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35-533: The institute is a multidisciplinary research center, employing around 3,800 scientists, postdoctoral fellows , Ph.D. and M.Sc. students, and scientific, technical, and administrative staff working at the institute. As of 2019, the Weizmann Institute of Science has been associated with six Nobel laureates and three Turing Award winners. The institute was founded in 1934 by Chaim Weizmann and his initial (1st) team, which included Benjamin M. Bloch , as

70-576: A sub-division of a university (usually a group of departments). In contrast, in North America "faculty" refers to the people who teach and research, and is distinguished from "staff", who are hired in administrative, operations, and support roles. For example the Faculty Handbook at Boston University defines faculty as Assistant, Associate, and Full Professors, those with professorial titles modified by “Research,” “Clinical,” and “of

105-579: A detailed medical check-up in order to enter the stations ( Chinese : 进站 ). Postdoctoral researchers are required to undergo regular evaluations, and submit a research report for evaluation at the end of the postdoctoral period to obtain approval to leave the stations ( Chinese : 出站 ). Those who are approved to leave the stations will receive a postdoctoral certificate from the national administration office. In some universities, postdoctoral researchers who fail to leave their stations normally, either due to failing their evaluations or early withdrawal from

140-709: A mandatory superannuation payment of 11–17% is paid by Universities. The postdoctoral system in China was founded in 1985 upon suggestion by Chinese American physicist and Nobel laureate Tsung-Dao Lee . The Office of the National Administrative Committee of Postdoctoral Researchers ( Chinese : 全国博士后管理委员会办公室 ) regulates all postdoctoral mobile stations ( Chinese : 博士后科研流动站 ) at universities and postdoctoral work stations ( Chinese : 博士后科研工作站 ) at institutes and enterprises in mainland China. Applicants to postdoctoral positions have to pass

175-667: A post doctoral degree. Salaried appointments at the minimum Level A, Step 6 for academic salaries, for doctoral qualified employees (beginning in 2008) are set at A$ 75,612 p.a. at the University of Sydney , A$ 75,404 p.a. at the University of Melbourne , and A$ 75,612 p.a. at the University of New South Wales . Alternatively the Australian Research Council (ARC) provides Postdoctoral Fellowships. For example, their Discovery Projects, funds 3 year Fellowships, beginning in 2009, with A$ 61,399 p.a. Furthermore,

210-434: A salary or an appointment with a stipend or sponsorship award. Appointments for such a research position may be called postdoctoral research fellow , postdoctoral research associate , or postdoctoral research assistant . Postdoctoral researchers typically work under the supervision of a principal investigator . In many English-speaking countries, postdoctoral researchers are colloquially referred to as "postdocs". Due to

245-585: A special case in that they are educators like faculty who belong to degree granting departments, not necessarily administrators who have management responsibilities like Deans, Presidents, and Vice Presidents. Most university faculty members hold a Ph.D. or equivalent highest-level degree in their field. Some professionals or instructors from other institutions who are associated with a particular university (e.g., by teaching some courses or supervising graduate students ) but do not hold professorships may be appointed as adjunct faculty. In North America, faculty

280-521: A specialist subject, including integrating a team and acquiring novel skills and research methods. Postdoctoral research is often considered essential while advancing the scholarly mission of the host institution; it is expected to produce relevant publications in peer-reviewed academic journals or conferences. In some countries, postdoctoral research may lead to further formal qualifications or certification, while in other countries, it does not. Postdoctoral research may be funded through an appointment with

315-705: A union, UAW Local 5810 in order to secure better working conditions such as the right to file a complaint for alleged discrimination or sexual harassment through a formal grievance procedure. In California, new postdoctoral appointments receive at least the NIH postdoctoral minimum salary ($ 50,004 in 2019) and many receive annual pay raises of 5% to 7% or more in accordance with the NIH's Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Awards (NRSA). In 2014, postdoctoral researchers in Boston organized

350-1040: A white paper. Meetings organized by postdoctoral researchers in 2015 spread to New York University (NYU), Chicago and San Francisco and a second meeting in Boston discussed data collection, labor economics and evidence-based policy to advocate for changes to science, including the future of the PhD. Most of India's premier engineering, science and management institutes (like Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs), Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) have postdoctoral positions. The salary typically varies from ₹40,000 to ₹70,000 per month. For example, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Guwahati, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IISER Bhopal, IISER Mohali, IISER Pune, IISER Kolkata, IIM Kolkata offer postdoctoral fellowships. The Indian Council of Social Science Research also offers fellowship(s) for pursuing

385-635: Is a person professionally conducting research after the completion of their doctoral studies (typically a PhD ). Postdocs most commonly, but not always, have a temporary academic appointment, sometimes in preparation for an academic faculty position. According to data from the US National Science Foundation, the number of holders of PhD in biological sciences who end up in tenure track has consistently dropped from over 50% in 1973 to less than 20% in 2006. They continue their studies or carry out research and further increase expertise in

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420-468: Is not primarily involved with teaching or research. The higher education regulatory body of India , University Grants Commission , defines academic staff as teachers , librarians , and physical education personnel. In countries like the Philippines, faculty is used more broadly to refer to teaching staff of either a basic or higher education institution. In many universities, the members of

455-594: The Daniel Sieff Research Institute. Weizmann had invited Nobel Prize laureate Fritz Haber to be the director, but following Haber's death en route to Palestine , Weizmann assumed the directorship himself. Before he became President of Israel in February 1949, Weizmann conducted his research in organic chemistry at its laboratories. On November 2, 1949, in agreement with the Sieff family,

490-480: The "Future of Research" Symposium to respond to a conversation about the state of biomedical research from the perspective of junior scientists. The meeting included panel discussions with academics concerned about the scientific enterprise, a video message from Massachusetts senator Elizabeth Warren , and workshops discussing training, funding, the structure of the biomedical workforce, and metrics and incentives in science which were used to generate recommendations in

525-590: The 1970s the number for PhD holders in biological sciences was 50%, illustrating how that generation had a significantly different job market. As of 2022, however, and the broad shifts in the labor market in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, postdoc positions in at least some fields are going unfilled due to a lack of applicants. In the United Kingdom in 2003, 25% of PhD graduates in the natural sciences continued to undertake post-doctoral research. Since

560-696: The Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) programs at least at the same rate as it increases or decreases funding for the Graduate Research Fellowship. There are no comprehensive data of international postdoctoral researchers in the US because of the less-organized survey and the difficulty in counting international postdoctoral researchers. The proportion of postdoctoral researchers on temporary visas reached 53.6% in 2010. The life sciences hold

595-567: The Practice, Lecturers of all ranks, and Instructors. In the United States and parts of Canada, universities, community colleges and even some secondary and primary schools use the term faculty . Other institutions (e.g., teaching hospitals or not-for-profit research institutes) may likewise use the term faculty . In parts of the US, the term academic staff can be synonymous with just staff , which instead refers to staff that

630-449: The United States. Postdoctoral research may be required for obtaining a tenure-track faculty position, especially at research-oriented institutions. Post-doctoral appointments that were traditionally optional have become mandatory in some fields as the degree of competition for tenure-track positions in academia has significantly increased over previous decades. In fact, the small supply of the professional positions in academia compared to

665-500: The Weizmann Institute of Science is the multibranched Ficus tree. Undergraduates and recent graduates must apply to M.Sc. programs, while those earning an M.Sc. or an MD can apply directly to Ph.D. programs. Full fellowships are given to all students. In addition to its academic programs, the Weizmann Institute runs programs for youth, including science clubs, camps, and competitions. The Bessie F. Lawrence International Summer Science Institute accepts high-school graduates from all over

700-422: The administration (e.g., department chairs, deans , vice presidents, presidents, and librarians ) are also faculty members; many of them begin (and remain) as professors. At some universities, the distinction between "academic faculty" and "administrative faculty" is made explicit by the former being contracted for nine months per year, meaning that they can devote their time to research (and possibly be absent from

735-409: The campus) during the summer months, while the latter are contracted for twelve months per year. These two types of faculty members are sometimes known as "nine-month faculty" and "twelve-month faculty". Faculty who are paid a nine-month salary are typically allowed to seek external funds from grant agencies to partially or fully support their research activities during the summer months. Librarians are

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770-533: The creation of a relaxing research environment. Faculty (academic staff) Academic staff , also known as faculty (in North American usage) or academics (in British, Australia, and New Zealand usage), are vague terms that describe teachers or research staff of a school , college , university or research institute . In British and Australian/New Zealand English, "faculty" usually refers to

805-447: The growing number of postdoctoral researchers makes it difficult to find tenure-track positions. In 2008, the proportion of postdoctoral researchers who got a tenure or tenure-track position within 5 years after they received a doctoral degree was about 39%; nearly 10% of postdoctoral researchers were over 40 years old in 2003. On the other hand, 85 percent of engineering doctoral degree holders are likely to initially go into business or

840-467: The industry sector. Under the circumstances, providing doctoral students as well as postdoctoral researchers with necessary skills for nonacademic positions has become one of the important roles for graduate schools and institutions. The America COMPETES Act recognized the importance of graduate student support for obtaining skills needed when they pursue nonacademic careers, and required National Science Foundation (NSF) to increase or decrease funding for

875-493: The institute was renamed the Weizmann Institute of Science in his honor. WEIZAC , one of the world's first electronic computers was locally built by the institute in 1954–1955 and was recognized by the IEEE in 2006 as a milestone achievement in the history of electrical and electronic engineering. In 1959, the institute set up a wholly owned subsidiary called Yeda Research and Development Company to commercialize inventions made at

910-525: The institute. Yeda has more marine genetic patents than any other research institute. By 2013 the institute was earning between $ 50 and $ 100 million in royalties annually on marketed drugs including Copaxone , Rebif , and Erbitux . As of 2015, the Weizmann Institute had approximately 2,500 students, postdoctoral fellows, staff, and faculty, and awards M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in mathematics, computer science, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, and biology, as well as several interdisciplinary programs. The symbol of

945-410: The landmark ruling in the employment tribunal (Scotland) Ball vs Aberdeen University 2008 case (S/101486/08), researchers who have held successive fixed-term contracts for four years' service are no longer temporary employees but are entitled to open-ended contracts. In the US, a postdoctoral scholar is an individual holding a doctoral degree who is engaged in mentored research or scholarly training for

980-441: The largest percentage of postdoctoral researchers on temporary visas; in 2008, approximately 56% of postdoctoral researchers in the life sciences were temporary residents. Of these postdoctoral researchers on temporary visas, four out of five earned their PhD outside of the United States. There exists fear that foreign PhD's are taking postdoctoral research positions from American researchers. The influx of foreign PhD's has influenced

1015-512: The nature of their work in some fields, and an oversupply of graduating PhD students in many fields, some postdoctoral researchers in certain countries face an uncertain future in academia, and a large proportion will not gain tenure or a coveted faculty position in their chosen field of research. A study on the topic was conducted in collaboration between Virginia Tech and MIT in 2018. The authors found that only about 17% of postdocs ultimately land tenure-track positions. In

1050-547: The purpose of acquiring the professional skills needed to pursue a career path of his or her choosing. Postdoctoral researchers play an important role in spearheading postgraduate research activity in the US. The median salary of postdoctoral researchers one to five years after receiving their doctoral degrees is $ 42,000, 44% less than the $ 75,000 average for tenured positions. The National Postdoctoral Association (NPA) and Boston Postdoctoral Association (BPDA) are nonprofit organizations that advocate for postdoctoral scholars in

1085-459: The stations ( Chinese : 退站 ), may be asked to pay back the grants or even the salaries that they have received. Because of the way that the postdoctoral system is managed, postdoctoral research is widely mistaken to be an academic degree in China. The government's administration of the postdoctoral system has been criticized for hindering innovative research, as too much effort is spent on evaluations, and overemphasis on performance prevents

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1120-626: The supply of ready-researchers, and thereby, the wages. One estimate claims that a 10% increase in the supply of foreign postdoctoral researchers lower the position salary by 3 to 4%. In the US, life sciences have a greater share than other fields due to higher federal funding of life and medical science areas since the mid 1990s. One survey shows that 54% of postdoctoral researchers major in life sciences, whereas those who majored in physical science, mathematics, and engineering account for 28%. In 2010, postdoctoral researchers in California formed

1155-525: The world for a four-week, science-based summer camp . The Clore Garden of Science, which opened in 1999, is the world's first completely interactive outdoor science museum . The Weizmann Institute of Science was ranked number 2, globally, for research quality by the Nature Index in 2019, and in the top 25 research institutes/universities in the world in two main categories by U-Multirank , 2019: Top Cited Publications and Patents Awarded. The institute

1190-430: Was Weizmann himself owing to his duties as the first president of Israel. The following persons held the position of scientific director: 31°54′27″N 34°48′33″E  /  31.90750°N 34.80917°E  / 31.90750; 34.80917 Postdoctoral researcher Post-doctoral researchers by discipline (United States, 2012) A postdoctoral fellow , postdoctoral researcher , or simply postdoc ,

1225-656: Was in 7th place in the European Research Council report in 2020 for its high rate of success in obtaining research grants. In 2018 the institute was ranked 9th, globally, (1st in Israel) by the CWTS Leiden Ranking , which is based on the proportion of a university's scientific papers published between 2012 and 2015 that made the 10% most cited in their field. The nonscientists Abba Eban and Meyer Weisgal were assisted by scientific directors, as

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