples. Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock . Different cultivars are available for temperate and subtropical climates. The UK's National Fruit Collection, which

1768-422: The exocarp , or skin, and mesocarp , or flesh, which surround a single pit or stone, the endocarp with a seed (kernel) inside. In a dry drupe, the outer parts dry up and the remaining husk is part of the ovary wall or pericarp , and the hard inner wall surrounding the seed represents the inner part of the pericarp. A small nut may be called a "nutlet" (formerly called a nucule, a term otherwise referring to

1836-412: The oogonium of stoneworts ). In botany , the term "nutlet" can be used to describe a pyrena or pyrene, which is a seed covered by a stony layer, such as the kernel of a drupe . Walnuts and hickories ( Juglandaceae ) have fruits that are difficult to classify. They are considered to be nuts under some definitions but are also referred to as drupaceous nuts. In common use, a "tree nut" is, as

1904-487: The petals are rose-pink and fade to white or light pink when fully open with each flower 3-to-4-centimeter (1-to- 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -inch) in diameter. The five-petaled flowers are group in an inflorescence consisting of a cyme with 3–7 flowers. The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king bloom"; it opens first and can develop a larger fruit. Open apple blossoms are damaged by even brief exposures to temperatures −2 °C (28 °F) or less, although

1972-549: The "best" cultivars, showing the proliferation of new North American cultivars by the early 19th century. In the 20th century, irrigation projects in Eastern Washington began and allowed the development of the multibillion-dollar fruit industry, of which the apple is the leading product. Until the 20th century, farmers stored apples in frostproof cellars during the winter for their own use or for sale. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced

2040-724: The "wrong" size. A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been preserved by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance exist; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. In the United Kingdom, old cultivars such as ' Cox's Orange Pippin ' and ' Egremont Russet ' are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and susceptible to disease. 2022, millions of tonnes Nut (fruit) In botany ,

2108-607: The ' Cosmic Crisp ' cultivar in 2017. The third most grown apple cultivar in the United States is the ' Honeycrisp ', released by the University of Minnesota program in 1991. Unusually for a popular cultivar, the 'Honeycrisp' is not directly related to another popular apple cultivar but instead to two unsuccessful cultivars. In Europe there are also many breeding programs such as the Julius Kühn-Institut ,

Washington State Apple Blossom Festival - Misplaced Pages Continue

2176-444: The 14th-century Middle English expression appel of paradis , meaning a banana . The apple is a deciduous tree, generally standing 2 to 4.5 metres (6 to 15 feet) tall in cultivation and up to 15 m (49 ft) in the wild, though more typically 2 to 10 m (6.5 to 33 ft). When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by rootstock selection and trimming method. Apple trees may naturally have

2244-815: The 15th century and later went through several cycles of popularity and decline throughout the world. The majority of the rootstocks used to control size in apples were developed in England in the early 1900s. The East Malling Research Station conducted extensive research into rootstocks, and their rootstocks are given an "M" prefix to designate their origin. Rootstocks marked with an "MM" prefix are Malling-series cultivars later crossed with trees of ' Northern Spy ' in Merton, England . Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics. The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in

2312-590: The German federal research center for cultivated plants. Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desirable qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colorful skin, absence of russeting , ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, common apple shape, and developed flavor. Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars, as popular tastes in apples have varied over time. Most North Americans and Europeans favor sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have

2380-539: The Malus/Pyrus work group. The UK's national fruit collection database contains much information on the characteristics and origin of many apples, including alternative names for what is essentially the same "genetic" apple cultivar. Most of these cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), though some are cultivated specifically for cooking ( cooking apples ) or producing cider . Cider apples are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give

2448-404: The average 30-day blossom period, with pollinizers selected from cultivars within a 6-day overlap period. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples, depending on climate: One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D). Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on

2516-431: The base of the flower. The seeds are egg- to pear-shaped and may be colored from light brown or tan to a very dark brown, often with red shades or even purplish-black. They may have a blunt or sharp point. The five sepals remain attached and stand out from the surface of the apple. The size of the fruit varies widely between cultivars, but generally has a diameter between 2.5 and 12 cm (1 and 5 in). The shape

2584-479: The beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples cannot. In the United States there are many apple breeding programs associated with universities. Cornell University has had a program operating since 1880 in Geneva, New York . Among their recent well known apples is the 'SnapDragon' cultivar released in 2013. In the west Washington State University started a program to support their apple industry in 1994 and released

2652-694: The branches. Trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks bear about 10–80 kg (20–180 lb) of fruit per year. Some farms with apple orchards open them to the public so consumers can pick their own apples. Crops ripen at different times of the year according to the cultivar. Cultivar that yield their crop in the summer include ' Sweet Bough ' and 'Duchess'; fall producers include 'Blenheim'; winter producers include 'King', ' Swayzie ', and 'Tolman Sweet'. Commercially, apples can be stored for months in controlled atmosphere chambers. Apples are commonly stored in chambers with lowered concentrations of oxygen to reduce respiration and slow softening and other changes if

2720-421: The buds, the leaves are convolute , meaning that their edges overlap each other. Leaves can be simple ovals ( elliptic ), medium or wide in width, somewhat egg-shaped with the wider portion toward their base ( ovate ), or even with sides that are more parallel to each other instead of curved ( oblong ) with a narrow pointed end. The edges have broadly-angled teeth, but do not have lobes. The top surface of

2788-453: The case when a triploid plant can produce a seed (apples are an example), it occurs infrequently, and seedlings rarely survive. Because apples are not true breeders when planted as seeds, propagation usually involves grafting of cuttings. The rootstock used for the bottom of the graft can be selected to produce trees of a large variety of sizes, as well as changing the winter hardiness, insect and disease resistance, and soil preference of

Washington State Apple Blossom Festival - Misplaced Pages Continue

2856-410: The characteristics of the parent. This is because seedling apples are " extreme heterozygotes ". Rather than resembling their parents, seedlings are all different from each other and from their parents. Triploid cultivars have an additional reproductive barrier in that three sets of chromosomes cannot be divided evenly during meiosis, yielding unequal segregation of the chromosomes (aneuploids). Even in

2924-409: The diverse nutrients that are needed for the growth of a new plant. Composition varies, but they tend to have a low water and carbohydrate content, with high levels of fats, protein , dietary minerals , and vitamins . The digestibility of the protein at about 90% is slightly lower than that of meat and fish, but can be improved by chewing thoroughly. The fats are largely unsaturated and nuts are

2992-582: The domesticated apple, not the isolated population on the eastern side. Chinese soft apples, such as M. asiatica and M. prunifolia , have been cultivated as dessert apples for more than 2,000 years in China. These are thought to be hybrids between M. baccata and M. sieversii in Kazakhstan. Among the traits selected for by human growers are size, fruit acidity, color, firmness, and soluble sugar. Unusually for domesticated fruits,

3060-443: The family Fagaceae , as well as hazel , filbert ( Corylus ) and hornbeam ( Carpinus ) in the family Betulaceae . Also widely known as nuts are dry drupes , which include pecans ( Carya illinoensis ), almonds ( Prunus amygdalus ), macadamia ( Macadamia integrifolia ), candlenut ( Aleurites moluccanus ) and the water caltrop ( Trapa bicornis ). A drupe is an indehiscent fruit that has an outer fleshy part consisting of

3128-730: The festival in subsequent years. In 1921, the Commercial Club, forerunner of the Wenatchee Valley Chamber of Commerce, took over sponsorship of the celebration. When the festival began again after World War II , the festival was renamed the Washington State Apple Blossom Festival to more accurately reflect the importance of the apple industry in North Central Washington . In 1967, Wenatchee established

3196-400: The flowering each season, apple growers often utilize pollinators to carry pollen. Honey bees are most commonly used. Orchard mason bees are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Bumblebee queens are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in sufficient number to be significant pollinators. Cultivars are sometimes classified by the day of peak bloom in

3264-483: The fruit is already fully ripe. The gas ethylene is used by plants as a hormone which promotes ripening, decreasing the time an apple can be stored. For storage longer than about six months the apples are picked earlier, before full ripeness, when ethylene production by the fruit is low. However, in many varieties this increases their sensitivity to carbon dioxide , which also must be controlled. For home storage, most culitvars of apple can be stored for three weeks in

3332-502: The fruit's genome was sequenced as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production. The word apple , whose Old English ancestor is æppel , is descended from the Proto-Germanic noun * aplaz , descended in turn from Proto-Indo-European * h₂ébōl . As late as the 17th century, the word also functioned as a generic term for all fruit, including nuts . This can be compared to

3400-417: The leaves are glabrescent , almost hairless, while the undersides are densely covered in fine hairs. The leaves are attached alternately by short leaf stems 1-to-3.5 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 -to- 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) long. Blossoms are produced in spring simultaneously with the budding of the leaves and are produced on spurs and some long shoots . When the flower buds first begin to open

3468-689: The many Old World plants that the Spanish introduced to Chiloé Archipelago in the 16th century, apple trees became particularly well adapted. Apples were introduced to North America by colonists in the 17th century, and the first named apple cultivar was introduced in Boston by Reverend William Blaxton in 1640. The only apples native to North America are crab apples . Apple cultivars brought as seed from Europe were spread along Native American trade routes, as well as being cultivated on colonial farms. An 1845 United States apples nursery catalogue sold 350 of

SECTION 50

#1732790470328

3536-431: The most serious disease problems is a bacterial disease called fireblight , and three fungal diseases: Gymnosporangium rust, black spot , and bitter rot . Codling moths , and the apple maggots of fruit flies, cause serious damage to apple fruits, making them unsaleable. Young apple trees are also prone to mammal pests like mice and deer, which feed on the soft bark of the trees, especially in winter. The larvae of

3604-443: The name implies, any nut coming from a tree. This most often comes up regarding food allergies ; a person may be allergic specifically to peanuts (which are not tree nuts but legumes ), whereas others may be allergic to the wider range of nuts that grow on trees. In the 21st century, about a dozen species constitute most of the worldwide production of nuts, shown in the table below for major commercial nuts. Nuts used for food are

3672-625: The name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form bud sports (mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars. Apples have been acclimatized in Ecuador at very high altitudes, where they can often, with the needed factors, provide crops twice per year because of constant temperate conditions year-round. Apples are self-incompatible; they must cross-pollinate to develop fruit. During

3740-458: The necessity for storage. Controlled atmosphere facilities are used to keep apples fresh year-round. Controlled atmosphere facilities use high humidity, low oxygen, and controlled carbon dioxide levels to maintain fruit freshness. They were first researched at Cambridge University in the 1920s and first used in the United States in the 1950s. Many apples grow readily from seeds. However, apples must be propagated asexually to obtain cuttings with

3808-415: The overwintering wood and buds are hardy down to −40 °C (−40 °F). The fruit is a pome that matures in late summer or autumn . The true fruits or carpels are the harder interior chambers inside the apple's core. There are usually five carpels inside an apple, but there may be as few as three. Each of the chambers contains one or two seeds. The edible flesh is formed from the receptacle at

3876-486: The pears, apples, and quinces were combined into one genus that he named Pyrus and he named the apple as Pyrus malus . This was widely accepted, however the botanist Philip Miller published an alternate classification in The Gardeners Dictionary with the apple species separated from Pyrus in 1754. He did not clearly indicate that by Malus pumila he meant the domesticated apple. Nonetheless, it

3944-522: The percentage of various nutrients in four unroasted seeds. Nuts are under preliminary research to assess whether their consumption is associated with lower risk for some diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. A 2014 review indicated that consuming one or more servings of nuts or peanut butter per day was associated with lower risk of ischemic heart disease , overall cardiovascular disease, stroke in women, and all-cause mortality . A 2022 umbrella review confirmed these findings and found

4012-521: The resulting tree. Dwarf rootstocks can be used to produce very small trees (less than 3.0 m or 10 ft high at maturity), which bear fruit many years earlier in their life cycle than full size trees, and are easier to harvest. Dwarf rootstocks for apple trees can be traced as far back as 300 BCE, to the area of Persia and Asia Minor . Alexander the Great sent samples of dwarf apple trees to Aristotle 's Lyceum . Dwarf rootstocks became common by

4080-429: The same rootstock. Some cultivars, if left unpruned, grow very large—letting them bear more fruit, but making harvesting more difficult. Depending on tree density (number of trees planted per unit surface area), mature trees typically bear 40–200 kg (90–440 lb) of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst

4148-433: The source of energy and nutrients for the new plant. They contain a relatively large quantity of calories, essential unsaturated and monounsaturated fats including linoleic acid and linolenic acid , vitamins, and essential amino acids. Many nuts are good sources of vitamin E , vitamin B 2 , folate , fiber , and essential minerals, such as magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, copper, and selenium. This table lists

SECTION 60

#1732790470328

4216-420: The speed of growth and the size of the resulting tree, allowing for easier harvesting. There are more than 7,500 cultivars of apples . Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including cooking , eating raw, and cider or apple juice production. Trees and fruit are prone to fungal , bacterial, and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of organic and non-organic means. In 2010,

4284-594: The wild M. sieversii origin is only slightly smaller than the modern domesticated apple. At the Sammardenchia-Cueis site near Udine in Northeastern Italy, seeds from some form of apples have been found in material carbon dated to between 6570 and 5684 BCE. Genetic analysis has not yet been successfully used to determine whether such ancient apples were wild Malus sylvestris or Malus domesticus containing Malus sieversii ancestry. It

4352-433: Was based on the diploid cultivar ' Golden Delicious '. However, this first whole genome sequence contained several errors, in part owing to the high degree of heterozygosity in diploid apples which, in combination with an ancient genome duplication, complicated the assembly. Recently, double- and trihaploid individuals have been sequenced, yielding whole genome sequences of higher quality. The first whole genome assembly

4420-455: Was certainly known then. Grafting is an essential part of modern domesticated apple production, to be able to propagate the best cultivars; it is unclear when apple tree grafting was invented. The Roman writer Pliny the Elder describes a method of storage for apples from his time in the 1st century. He says they should be placed in a room with good air circulation from a north facing window on

4488-469: Was estimated to contain around 57,000 genes, though the more recent genome sequences support estimates between 42,000 and 44,700 protein-coding genes. The availability of whole genome sequences has provided evidence that the wild ancestor of the cultivated apple most likely is Malus sieversii . Re-sequencing of multiple accessions has supported this, while also suggesting extensive introgression from Malus sylvestris following domestication. Central Asia

4556-639: Was used as such by many botanists. When Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen published his scientific description of the apple in 1803 it may have been a new combination of P. malus var. domestica , but this was not directly referenced by Borkhausen. The earliest use of var. domestica for the apple was by Georg Adolf Suckow in 1786. Apples are diploid , with two sets of chromosomes per cell (though triploid cultivars, with three sets, are not uncommon), have 17 chromosomes and an estimated genome size of approximately 650 Mb. Several whole genome sequences have been completed and made available. The first one in 2010

4624-746: Was voted down by the Committee for Vascular Plants of the IAPT in 2014, but in April 2017 the Committee decided, with a narrow majority, that the newly popular name should be conserved. The General Committee of the IAPT decided in June 2017 to approve this change, officially conserving M. domestica . Nevertheless, some works published after 2017 still use M. pumila as the correct name , under an alternate taxonomy. When first classified by Linnaeus in 1753,

#327672