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24-415: Wellington Island is an island west of Southern Patagonian Ice Field , Chile . It has an area of 5,556 km and most of the island forms part of Bernardo O'Higgins National Park . It is home to the last Kawésqar people, living in the village of Puerto Edén , the only inhabited place on the island. Puerto Edén has an extremely wet subpolar oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfc ) and is widely reputed to be

48-536: A "provocation" and made a call to the central government of Chile to reinforce the sovereignty in the zone. After the Argentine government published its inventory of glaciers including undefined territory the Chilean Foreign Ministry informed that a claim note had already been sent denying the Argentine inventory. In 2021, there was a controversy since CONAF (from Chile) installed a dome in

72-539: A meeting over the cartographic controversy. Kirchner served as the governor of the Santa Cruz Province from 1991 to 2003. In the maps published in Argentina, until today, the region continues to be shown without the white rectangle, as can be seen in a map of Santa Cruz on a website of an official Argentine agency. While in the official Chilean maps and most tourist maps, the rectangle is shown and it

96-466: A point defined to the west) was drawn, however, they also agreed that section B (from Fitz Roy to Murallón) would wait until completion of a detailed 1:50,000 scale map of the area with further negotiations. To date, this one section remains the final non-concluded boundary section and has been an irritant in Argentina-Chile relations . In February 2006, Ricardo Lagos appeared in a photo with

120-462: Is clarified that the boundary is not demarcated according to the 1998 treaty. In 2018, Argentina made a National Ice Inventory in which are included some disputed glaciers. From September 20 to October 4 of the same year, the Argentine army traveled to into the area that is pending to be demarcated. This caused controversy mainly in Chile where the mayor of Villa O'Higgins denounced the fact as

144-586: The Circo de los Altares which its southern part is claimed by both countries. As of 2024, the demarcation is still pending. 1902 Arbitral award of the Andes between Argentina and Chile The 1902 Arbitral award of the Andes between Argentina and Chile ( Spanish : Laudo limítrofe entre Argentina y Chile de 1902 ) was a British arbitration in 1902 that established the present-day boundaries between Argentina and Chile . In northern and central Patagonia ,

168-784: The British Crown, as part of the documentation of the 1902 award, illustrates a clear demarcation line (from the Fitz Roy to the Stokes) to the east of the Southern Patagonian Ice Fields leaving most of the territory in question in the Chilean side. The 1902 award considered that in that area the high peaks are water dividing and therefore there was no dispute. Both experts, Francisco Pascasio Moreno from Argentina and Diego Barros Arana from Chile agreed on

192-851: The Pacific Ocean , hence Chile claimed it. Subsequently, the commissioners visited Trevelin and received the views of the inhabitants of the "Colonia del Valle 16 de Octubre" on 30 April 1902, for three days, in School Number 18, which had been founded in 1895 next to the river Corintios by the Argentine National Government. The arbitration award was finally adjudicated in favour of the Republic of Argentina, and Trevelin, Esquel and other adjacent settlements were subsequently incorporated into Chubut Province. Research by Gustavo De Vera and Jorge Fiori starting in 1998

216-529: The aforementioned Los Glaciares in Argentina. There are two known volcanoes under the ice field; Lautaro and Viedma . Due to their inaccessibility they are among the least researched volcanoes in Chile and Argentina. Circo de los Altares is an important hiking place. Thorough explorations include the expeditions of Federico Reichert (1913–1914), Alberto de Agostini (1931), and Harold William Tilman and Jorge Quinteros (1955–1956); as well as Eric Shipton (1960–61). The first (North-South) crossing of

240-512: The arbitration was a compromise between the boundary preferences of the two disputing governments, which strictly followed neither the alignment of highest peaks nor the fluvial watershed, and was published in the name of King Edward VII . The escalation in tension between Chile and Argentina suggested armed conflict had become a distinct probability towards the end of the 19th Century as both had claims on Patagonia . The Argentinian Riccheri Law continued to provide for selective national service;

264-616: The area, among which are the Upsala (765 km ), Viedma (978 km ) and Perito Moreno (258 km ) in the Los Glaciares National Park in Argentina, and the Pío XI Glacier or Bruggen Glacier (1,265 km , the largest in area and longest in the southern hemisphere outside of Antarctica), O'Higgins (820 km ), Grey (270 km ) and Tyndall (331 km ) in Chile. The glaciers going to

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288-723: The border arguing that the border should be in the Mariano Moreno range. In 1994, the Laguna del Desierto dispute was solved which involved territory of the Ice Field, an international tribunal awarded almost the whole zone to Argentina. After a refused appeal in 1995, Chile accepted the award. Since then, Chile has a small corridor to access Mount Fitz Roy and the Marconi Pass was defined as an international border crossing point. The Southern Patagonian Ice Field section of

312-428: The border between Mount Fitz Roy and Stokes. Since 1898, the demarcation of the border in the ice field, between the two mountains, was defined on the next mountains and their natural continuity: Fitz Roy, Torre, Huemul, Campana, Agassiz, Heim, Mayo and Stokes. In 1914 the Mariano Moreno range was visited by an expedition, however, Francisco Pascasio Moreno already knew of its existence. Argentina started to question

336-424: The border is the last remaining border issue between Chile and Argentina. On August 1, 1991, the governments of Chile and Argentina agreed on a borderline, but the agreement was never ratified by the Argentine legislature. Later, in 1998, both governments agreed to redraw the borderline between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallón Section A (between Cerro Murallón and Daudet) and small part of B (from Fitz Roy to

360-476: The borders were established between the latitudes of 40° and 52° S as an interpretation of the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina . As result of the arbitration, some Patagonian lakes, such as O'Higgins/San Martín Lake , became divided by a national boundary. Additionally the preferences of settled colonists in a cultivated part of the area in dispute had been canvassed. The boundary proposed in

384-598: The expansion of the Argentine armed forces after the campaigns and subjugation of the Pampas and expanded southwards and westwards into Patagonia in the " Conquest of the Desert ". Argentina and Chile had successfully reached a measure of mutual agreement in the Boundary Treaty of 1881 and subsequently identified other boundary alignment issues to be resolved by binding arbitration under the 1902 "May Pact" and sought

408-547: The field was accomplished in 1998 by Pablo Besser, Mauricio Rojas, José Montt and Rodrigo Fica. Nevertheless, some areas of the field remain largely unexplored. From the air, initial exploration was conducted in 1928–29 by Gunther Plüschow after whom a glacier is named. From April 1944 to April 1945, the United States Army Air Forces conducted an aerial survey using the Trimetrogon method at

432-559: The head of the Air Force, General Osvaldo Sarabia, in the undemarcated area, this caused controversy with Argentina. In 2006, the Argentine Instituto Geográfico Militar (IGM) (today Instituto Geográfico Nacional ) edited a map without a note about the nondefined border but showed the Argentine claims as the official borderline. After Chilean diplomatic protests, the Argentine government withdrew

456-639: The involvement of the UK as mediator. Commissioners Francisco Moreno (Argentina), Diego Barros Arana (Chile) and Sir Thomas Holdich (UK) visited the Andean Patagonian valleys to make site-based observations following the written submissions presented previously by the two parties to the Arbitration Panel. Since 1885, the valleys of what is now northwestern Chubut Province had been settled by many Welsh emigrants. This area drained to

480-657: The map and urged Chile to expedite the demarcation of the international border according to the 1998 agreement. On August 24, 2006, the Argentine Undersecretary of Tourism stated that the maps used by the Secretariat of Tourism's website were official because they were approved by the National Geographic Institute of Argentina. In 2006, president of Chile Michelle Bachelet and president of Argentina Néstor Kirchner held

504-574: The place in the world with the highest frequency of rainfall. This Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Southern Patagonian Ice Field The Southern Patagonia Ice Field extends from parallels 48° 15′ S to 51° 30′ S for approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi), and has an approximate area of 16,480 km (6,360 sq mi), of which 14,200 km belong to Chile and 2,600 km belong to Argentina . The ice mass feeds dozens of glaciers in

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528-449: The request of the Chilean government. Although the boundary between Argentina and Chile in the area was established by the 1881 treaty and delimited in 1898 by the experts of both countries during the works of the experts of both countries for the 1902 award , in which they agreed they didn't have differences on that part of the border. The award is established "to perpetuity" by both countries under British tutelage. The map published by

552-697: The west flow into the fjords of the Patagonian channels of the Pacific Ocean ; those going to the East flow into the Patagonian lakes Viedma and Argentino , and eventually, through the rivers de la Leona and Santa Cruz , to the Atlantic Ocean . An important part of the ice field is protected under different national parks, such as the Bernardo O'Higgins and Torres del Paine in Chile, and

576-496: Was published as the "Winds of War" in 2002 to coincide with the centenary, for the Directorate of Culture, Trevelin, has investigated the background and events around the "1902 Referendum". They have concluded that the views of the inhabitants, whilst not the sole determinate, were certainly influential in founding an acceptable alignment for the national boundary in this part of Patagonia. In some areas such as Aysén Region ,

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