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134-481: Washington is considered a blue state , with the WSRP holding no statewide offices, 2 out of the state's 10 U.S. house seats, and minorities of both houses of the state legislature as of 2024. No state has gone longer without a Republican governor than Washington . Democrats have controlled the governorship for 39 years; the last Republican governor was John Spellman , who left office in 1985. Washington has not voted for

268-478: A CORE demonstration in the city turned violent. As a result, he had to be smuggled out of the city accompanied by two armed men. After this event, Farmer would go on to permit armed guards to attend CORE meetings. In New York City, the Brooklyn chapter of CORE was seen as one of the most radical chapters of CORE. This chapter employed increasingly aggressive tactics with a focus on racial discrimination. Primarily,

402-468: A Republican senator, governor, or presidential candidate since 1994, tying with Delaware for the longest streak in the country. Since 2016, the WRSP and its voter base have undergone a hard right-wing shift in their political and social views. This has led to a further loss of electoral power for the party. Washington voters tend to support Democratic Party candidates, with The New York Times referring to

536-527: A Western Region Conference in the Sacramento area, and launched an equal employment campaign at restaurants and stores throughout the state. In 1968, Seattle's chapter of CORE decided that, in order for it to function best in the community, it needed to be an all-black organization. CORE has an African branch based in Uganda, with Fiona Kobusingye as its director. Bringing attention to the malaria crisis

670-609: A chapter of the Log Cabin Republicans and the former executive-director of the national group, Patrick Sammon, is a native of Seattle. The Washington State Republican Party controls none of the nine constitutional offices and holds a minority two of the state's 10 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives . Republicans are the minority in the Washington Senate and Washington House of Representatives . Red states and blue states Starting with

804-484: A color supplement included with a July issue of The Washington Post used red for Republican-favoring states, blue for Democratic-favoring states, yellow for "doubtful" states and green for territories that did not have a presidential vote. The 21st-century association of colors in American politics is contrary to the long-standing conventions of political color in most other countries whereby red symbols (such as

938-509: A generally liberal social agenda, helping to pass the state's first child labor laws. Charles M. Stokes became the first African-American elected to the state legislature from King County in 1950. He led the Republican Party delegation to the 1952 Republican National Convention where he spoke in support of Dwight Eisenhower 's presidential nomination and later introduced the legislation that created Washington's Lottery . After

1072-447: A group, the three organizations collected volunteers that taught in the schools and the curriculum now included black history, the philosophy of the civil rights movement. During the summer of 1964 over 3,000 students attended these schools and the experiment provided a model for future educational programs such as Head Start . Freedom Schools were often targets of white mobs. So also were the homes of local African Americans involved in

1206-530: A growing number of chapters on college campuses. In the South, CORE had active chapters and projects in Louisiana , Mississippi , Florida , South Carolina , and Kentucky . In 1944, Irene Morgan , an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to move from the front "white" seating section to the back "colored" seating section of a Greyhound interstate bus while traveling from Virginia to Maryland. After

1340-745: A life membership to CORE. In 1973, Innis became the first American to attend the Organization of African Unity (OAU) as a delegate. In 1981, to settle illegal fundraising allegations under Roy Innis, CORE paid a $ 35,000 fine. CORE provides immigration services to immigrants in the preparation of petitions and applications to the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services . CORE also provides classes for immigrants in fields such as English and American Civics in its center in Nevada . Winning victories in northern cities in

1474-487: A part of deep red Nebraska, via the state's (much less conservative as a whole) second congressional district . Obama also came close to winning Missouri and Montana , losing both by a small margin. The only deviations from the preexisting red-blue paradigm were all in Obama's favor. In the three presidential elections since 2008, Indiana and North Carolina went back to supporting Republicans. Virginia has continued voting for

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1608-408: A period of declining fortunes, in 1964 Republican Dan Evans was elected governor at the age of 39, becoming the youngest person to hold the state's chief executive office. The architect of Evans' victory, C. Montgomery Johnson. , became the party's first full-time chairman. Johnson, a former forest ranger, publicist for Weyerhauser , early pro-choice advocate and champion of limited government, led

1742-482: A purge of John Birch Society members from the Washington Republican party, declaring afterward that "we had to make the term 'conservative' respectable again. The only way to do it was to get the far right off the backs of conservatives. The Republican Party is not the far-right." In 1971 Johnson quit the party chairmanship to form a political consulting firm. With the warning that future tolerance of

1876-482: A relatively well publicized campaign as an independent candidate, at least one network indicated provisionally that they would use yellow if he were to win a state. Similarly, at least one network would have used yellow to indicate a state won by Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996 , though neither of them did claim any states in any of these years. By 1996, color schemes were relatively mixed, as CNN , CBS, ABC, NBC, and The New York Times referred to Democratic states with

2010-675: A republic, stating "every time the word ‘democracy’ is used favorably it serves to promote the principles of the Democratic Party." Other resolutions called for terminating mail-in voting and repealing the 17th amendment , which enabled the direct election of U.S. Senators. The Washington chapter of the National Federation of Republican Women was established in 1945 and currently consists of more than 30 local Republican women's clubs. The Washington College Republican Federation has College Republicans chapters at 10 of

2144-413: A state, it was lit in red whereas if Gerald Ford , the incumbent Republican president, won a state, it was lit in blue. It was said that Roy Wetzel, then the newly minted general manager of NBC’s election unit, justified the color scheme of blue for Republicans and red for Democrats for a simple reason: "Great Britain. Without giving it a second thought, we said blue for conservatives, because that’s what

2278-535: A strengthening contingent of religious conservatives . The party's 1996 gubernatorial candidate, paleoconservative Ellen Craswell , won the Republican nomination by only a slim margin before being soundly defeated in the general election by Democrat Gary Locke . Craswell would ultimately quit the party to help form the American Heritage Party. Concerns about increasing social conservatism in

2412-722: A summer of similar rides by CORE, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and other civil rights organizations and thousands of ordinary citizens. In the 1960s, the Chicago chapter of CORE began to challenge racial segregation in the Chicago Public Schools (CPS), addressing disparities in educational opportunities for African American students. By the late 1950s, the Chicago Board of Education 's maintenance of

2546-480: A tactic against racial segregation . The group was inspired by Indian nationalist leader Mahatma Gandhi 's support for nonviolent resistance . Indian writer and journalist Krishnalal Shridharani , who was known as a vibrant and theatrical public speaker, had been a protege of Gandhi—being jailed with him in the Salt March —and whose 1939 book War Without Violence heavily influenced the organization. During

2680-403: A two-class color scheme (red and blue), which results in a map that is easy to read but is very generalized. Some maps use more classes, such as shades of red and blue to indicate the degree of election victory. These maps provide a more detailed picture but themselves have various problems associated with classification of data. The cartographer must choose how many classes to use and how to divide

2814-435: Is always obvious which class a color shade represents. Some election maps, however, have violated this tradition by simply coloring each areal unit with a red-blue mixture linked to voting ratio data—resulting in an "unclassified choropleth map". These "purple maps" are useful for showing the highly mixed nature of voting, but are extremely difficult to interpret in detail. The lack of clear classes make these purple maps prone to

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2948-465: Is an organization dedicated to non-violent philosophies and practices. In Louisiana , efforts were being made to increase voter registration among rural communities. Though their motives were noble, there was no national attention or support gathering around the work of the Louisiana members. As such, acts of violence or harassment against them often went unreported and the victims were not supported by

3082-473: Is associated with socialist , communist , or social democratic parties, while blue is associated with conservative (especially liberal conservative ) parties. For example, the major center-right conservative parties in the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , Brazil , Italy , Spain , France and Bavaria , all use blue or its shades (whether officially or unofficially) whereas

3216-431: Is becoming common. Both parties have since adopted logos that use their respective colors (a blue "D" for Democrats and a red "GOP" for Republicans). National conventions for both major parties increasingly feature the parties' respective colors, from the colors emphasized on convention podiums to the color conventioneers can be seen wearing on the delegate floor. The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee also alluded

3350-584: Is documented in the 1966 short documentary film Cicero March , which was added to the National Film Registry in 2013. In 1966, James Farmer resigned as Director of CORE. He was replaced by Black Power advocate Floyd McKissick until 1968, when California activist Wilfred T. Ussery served a brief term as national chairman. He was replaced by Roy Innis , who was the National Chairman until his death in 2017. Innis initially led

3484-598: Is fraudulent." CORE has been criticized by environmentalist groups for its efforts promoting DDT use against malaria in Africa. A 2005 article in Mother Jones magazine accused the group of selling influence, writing that, "is better known among real civil rights groups for renting out its historic name to any corporation in need of a black front person. The group has taken money from the payday-lending industry, chemical giant (and original DDT manufacturer) Monsanto , and

3618-687: Is less simplistic. The analysis that suggests political, cultural and demographic differences between the states is more accurate when applied to smaller geographical areas. Traditionally, the practice of designating a U.S. state as red or blue is based on the first-past-the-post winner-take-all system employed for presidential elections by 48 of the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia . Electoral law in Maine and Nebraska makes it possible for those states to divide their electoral votes: winner-take-all both by congressional district and statewide. Despite

3752-767: Is more evident on a county scale with the growing percentage of the U.S. electorate living in "landslide counties", counties where the popular vote margin between the Democratic and Republican candidate is 20 percentage points or greater. In 1976 , only 27 percent of U.S. voters lived in landslide counties, which increased to 39 percent by 1992 . Nearly half of U.S. voters resided in counties that voted for George W. Bush or John Kerry by 20 percentage points or more in 2004 . In 2008 , 48 percent of U.S. voters lived in such counties, which increased further to 50 percent in 2012 and to 61 percent in 2016 . In 2020 , 58 percent of U.S. voters lived in landslide counties. At

3886-493: Is most evident in the Southern United States , where the state Democratic Party organizations tend to be more conservative than the national party, especially on social issues. Likewise, Republicans have elected many statewide officeholders in states that vote strongly Democratic in presidential elections, such as Massachusetts , Illinois , Maryland , Vermont , and New Jersey , generally by running closer to

4020-545: Is one of the organization's main activities. It has championed the use of DDT to fight the disease, and it has partnered with a variety of conservative and libertarian think tanks in this effort. In 2007, CORE organized a 300-mile walk across Uganda to promote DDT-based interventions against malaria. According to an interview given by James Farmer in 1993, "CORE has no functioning chapters; it holds no conventions, no elections, no meetings, sets no policies, has no social programs and does no fund-raising. In my opinion, CORE

4154-489: Is the case with election maps. These maps give extra visual weight to larger areal units, whether by county or state. This problem is compounded if the units are not equally significant. A large county or state in area may have fewer voters than a small one in area, for example. Some maps attempt to account for this by using cartogram methods, but the resulting distortion can make such maps difficult to read. Another problem relates to data classification. Election maps often use

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4288-620: The 2000 United States presidential election , the terms " red state " and " blue state " have referred to US states whose voters vote predominantly for one party—the Republican Party in red states and the Democratic Party in blue states—in presidential and other statewide elections. By contrast, states where the vote fluctuates between the Democratic and Republican candidates are known as " swing states " or " purple states ". Examining patterns within states reveals that

4422-458: The 2000 United States presidential election . The 2000 election was not the first during which the news media used colored maps to depict voter preferences in the various states, but it was the first time the current red-blue terminology was used. In previous elections, the color assignments or even the actual colors used were often different. The advent of color television in America during

4556-413: The 2000 presidential election . It attempts to represent the margin of victory in each county by coloring each with a shade between true blue and true red. Due to the general absence of overwhelming victories, this technique results in mostly shades of purple. After the 2004 election , Vanderbei and then others made similar maps summarizing the results. Quickly thereafter, the term Purple America entered

4690-510: The 2016 , 2020 , and 2024 presidential elections. The exceptions were Georgia , Arizona , Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , Michigan – all of which voted for Trump in 2016, Biden in 2020, and Trump again in 2024; and Nevada – the only state that voted for the Democrats in 2016 and 2020 but voted for Trump in 2024. Wisconsin , Pennsylvania and particularly Michigan voted in 2008 and 2012 for Obama handily, as well as having supported

4824-434: The 2020 presidential election , state Republicans were divided over Trump's claims of election fraud, with some rejecting or embracing the claims. In the aftermath, some Republicans and county chapters have spread misinformation and conspiracy theories over the 2020 election. There has been efforts by a few Republican legislators to abolish the mail by voting system that's been used in the state for years, often claiming there

4958-470: The 2022 Australian federal election , the Liberals have two Tasmanian seats ( Bass and Braddon ), as does Labor ( Franklin and Lyons ), the remaining seat ( Clark ) being represented by independent Andrew Wilkie . Queensland and Tasmania were considered the two states that delivered Scott Morrison 's unpredicted win at the 2019 federal election and both states are the only two where less than 50% of

5092-454: The Congress of Racial Equality , Ross grabbed headlines when he introduced a bill to legalize marijuana . (While the measure failed, Washington would eventually become the first state to legalize the manufacture and sale of marijuana in 2012.) During a period of racial tensions at Rainier Beach High School , Ross commandeered a state vehicle and drove a contingent of armed Black Panthers to

5226-551: The Constitutional Law PAC , was formed to advocate in state judicial elections. The current head of that organization is former U.S. Senator Slade Gorton . A Washington chapter of the Republican Liberty Caucus was organized in 2012 to push a libertarian agenda. Former state legislators Matt Shea and Jason Overstreet have been involved with the group. Though officially non-partisan,

5360-1020: The Democratic nominee in every presidential election since 1988 , suggesting they are gradually becoming redder. Inversely, Georgia and Arizona had supported Republican presidential candidates for decades before 2020 , with Georgia last voting blue in 1992 and Arizona in 1996 . This suggests that Georgia and Arizona are gradually becoming bluer. Some states did not switch parties in 2016, 2020 or 2024, yet are/were still relatively even and often considered swing states. These include North Carolina , Florida , Ohio , Iowa , and New Hampshire . Occasionally, swing state maps might include Minnesota , Maine , Virginia and Texas , which generally vote for one party ( Minnesota , Maine and Virginia generally Democratic ; Texas generally Republican ) but still often see close elections. Feelings of cultural and political polarization between red and blue states, which have gained increased media attention since

5494-540: The Electoral College , as well as (more recently) the Senate, primarily a winner-take-all system of elections (with the exceptions of Nebraska and Maine). The Democratic or Republican party of a particular state may have policies that depart—sometimes greatly—from those of the national party, sometimes causing that state to favor one party in state and local elections and the other in presidential elections. This

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5628-746: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) helped organize the "Freedom Summer" campaign—aimed principally at ending the political disenfranchisement of African Americans in the Deep South. Operating under the umbrella coalition of the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), volunteers from the three organizations concentrated their efforts in Mississippi. In 1962 only 6.7 percent of African Americans in

5762-454: The Olympia -based think tank Evergreen Freedom Foundation has been connected with Republican candidates and causes. When former state Auditor Brian Sonntag , a Democrat, joined the foundation as an adviser in 2013, Washington State Democratic Party chair Dwight Pelz declared Sonntag was no longer a Democrat and called on him to "pay your dues to the Republican party." Washington state has

5896-763: The Vietnam War . These groups also voiced their opinions that they were not in support of the university making plans for the building of a gym in Morningside Park , and brought awareness to the lack of student involvement in discipline at Columbia University. In addition to these efforts, the Harlem chapter of CORE gathered food and resources in Hamilton Hall, for the impoverished to use as needed. On September 4, 1966, Robert Lucas and fellow members of CORE led activists through Cicero, Illinois, to pressure

6030-571: The presidential election , a more precise measure of how the country actually voted may be better represented by either a county-by-county or a district-by-district map. By breaking the map down into smaller units (including many blue counties lying next to red counties), these maps tend to display many states with a purplish hue, thus demonstrating that an ostensibly blue or red state may, in fact, be closely divided. Note that election maps of all kinds are subject to errors of interpretation . These county-by-county and district-by-district maps reveal that

6164-467: The red flag or red star ) are associated with leftist politics including such red states (original term in USA ) with such governments, such as Red China , whereas blue is associated with conservatism . As late as the 1990s, Democrats were often represented by red and Republicans by blue. According to The Washington Post , journalist Tim Russert invented these terms during his televised coverage of

6298-422: The reversal of the two parties' geographic bases has happened at the state level, but it is more complicated locally, with urban-rural divides associated with many of the largest changes. All states contain both liberal and conservative voters (i.e., they are "purple") and only appear blue or red on the electoral map because of the winner-take-all system used by most states in the Electoral College . However,

6432-662: The 1940s and 1950s, CORE became active in the South with the lunch counter sit-ins of 1960. The following year CORE organized "Freedom Rides," sending black and white students south to disrupt segregated interstate bus service. Drawing much of its membership from college campuses, CORE kept up civil disobedience campaigns in the North as well as the South. They also organized activities in California, where they protested housing discrimination in San Francisco and Los Angeles, held

6566-620: The 1947 Journey of Reconciliation , only this time under a new name - the Freedom Ride . On May 4, 1961, male and female participants started their journey through the deep South , testing segregated bus terminals as well. The riders were met with severe violence . In Anniston, Alabama , one of the buses was fire-bombed and passengers were beaten by a white mob. White mobs also attacked Freedom Riders in Birmingham and Montgomery . The violence garnered national attention, sparking

6700-482: The 2000 presidential election and the 2020 election. Although many red states and blue states stay in the same category for long periods, they may also switch from blue to red or from red to blue over time. The colors red and blue are also featured on the United States flag . Traditional political mapmakers, at least throughout the 20th century, had used blue to represent the modern-day Republicans, as well as

6834-408: The 2004 election, have resulted in increased mutual feelings of alienation and enmity. The polarization has been present for only four close elections (2000, 2004, 2016, and 2020). One trend that has been true for several election cycles is that states that vote Republican tend to be more rural and more sparsely populated (thus having fewer electoral votes) than states that vote Democratic. Polarization

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6968-431: The 50 original founding members, 28 were men and 22 were women, roughly one-third of them were Black, and the other two-thirds white. Bayard Rustin , while not a founding member of the organization, was, as Farmer and Houser later noted, "an uncle to CORE" and provided it with significant support. The group had evolved out of the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation , and sought to apply the principles of nonviolence as

7102-485: The Board instated double shifts at some of the schools which helped with the overcrowding but provided new issues. Double shifts meant that students in affected schools attended less than a full day of class. In another measure to alleviate overcrowding at some schools, the Board sanctioned the construction of mobile classroom units. Moreover, a significant proportion of students dropped out before finishing high school. Faculty

7236-646: The Board to desegregate the schools pushed CORE towards separatism and away from desegregation efforts. The chapter collapsed in October 1968. In 1962, CORE set up a headquarters in Durham, North Carolina where upon arrival, local black women activists, including Sadie Sawyer Hughley , welcomed them into their homes. CORE worked with the local NAACP to organize pickets at Eckerd's Drug Store and Howard Johnson's . The goals were to increase employment opportunities for black workers and integrate local restaurants. In 1963,

7370-642: The Board to implement transfer plans to desegregate the schools. In July 1963, CORE staged a week-long sit-in and protest at the Board office in downtown Chicago in response to the Board's inaction. Finally, Board President Claire Roddewig and Willis agreed to meet with CORE to negotiate integration, but no significant changes came to the schools. During the mid-1960s, CORE turned towards community involvement, seeking to equip Chicagoans with ways to challenge segregation. Freedom Houses, transfer petitions, community rallies and meetings served to educate Chicagoans about segregation and provide them with tools to circumnavigate

7504-563: The Brooklyn chapter of CORE used community-based activism which made it one of the most influential chapters in history. In 1964, the group held a Stall-In, deliberately preventing the flow of traffic to the World Fair with the goal of drawing attention to racial discrimination, which was one of their main focuses. Brooklyn's CORE's aggressive tactics would cause it to be suspended from the National CORE groups. Brooklyn's CORE used

7638-676: The Chicago Freedom Movement met with representatives of the city to negotiate in the summer of 1966, they agreed on ten fair housing reforms but did not discuss reforms to desegregate the schools. While CORE played no role in the housing summit, it had shifted towards promoting and developing Black power in Chicago. By the fall of 1966, CORE was no longer a civil rights organization, but a Black power organization. Changes in CORE's national leadership and continued inaction on behalf of

7772-556: The Coalition, although the latter has shifted to Labor more recently on both a state and federal level. The Northern Territory , which also has a Labor government, has also historically voted primarily for the Coalition. Tasmania has also been an important state for both parties over the past 50 years because, of the five Tasmanian seats in the House of Representatives , there have been times where one party has won all five of them. As of

7906-630: The Deep South. As the influence of the organization grew, so did the number of chapters, eventually expanding all over the country. Despite CORE remaining an active part of the fight for change, some people have noted the lack of organization and functional leadership has led to a decline of participation in social justice. CORE was founded in Chicago , Illinois, in March 1942. The organization's founding members included James Leonard Farmer Jr. , Anna Pauline "Pauli" Murray , George Mills Houser , Elsie Bernice Fisher , Homer A. Jack , and James R Robinson. Of

8040-580: The Democratic presidential nominees (as well as increasingly electing Democrats at the state level), leading to its being reclassified as a blue state in recent years. Nebraska's 2nd district flipped back into the Republican column in 2012 and 2016 , but supported the Democrats in 2020 and 2024 . A purple state refers to a swing state where both Democratic and Republican candidates receive many votes without an overwhelming majority for either party. Purple states are also often referred to as "battleground" states. The demographic and political applications of

8174-583: The John Birch Society would be "the instrument of Republican defeat - statewide, regionally, and locally," party leaders elected Johnson's political ally, Earl Davenport, to replace him as party head. The election, the same year, of Republican Michael Ross from Seattle's 37th legislative district foreshadowed eventual changes in Washington state law. The former treasurer of the Seattle chapter of

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8308-526: The Republicans, the color perceived to represent the Union and " Lincoln 's Party", and red for the Democrats. The parties themselves had no official colors, with candidates variously using either or both of the national color palette of red and blue (white being unsuitable for printed materials). There was one historical use, associated with boss rule , of blue for Democrats and red for Republicans: during

8442-462: The U.S. secede and then form federations only with states that have voted for the same political party. These editorials note the increasingly polarized political strife in the U.S. between Republican voters and Democratic voters. They propose partition of the U.S. as a way of allowing both groups to achieve their policy goals while reducing the chances of civil war. A 2021 poll found that 52% of Trump voters and 41% of Biden voters support partitioning

8576-538: The United States into multiple countries based on political party lines. A different poll that same year grouped the United States into five geographic regions, and found that 37% of Americans favored secession of their own region. 44% of Americans in the South favored secession, with Republican support at 66%; while Democratic support was 47% in the Pacific states. Although the Electoral College determines

8710-598: The United States. Some of CORE's main leadership had strong disagreements with the Deacons for Defense and Justice over the Deacons' public threat to racist Southerners that they would use armed self-defense to protect CORE workers from racist organizations, such as the Ku Klux Klan , in Louisiana during the 1960s. Others strongly supported the organization. By the mid-1960s, Farmer tried to incorporate elements of

8844-574: The University of Kentucky. Their inaugural sit-in on July 11, 1959, at the Varsity Village Restaurant near the University of Kentucky campus, attended by both black and white members, set a precedent for peaceful protest. Despite their nonviolent approach, resistance from store managers often resulted in violence. This led to training sessions that were in place to prepare demonstrators for physical and verbal abuse, which many of

8978-747: The Virginia state court upheld her conviction and arrest, Morgan's case was brought before the Supreme Court with Morgan v. Virginia on June 3, 1946. Initially, Morgan's legal team only included Spottswood Robinson III , but they were later joined by NAACP lawyers Thurgood Marshall and William H. Hastie . They used the Interstate Commerce Clause in the Constitution, which declared that states could not impose rules that interfered with passengers crossing state lines, as

9112-421: The campaign. That summer 30 black homes and 37 black churches were firebombed. Over 80 volunteers were beaten by white mobs or racist police officers. Three CORE activists, James Chaney , Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner , were murdered by the Ku Klux Klan on June 21, 1964 ( see Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner ). These deaths created nationwide publicity for the campaign. CORE, at its heart,

9246-702: The choice when the Times published its first color presidential election map in 2000, provided a nonpolitical rationale for retaining the red–Republican link, explaining that "Both 'Republican' and 'red' start with the letter 'R.'" There are several problems in creating and interpreting election maps. Popular vote data are necessarily aggregated at several levels, such as counties and states, which are then colored to show election results. Maps of this type are termed choropleth maps , which have several well-known problems that can result in interpretation bias. One problem occurs when areal units differ in size and significance, as

9380-506: The city of Chicago's white leaders into making solid commitments to open housing. Shortly before the march, Chicago city officials, including Mayor Richard J. Daley , negotiated a Fair Housing agreement with Martin Luther King Jr. , James Bevel , Al Raby and others in exchange for an end of demonstrations. Robert Lucas and other members of CORE felt that the march was strategically necessary and proceeded with it anyway. The march

9514-430: The color blue and Republican ones as red, while Time and The Washington Post used the opposite scheme. In the days after the 2000 election, the outcome of which was unknown for some time after election day, major media outlets began conforming to the same color scheme because the electoral map was continually in view, and conformity made for easy and instant viewer comprehension. On election night that year, there

9648-518: The color scheme when it launched a national "Red to Blue Program" in 2006. The scheme has found acceptance and implementation from the U.S. federal government as the Federal Election Commission report for the 2004 presidential election uses the red-Republican and blue-Democratic scheme for its electoral map. The choice of colors in this divide may appear counter-intuitive to non-American observers, as in most countries, red

9782-525: The conditions of schools to various authorities, including the Board of Education (led by Superintendent Benjamin Willis), Mayor Richard J. Daley , the Illinois House of Representatives , and the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, advocating for improvements in educational equality. In addition, CORE attended the Board's school budget hearings, speaking against segregation and asking for

9916-434: The convention of alternating every four years between blue and red the color used for the incumbent president 's party. According to another source, in 1976, John Chancellor , the anchorman for NBC Nightly News , asked his network's engineers to construct a large illuminated map of the United States. The map was placed in the network's election-night news studio. If Jimmy Carter , the Democratic candidate that year, won

10050-510: The court system. On April 10, 1947, CORE sent a group of eight white men, including James Peck , their publicity officer, and eight black men, on what was to be a two-week Journey of Reconciliation through Virginia , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Kentucky , to test state’s compliance with the Supreme Court’s decisions regarding segregation within interstate travel. The group was composed of men only, to get around certain laws of

10184-495: The data into those classes. While there are various techniques available, the choice is essentially arbitrary. The look of a map can vary significantly depending on the classification choices. The choices of color and shading likewise affect the map's appearance. Further, all election maps are subject to the interpretation error known as the ecological fallacy . Finally, there are problems associated with human perception. Large areas of color appear more saturated than small areas of

10318-541: The earlier Federalist Party . This may have been a holdover from the Civil War , during which the predominantly Republican north was considered "blue". However, at that time, a maker of widely sold maps accompanied them with blue pencils to mark Confederate force movements, while red was for the Union. Later, in the 1888 presidential election , Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison used maps that coded blue for

10452-562: The early and mid-1960s, chapters were organized on a model similar to that of a democratic trade union , with monthly membership meetings, elected and usually unpaid officers, and numerous committees of volunteers. In the South, CORE's nonviolent direct action campaigns opposed " Jim Crow " segregation and job discrimination, and fought for voting rights. Outside the South, CORE focused on discrimination in employment and housing, and also in de facto school segregation. " Jim Crow " laws are laws that enforce racial segregation and discrimination in

10586-576: The emerging black nationalist sentiments within CORE—sentiments that, among other things, would quickly lead to an embrace of Black Power . Farmer failed to reconcile these tensions, and he resigned in 1966, but he backed his replacement, Floyd McKissick . By 1961 CORE had 53 chapters throughout the United States. By 1963, most of the major urban centers of the Northeast, Midwest, Mid-Atlantic, and West Coast had one or more CORE chapters, including

10720-476: The establishment of Washington State University . Elected as a Republican from Thurston County , Bush was known as a tireless promoter of Washington agriculture . Republican policies in the early period of statehood were advanced by the party-connected Seattle Post-Intelligencer and, later, by the Seattle Republican. Founded by ex-slave Horace Cayton , the Seattle Republican would grow to become

10854-438: The few Republicans in the late 1990s endorsed by organized labor , Metcalf blended fiscal conservatism with environmental advocacy, working with the anti-whaling group Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and sponsoring an abortive effort to require labeling of genetically modified foods. The Washington state Republican party has, in recent years, struggled with internal divisions between its historic core of social liberals and

10988-614: The incumbent Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . Foley's defeat marked the first time a sitting Speaker had been defeated in a reelection in 132 years. Another Republican elevated to national office as a result of the 1994 elections was Jack Metcalf . Described by The Seattle Times as "the vestige of a certain place the Northwest used to be," Metcalf typified the unconventional characteristics for which Washington Republicans had previously been known. One of

11122-425: The late 1950s and early 1960s prompted television news reporters to rely on color-coded electoral maps, though sources conflict as to the conventions they used. One source claims that in the elections prior to 2000 every state that voted for Democratic candidates but one had been coded red. It further claims that from 1976 to 2004 , in an attempt to avoid favoritism in color-coding, the broadcast networks standardized

11256-510: The late 19th century and early 20th century, Texas county election boards used color-coding to help Spanish-speaking and illiterate voters identify the parties; however, this system was not applied consistently in Texas and was not replicated in any other state. In 1908, The New York Times printed a special color map, using blue for Democrats and yellow for Republicans, to detail Theodore Roosevelt 's 1904 electoral victory . That same year,

11390-524: The major socialist, communist, or social democratic parties in each country are associated with red (orange in Canada). If the U.S. followed such a pattern, blue would be used for the Republicans and red for the Democrats. However, the current U.S. scheme has become so ingrained in the American election system that foreign sources who cover U.S. elections, such as the BBC , Der Spiegel and El Mundo follow with

11524-576: The media and in many people's minds, despite the fact that the Democratic and Republican parties had not officially chosen colors. Some Republicans argue the GOP should retain its historic association with blue, since most center-right parties worldwide are associated with blue. On March 14, 2014, the California Republican Party officially rejected red and adopted blue as its color. Archie Tse, The New York Times graphics editor who made

11658-493: The members encountered at these early sit-ins. They used new strategies, such as the “integrated sandwich plan”, where African Americans would sit next to a white member and the white member would order them a sandwich. These acts were only available to them as they were a group that encouraged interracial cooperation. Overall, CORE's presence and outlook on protests catalyzed momentum for civil rights advancement in Kentucky. At

11792-464: The neighborhood school policy resulted in a pattern of racial segregation in the CPS. Predominantly black schools were situated in predominantly black neighborhoods on the south and west sides of the city, while predominantly white schools were located in predominantly white areas in the north, northwest and southwest sides of Chicago. Many segregated schools were very overcrowded. To ease this overcrowding,

11926-646: The neighborhood school policy. By 1966, the Chicago Freedom Movement , led by Martin Luther King Jr. , the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and Chicago's Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO), had assumed control over civil rights demonstrations and negotiations. While CORE was a member organization of the CCCO, it increasingly lost influence over desegregation efforts. And when

12060-456: The old red state, blue state scenario that prevailed for the last several elections works. I think most of these states that we have either red or blue are going to be up for grabs." Arguably, this eventually proved to be somewhat true, but not in McCain's favor as Obama won three "red" states that had not voted Democratic in many years, namely Virginia , North Carolina , and Indiana along with

12194-466: The organization helped organize the famous March on Washington. On August 28, 1963, more than 250,000 people marched peacefully to the Lincoln Memorial to demand equal justice for all citizens under the law. At the end of the march Martin Luther King Jr. made his famous " I Have a Dream " speech. The following year, CORE along with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and

12328-770: The organization to strongly support black nationalism . However, subsequent political developments within the organization led it to support conservative political positions. The FBI 's " COINTELPRO " program targeted civil rights groups, including the CORE, for infiltration, discreditation and disruption. In August 1967, the FBI instructed its program "COINTELPRO" to "neutralize" what the FBI called "black nationalist hate groups" and other dissident groups. A CORE delegation toured seven African countries in 1971. Innis met with several heads of state, including Kenya ’s Jomo Kenyatta , Tanzania ’s Julius Nyerere , Liberia ’s William Tolbert and Uganda 's Idi Amin , all of whom were gifted

12462-476: The parliamentary system in London is, red for the more liberal party. And that settled it. We just did it. Forget all that communist red stuff. It didn’t occur to us. When I first heard it, I thought, ‘Oh, that’s really silly.’” The feature proved to be so popular that, four years later , all three major television networks used colors to designate the states won by the presidential candidates, though not all using

12596-556: The party being completely taken over by social conservatives including gun rights and anti-abortion activists. This has led to many people on the Eastside and elsewhere in the state abandoning the party. After the 2020 Washington gubernatorial election , despite Jay Inslee 's large margin of victory, Republican candidate Loren Culp refused to concede his loss and gave no concession speech, while making unsubstantiated claims of voting fraud. After Joe Biden defeated Donald Trump in

12730-413: The party led state legislators Fred Jarrett and Rodney Tom to drop their Republican affiliation in the late 2000s and join the Democratic Party. Eastern Washington is considered a stronghold of the party. Republican candidates have also performed well in the eastern half of King County and in Seattle's affluent Madison Park neighborhood in the past. Among the largest recent financial backers of

12864-517: The party's activities are the National Electrical Contractors Association , Kemper Holdings , Microsoft , real estate developer Clyde Holland, and investor Richard Alvord (Alvord's parents, meanwhile, are Democratic Party benefactors). Since 2016, the state GOP and its voter base have undergone a hard rightward shift in their political views and positions along with the embrace of Trumpism . This includes

12998-430: The perception of some states as "blue" and some as "red" was reinforced by a degree of partisan stability from election to election—from the 2016 presidential election to the 2020 presidential election , only five states changed "color"; and as of 2020 , 35 out of 50 states have voted for the same party in every presidential election since the red-blue terminology was popularized in 2000, with only 15 having swung between

13132-472: The period in which CORE was founded, Gandhi's leadership of the independence movement in India against British colonial rule was reaching its apogee. CORE sought to apply the nonviolent anti-colonial tactics pioneered by Gandhi and his followers to successfully challenge racial segregation and racism in the United States through civil disobedience . In accordance with CORE's constitution and bylaws, in

13266-458: The political center. The elections in Arkansas as well as West Virginia in 2004 were won by Republican President George W. Bush , but Democrats at the time held all four U.S. Senate seats and majorities of elected executive officeholders in those states, including the governorship of the latter. Similarly, Tennessee was won by Bush in both 2000 and 2004, but going into 2004, its governor

13400-742: The population resides in the capital city ( Brisbane and Hobart , respectively), which is important due to the Coalition's dominance in regional Australia. Of the 29 federal elections held since 1949 , Labor has won the federal two-party-preferred vote in Queensland just three times: in 1961 , 1990 and 2007 (when Queenslander Kevin Rudd was leader of the Labor Party); and in Western Australia just six times: in 1969 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 2001 (when Western Australian Kim Beazley

13534-473: The prevailing tactic to argue her case. However, Virginia state courts did not find this argument convincing. Contrarily, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Irene and asserted that the Virginia Legislature could not impose segregation among interstate bus travelers. This landmark ruling would go on to inspire CORE members to seek out non-violent ways to push back against segregation outside of

13668-410: The prevalent winner-take-all practice, the minority party almost always gets a sizable vote, with the most strongly partisan states typically having 25% to 40% of the population vote for the losing party in a presidential election. Most states have strongly Democratic cities as well as strongly Republican rural areas. Robert Vanderbei at Princeton University made the first Purple America map after

13802-416: The problems of color perception described above. However, there are pros and cons to both classified and unclassified choropleth maps. Each tend to show some patterns well while obscuring others. All these facts should be taken into account when looking at election maps. The paradigm has been criticized on several fronts. Many argue that assigning partisanship to states is only really useful as it pertains to

13936-503: The public lexicon as a way of stating that the United States is not as divided as the political pundits would have the people believe. Cartograms developed by Gastner, Shalizi , and Newman at the University of Michigan provide another way to depict election results, which change from a red-blue paradigm to one of shades of purple. Forty-four of the 50 states were consistent in voting for Donald Trump or his Democratic opponent in

14070-569: The public. Compounding this issue, both the national and local government felt no responsibility to protect these members or supply federal intervention. These underlying issues in Louisiana stirred up support among local CORE members for the idea of allowing armed self-defense within their ranks. The idea of armed-self defense would be supported by CORE co-founder James Farmer after an incident in Plaquemine, Louisiana. On September 1, 1963 local police of Plaqumine threatened to lynch Farmer after

14204-479: The red states. We coach Little League in the blue states and have gay friends in the red states. … We are one people, all of us pledging allegiance to the Stars and Stripes , all of us defending the United States of America." In April 2008, Republican presidential nominee John McCain predicted that the presidential election that November would not follow the red-state-blue-state pattern, saying, "I'm not sure that

14338-659: The red-Republican, blue-Democratic scheme for U.S. elections. In Australia, the center-right Liberal Party uses the color blue, while the center-left Labor Party uses the color red. The formal alliance between the two main center-right political parties in Australia, the Liberal Party and National Party ), known as the Coalition , also uses blue (although the National Party itself uses dark green). While

14472-552: The same color scheme. NBC continued its color scheme (blue for Republicans) until 1996 . NBC newsman David Brinkley referred to the 1980 election map outcome showing Republican Ronald Reagan 's 44-state landslide in blue as resembling a "suburban swimming pool". Since the 1984 election , CBS has used the opposite scheme: blue for Democrats, red for Republicans. ABC used yellow for Republicans and blue for Democrats in 1976, then red for Republicans and blue for Democrats in 1980, 1984, and 1988. In 1980, when John Anderson had

14606-469: The same color. A juxtaposition of differing colors and shades can result in contrast misperceptions. For example, due to the simultaneous contrast effect, the Bezold effect , and other factors, an area shaded light red surrounded by areas shaded dark red will appear even lighter. Differing shades of red and blue compound this effect. Cartographers have traditionally limited the number of classes so that it

14740-489: The same movement. One of the most notable collaborations with the NAACP was the successful challenge against Louisville’s residential segregation ordinance in the case Buchanan v. Warley on November 5, 1917. This victory marked a big turning point in the history of CORE, especially in the state of Kentucky.  It attracted over 1,000 new members in Kentucky and was one of the first major civil rights victories. Although this

14874-470: The same time , the 2020 U.S. presidential election marked the ninth presidential election where the victorious major party nominee did not win a popular vote majority by a double-digit margin over the losing major party nominee(s), continuing the longest sequence of such presidential elections in U.S. history that began in 1988 and in 2016 eclipsed the previous longest sequence from 1876 through 1900 . Various editorials have proposed that states of

15008-566: The same time in New York City, the Harlem chapter of CORE was very active in supporting African Americans in New York. The Harlem chapter joined forces with Columbia University 's Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee , Mau Mau , and other Harlem residents in order to protest different causes that stemmed from institutionalized racism. One of these causes was the opposition of Columbia University's perceived complacency in surrounding

15142-498: The school to protect African-American students. In 1973 Ross attempted an unsuccessful bid for Seattle City Council . One of his campaign volunteers in that contest was the Republican party's 2004 and 2008 gubernatorial nominee Dino Rossi . The Republican Revolution of 1994 helped party candidates score an unprecedented seven of the state's nine seats in the U.S. House of Representatives . In Washington's 5th congressional district Republican George Nethercutt unseated Tom Foley ,

15276-546: The second-largest newspaper in Seattle before it folded in 1917. "The success of the Republican Party is one of its highest ambitions," Cayton said of his publication. In 1922 Republican Reba Hurn of Spokane became the first woman elected to the Washington State Senate , serving from 1923 to 1930. Hurn advocated for conservative fiscal policies and was a supporter of prohibition , but otherwise espoused

15410-428: The slogan "Jim Crow Must Go" to raise awareness about the unequal schooling that African American children faced at this time as well as the overall unequal treatment of African Americans. While this slogan was typically associated with the south because they had Jim Crow Laws , using it in the north allowed Brooklyn's CORE leaders to gain public acknowledgement that the north also had racial discrimination issues, just as

15544-572: The south did. CORE made significant strides in the civil rights movement in Kentucky, establishing its first chapter in Lexington in 1959. This chapter went on to be the strongest and longest-lasting chapter in Kentucky history. With other branches established in Louisville, Frankfort, Richmond, and Covington, CORE often collaborated with the NAACP and also other organizations that were a part of

15678-403: The state as "Democratopolis." The last Republican governor in Washington was John Spellman , who held office from 1981 to 1985. Republicans came closest to recapturing the state's chief executive office in 2004 when Democrat Christine Gregoire secured election by just 133 votes out of 2.8 million cast. The last time Washington gave its electoral votes to a Republican candidate for U.S. president

15812-679: The state were registered to vote, the lowest percentage in the country. This involved the formation of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). Over 80,000 people joined the party and 68 delegates attended the Democratic Party Convention in Atlantic City and challenged the attendance of the all-white Mississippi representation. CORE, SNCC, and COFO collaborated to establish 30 Freedom Schools in towns across Mississippi. As

15946-589: The state's colleges and universities. Past members of the University of Washington chapter of the group have included former gubernatorial candidate John Carlson , and former state party chairmen Kirby Wilbur and Luke Esser . An independent pressure group founded in 1990, Mainstream Republicans of Washington , advances efforts to moderate Republican policies and recruit centrist candidates. The group's members include former state legislators Gary Alexander , Steve Litzow , and Hans Zeiger . In 2005 an organization of Republican attorneys and former elected officials,

16080-607: The terminology used in the United States is sometimes used in Australia, the terms "Liberal state" (or "Coalition state") and "Labor state" are generally used instead. As the Coalition is dominant in regional and rural areas, states where over 40% of the population live outside the state capital typically have higher numbers of Coalition supporters. However, state politics and federal politics are separate and many states vote for different parties in state and federal elections. While Queensland and Western Australia have Labor governments, federally both states have almost always voted for

16214-401: The terms have resulted in a temptation to presume this arbitrary classification is a definite and fundamental cultural division. Given the general nature and common perception of the two parties, "red state" implies a conservative region or a more conservative American, and "blue state" implies a more liberal region or a more liberal American. But the distinction between the two groups of states

16348-400: The time that restricted the mixing of males and females. These participants then underwent rigorous training aimed at equipping them with the necessary skills to react non-violently, even in the face of violent behaviors. They would act out intense role-playing exercises to simulate real-life scenarios they may encounter, in an attempt to improve their resolve in the face of violence. Throughout

16482-497: The time. In his address before the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston , Barack Obama spoke on the issue of blue states and red states, saying: "The pundits like to slice-and-dice our country into red states and blue states—red states for Republicans, and blue states for Democrats. But I've got news for them, too. We worship an awesome God in the blue states, and we don't like federal agents poking around our libraries in

16616-975: The true nature of the divide is between urban areas and inner suburbs versus rural and exurban areas. In the 2020 election, most voters in most rural counties voted for Republican Donald Trump . Georgia , Nevada , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin , all states Biden won statewide, are good examples of this with some exceptions. Inversely, in solidly red states, most voters in most urban counties voted for Democrat Joe Biden ; good examples for this would be Orleans Parish , Louisiana , and Davidson County , Tennessee (the locations of major U.S. cities New Orleans and Nashville , respectively). Both provided Biden with double-digit margins of victory over Trump. An even more detailed precinct-by-precinct breakdown demonstrates that in many cases, large cities voted for Biden, and their suburbs were divided. Democratic   Republican   (lighter shading indicates win ≤5%)       Winner received plurality of

16750-751: The two-party-preferred vote (although the later scenario is rare for federal elections, last occurring in 1998 ). Congress of Racial Equality The Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States that played a pivotal role for African Americans in the civil rights movement . Founded in 1942, its stated mission is "to bring about equality for all people regardless of race, creed, sex, age, disability, sexual orientation, religion or ethnic background." To combat discriminatory policies regarding interstate travel, CORE participated in Freedom Rides as college students boarded Greyhound Buses headed for

16884-406: The two-week period, they completed twenty-six demonstrations on buses or trains. Out of these twenty-six demonstrations, six resulted in arrests. The members of this group received a great deal of publicity, and this marked the beginning of a long series of similar campaigns. In the early 1960's, James Farmer resumed his position as executive secretary of CORE, with the objective of replicating

17018-434: The vote but did not receive an outright majority of the popular vote       Winner did not receive a plurality of the vote and lost the popular vote ^1  : Split their votes. The "Democratic blue" and "Republican red" color scheme is now part of the lexicon of American journalism. Neither party national committee has officially accepted these color designations, though informal use by each party

17152-549: Was Labor leader) and 2022. Conversely, in the Australian Capital Territory , which is dominated by national capital Canberra , Labor has won the two-party-preferred vote in every election except the 1975 election . In Australia, the leader of the party that forms government (wins a majority of seats in the House of Representatives) becomes Prime Minister , who does not always win the primary vote or even

17286-434: Was a Democrat and both chambers of the state legislature were controlled by Democrats as well. The converse can also be true, as in the case of Maine , which had two Republican U.S. senators, but Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry won the state's electoral votes. Likewise, Vermont , New York , Massachusetts , Maryland , and Hawaii all voted for Democrat Kerry by wide margins, but all had Republican governors at

17420-431: Was a big moment in Kentucky history, the NAACP had initiated direct action protests in Louisville even before CORE entered the state. This offered a base for the members of the CORE chapters in Kentucky to work off of and helped make strides in the movements of CORE. CORE provided more interracial cooperation than other organizations, especially in the Lexington chapter, which consisted of mostly teachers and clergymen from

17554-424: Was in 1984 , when a majority in the state voted for Ronald Reagan . The early history of the state saw firm electoral dominance by the Republican Party. In 1889, Republicans prevailed in the first election for governor and scored majorities in both chambers of the inaugural state legislature. William Owen Bush , Washington's first African-American legislator, is credited with introducing the legislation that led to

17688-645: Was no coordinated effort to code Democratic states blue and Republican states red; the association gradually emerged. Partly as a result of this eventual and near-universal color-coding, the terms "red states" and "blue states" entered popular use in the weeks after the 2000 presidential election. After the results were final with the Republican George W. Bush winning, journalists stuck with the color scheme, as The Atlantic ' s December 2001 cover story by David Brooks entitled, "One Nation, Slightly Divisible", illustrated. Thus, red and blue became fixed in

17822-455: Was segregated, and many teachers in predominantly black schools lacked full-time teaching experience compared to teachers in white schools. In addition, the history curriculum did not mention African Americans. According to CORE, "school segregation [was] a damaging bacteria, a psychological handicap, which [festered] a disease generating widespread unemployment and crime in Chicago". Between 1960 and 1963, CORE diligently wrote letters addressing

17956-410: Was widespread election fraud. It was also reported that a Republican lawmaker proclaimed on social media to "prepare for war" and advocated for others to join following the 2020 election. In 2023, the state GOP selected Jim Walsh as their new chairman, signaling a hardline conservative shift for the party. In April 2024, the state GOP passed a resolution that claimed that America is not a democracy but

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