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86-598: On 25 February 1850 the Wenlock Agricultural Reading Society (WARS) resolved to establish a class called The Olympian Class – "for the promotion of the moral, physical and intellectual improvement of the inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood of Wenlock and especially of the working classes, by the encouragement of outdoor recreation, and by the award of prizes annually at public meetings for skill in athletic exercise and proficiency in intellectual and industrial attainments". The secretary of

172-650: A discharge . In more serious cases, where magistrates' consider that their sentencing powers are insufficient, they can send ' either-way ' offenders to the Crown Court for sentencing. All criminal cases begin in a magistrates' court. The most serious cases (for example murder, rape, etc) are sent to the Crown Court, although magistrates' will often decide on issues such as bail and any preliminary matters. Lesser offences, including all summary only offences and some either-way offences will be dealt with entirely in

258-433: A lower court , and typically deals with more minor or preliminary matters. In other jurisdictions (e.g., England and Wales ), magistrates are typically trained volunteers appointed to deal with criminal and civil matters in their local areas. In ancient Rome , the word magistratus referred to one of the highest offices of state. Analogous offices in the local authorities, such as municipium , were subordinate only to

344-632: A JP court had the summary criminal jurisdiction and powers of a sheriff. A federal magistrate was an office created on 23 December 1999 along with the establishment of the Federal Magistrates' Court by the Australian Government as a result of royal assent of the Federal Magistrates Act 1999 (Cth) . Its first judicial officers were appointed in 2000; it first applications were filed on 23 June 2000 and

430-539: A Presiding Justice) to check that they continue to remain competent in their role. Additional training is given to justices choosing to sit in the Youth Court or those dealing with family matters. New JPs sit with mentors on at least six occasions during their first eighteen months. Justices of the peace are unpaid appointees, but they may receive allowances to cover travelling expenses, subsistence and loss of earnings for those not paid by their employer while sitting as

516-423: A civilian officer who administers the law. In ancient Rome , a magistratus was one of the highest ranking government officers, and possessed both judicial and executive powers. In other parts of the world, such as China , magistrate is a word applied to a person responsible for administration over a particular geographic area. Today, in some jurisdictions, a magistrate is a judicial officer who hears cases in

602-746: A cricketer, won the hurdles event. The Amateur Athletic Club, later to become the Amateur Athletics Association , was quickly formed as a rival organisation to the National Olympian Association. In 1877, Brookes requested a prize from Greece to mark Queen Victoria 's 40th jubilee. In response, King George I of Greece sent a silver cup which was presented at the Shropshire Olympian Games held that year in Shrewsbury. In 1881, Brookes

688-469: A district judge, such as those matters relating to extradition or where the contested issue is a disputed point of law. According to the official statistics for diversity of the judiciary in April 2021, 56% of sitting magistrates were women, 13% were Black, Asian and minority ethnic and 82% per aged above 50. In the courts of Scotland , the office of stipendiary magistrate was established by Section 5 of

774-527: A few years it was attracting competitors from as far away as London and Liverpool. From 1852, the Society ran a library for working-class subscribers and interest groups called "classes" met at the Corn Exchange , the Wenlock Agricultural Reading Society (WARS) headquarters for the benefit of the people of the vast Borough of Wenlock and its neighbourhood. Brookes was himself elected to annual office in

860-517: A judge with a particular office. Instead, it denotes (somewhat circularly) a judge or judicial officer who is capable of hearing and deciding a particular matter. That capability is defined by state statute or by common law . In Virginia , for example, the Constitution of 1971 created the office of magistrate to replace the use in cities and counties of the justice of the peace , which is common in many states for this function. As noted above,

946-770: A local advisory committee and only recommended to the Lord Chancellor for appointment if they can demonstrate the six key qualities required of a judicial office holder, these are: (a) good character, (b) commitment and reliability, (c) social awareness, (d) sound judgement, (e) understanding and communication and (f) maturity and sound temperament. Membership is widely spread throughout the area covered and drawn from all walks of life. Police officers, traffic wardens , RSPCA employees and certain other categories of employees, as well as their close relatives, will not be appointed, nor will those convicted of certain criminal offences including recent minor offences. All new justices of

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1032-475: A magistrate, up to a maximum of £116.78 a day. A justice of the peace may sit at any magistrates' court in England and Wales, but in practice, they are appointed to their local bench (a colloquial and legal term for the local court). Justices of the peace will normally sit as a panel of three, with two as a minimum in most cases, except those cases dealt with under the single justice procedure . Many are members of

1118-645: A person to jail for up to three years and impose a fine of up to ₹ 10,000 (US$ 120). An executive magistrate is an officer of the executive branch (e.g., government department, typically the land revenue department) rather than the Judicial branch. They are vested with specific powers under both the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS - the "Indian Citizen Safety Code") and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS -

1204-798: A significant part of the workload of the Federal Court and the Family Court. By May 2004, the court was dealing with 73% of the total number of applications made in the three courts ). The Federal Magistrates' Court was exercising jurisdiction well in excess of that of the state magistrates' courts, and similar to that of the District and County courts of the Australian states. On 12 April 2013, in recognition of its increased jurisdiction and its role as an intermediate court servicing regional centres as well as capital cities throughout Australia,

1290-535: A student of Padua University, and was there for about six months before returning home to Much Wenlock at the end of February 1831. During his medical studies in Paris he learned of his father's death. When he arrived back at Much Wenlock in 1831, he returned to the family home and took over his father's large medical practice. As a botanist, he provided information on plants growing around Wenlock and also Shropshire for Charles Hulbert 's The History and Description of

1376-688: A wide range of offences. Although there is a general limit of two years' imprisonment or a fine of HK$ 100,000, certain statutory provisions give Magistrates the power to sentence up to three years' imprisonment and to impose a fine up to HK$ 5,000,000. According to the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1898, there are two classes of magistrates in Bangladesh, namely judicial magistrate and executive magistrate. There are four classes of judicial magistrate (chief metropolitan magistrate in metropolitan areas and chief judicial magistrate in other areas, magistrate of

1462-500: Is a state-appointed local administrative office whose responsibilities include keeping population information and public registers , acting as a public notary and conducting civil marriages. In Mexico's Federal Law System, a magistrado (magistrate) is a superior judge (and the highest-ranking State judge), hierarchically beneath the Supreme Court Justices (Ministros de la Corte Suprema). The magistrado reviews

1548-680: Is due, not to a Greek, but to Dr W P Brookes". William Penny Brookes was born in Much Wenlock , where his father, William Brookes, was a local doctor. He was apprenticed to his father on 12 August 1824, studied at St Thomas' Hospital , London from September 1829 to May 1830, then studied in the hospitals of Paris , until the end of August 1830. Later he went to Padua in Italy famous for the Orto botanico di Padova , 16th century herb gardens. There he studied herbal medicines and botany, although not as

1634-498: Is named after him. In 1994, the then President of the International Olympic Committee, Juan Antonio Samaranch , laid a wreath on the grave of William Penny Brookes saying, "I came to pay homage and tribute to Dr Brookes, who really was the founder of the modern Olympic Games". Magistrate#United Kingdom The term magistrate is used in a variety of systems of governments and laws to refer to

1720-486: The Courts of England and Wales . In 2021, there were 12,651 magistrates, a number that has fallen steadily in recent years, decreasing by 50% from 25,170 since 2012. Magistrates have a maximum sentencing power of up to 12 months' imprisonment, and/or an unlimited fine. In practice, magistrates have a wide range of sentencing options, which include issuing fines , imposing community orders, or dealing with offences by means of

1806-512: The Family Court (divorce, residence [or custody], and contact with [or access to] the children, property division upon divorce, maintenance, and child support ). In some areas, such as bankruptcy and copyright, the court had virtually unlimited jurisdiction. The federal magistrates would hear shorter or less complex matters or matters in which the monetary sum in disputes does not exceed given amounts. For instance, property divisions where

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1892-798: The International Olympic Committee in 1894, which was followed by the Athens 1896 Olympic Games that came under the auspices of the Committee. Brookes died just four months before the latter Games. The Wenlock Olympian Society maintains his original ideals, and continues to organise annual Olympian Games. The Live arts takes place in March each year, and the sports takes place in July. William Brookes School in Much Wenlock

1978-601: The Judicial Appointments Commission (JAC) and are required to be qualified solicitors, barristers, or chartered legal executives. Some also sit in the family court. Questions have been raised by the Magistrates' Association as to the legal safeguards of a single district judge allowed to hear a case, decide the outcome, and pass sentence without reference to another party, however the criminal procedure rules do require some cases to be heard by

2064-407: The Magistrates' Association , which provides advice and training and also represents magistrates. The other type of magistrate is known as a district judge (magistrates' courts). Unlike justices of the peace, district judges (magistrates' courts) usually sit alone, although still have the benefit of a legal adviser. They are paid Judges appointed by open competition through a process administered by

2150-582: The National Olympian Association (NOA) which had been co-founded by Brookes in 1865. The NOA ceased its operations in 1883. Baron Pierre de Coubertin visited the Wenlock Olympian Society in 1890, which held a special festival in his honour. He was inspired by Dr Brookes and went on to establish the International Olympic Committee . Brookes was named as an honorary delegate at the 1894 Sorbonne Congress at which

2236-535: The United States federal courts , a magistrate judge is a judicial officer authorized by 28 U.S.C.   § 631 et seq. They were formerly known as U.S. commissioners, and then as magistrates. Magistrate judges, as they have been designated since 1990, are appointed by the life-term federal district judges of a particular court, serving terms of eight years if full-time, or four years if part-time, and may be reappointed. Magistrate judges conduct

2322-556: The Wenlock Olympian Games , inspiring the modern Olympic Games , and for his promotion of physical education and personal betterment. Brookes was born, lived, worked and died in the small market town of Much Wenlock , Shropshire, England. He was apprenticed to his father, Dr William Brookes, and later studied in London, England; Paris, France and Padua, Italy, before returning home to Much Wenlock in 1831. Brookes

2408-451: The "Indian Justice Code"). These powers are conferred by Sections 125–129, 152, 163, 164 and 166 of the BNSS. These officers cannot try any accused nor pass verdicts. A person arrested on the orders of a court located outside the local jurisdiction should be produced before an executive magistrate who can also set the bail amount for the arrested individual to avoid police custody, depending on

2494-575: The CJM. who looks over the work of judicial magistrates, but cannot take any action against them. The CJM can only report the misbehavior of judicial magistrates to the High Court. A court of chief judicial magistrates can sentence a person to jail for up to seven years and impose fines up to any amount. The CJM is the most senior magistrate in their district. There is a sub-divisional judicial magistrate (SDJM) in every subdivision. They hear cases related to

2580-629: The County of Salop (1837), and William Allport Leighton 's Flora of Shropshire (1841). His herbarium is held at the Much Wenlock Town Council's archives. He also became actively involved in the local community, becoming a Justice of the Peace in 1841 and remaining an active magistrate for over 40 years. Also in 1841, he instigated the setting up of the Wenlock Agricultural Reading Society (WARS), with its early lending library "for

2666-597: The Court's first sittings were conducted on 3 July 2000 in Adelaide , Brisbane , Canberra , Melbourne , Newcastle , Parramatta and Townsville . The Federal Magistrates' Court of Australia dealt with more minor Commonwealth law matters which had previously been heard by the Federal Court of Australia ( administrative law , bankruptcy , consumer protection , trade practices, human rights , and copyright ) or

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2752-472: The Courts Act 2003 states that "There shall be a commission of the peace for England and Wales—…b) addressed generally, and not by name, to all such persons as may from time to time hold office as justices of the peace for England and Wales". Thus, every magistrate in England and Wales may act as a magistrate anywhere in England or Wales. There are two types of magistrates in England and Wales: Justices of

2838-543: The District Courts (Scotland) Act 1975, and was replaced by the office of summary sheriff by Section 218 of the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014 . In Scotland , the lowest level of law-court, a justice of the peace court, is presided over by a justice of the peace , who like in England and Wales are trained volunteers. Stipendiary magistrates are, ex officio , justices of the peace, and when sitting in

2924-469: The Dowry Act, EC Act, and other criminal cases. They also maintain and control the judicial court below them. A court of sub-divisional judicial magistrates may sentence a person to imprisonment for up to three years and impose a fine of up to ₹ 10,000 (US$ 120). Judicial magistrates can try criminal cases. A judicial magistrate of first class (also known as judicial first class magistrate) can sentence

3010-848: The Federal Magistrates' Court was renamed the Federal Circuit Court of Australia, the Act renamed as the Federal Circuit Court of Australia Act 1999 , and its judicial officers received the title "judge" instead of "federal magistrate". The state magistrates in Australia derive from the English magistrates. All magistrates are salaried officers. The jurisdiction of the magistrates varies from state-to-state . They preside over courts which are, depending on

3096-741: The Greek influence of the name 'Olympian' by publicly suggesting the games be called "'The Shropshire Class of British Work and Play', or anything else you will; but let it tell of English men and women, English boys and girls." Despite this the Olympian name stuck. Following a dispute with WARS, in November 1860, the Wenlock Olympian Class separated from WARS and changed its name to Wenlock Olympian Society. The first National Olympian Games were held in London in 1866 and were organised by

3182-579: The IOC in 1994. The mascot for the London 2012 Summer Olympics was named Wenlock after Much Wenlock where the Wenlock Olympian Society and its Games began. The 2012 Summer Paralympics mascot was named Mandeville in honour of Stoke Mandeville Hospital , where the Paralympian Games originated. The medals awarded featured Nike , the Greek goddess of victory, as do Olympic medals . Following

3268-634: The IOC was established, although he was unable to attend due to ill health. The Wenlock Olympian Games continued intermittently after his death in 1895, with significant revivals in 1950 and 1977. The current series has been running since 1977, and has received official recognition from the IOC and the British Olympic Association (BOA), exemplified by visits from the Princess Royal for the BOA in 1990 and Juan Antonio Samaranch for

3354-618: The Olympics. He wrote : "If the Olympic Games that Modern Greece has not yet been able to revive still survives there today, it is due, not to a Greek, but to Dr W P Brookes". Although Coubertin later sought to downplay Brookes's influence, he corresponded with him for several years and sent him a gold medal (made of silver) in 1891 to be presented to the winner of the Tilting Competition. Coubertin went on to set up

3440-432: The Peace, and District Judges (formerly known as stipendiary magistrates ). Justices of the peace (JPs) are trained volunteers appointed from the local community; the nature of their role means that it is not necessary for them to be legally qualified, but they do have the assistance of a legally qualified adviser in Court. JPs require intelligence, common sense, integrity, and the capacity to act fairly. They are selected by

3526-614: The Poor, and also became a Director of both the Much Wenlock and Severn Junction Railway Company and the later Wenlock Railway Company. The first train to Much Wenlock was arranged to coincide with the Wenlock Olympian Games of 1861. He was manager of the Much Wenlock National School, where, in 1871, he helped introduce drill and physical exercise into the curriculum. He believed that as children at

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3612-420: The Society as: Secretary in years 1850 and 1851, 1860 and 1874; Treasurer 1858 and 1859, 1870, and 1880 to 1882; and President in 1854 and 1855, 1857, 1862 to 1867, and 1891. Brookes was a Philhellene , who admired the perceived definition of Ancient Greek democratic ideals, that all men were equal and allowed and indeed expected to vote, take an active part in governance, and compete in sport. In reality, this

3698-519: The Wenlock Olympian Games was held in Coubertin's honour with much pageantry, followed by a dinner held at The Raven Hotel. Today The Raven Hotel has a display of several photographs about WOS by kind permission of the Society, including copies of original letters from Coubertin to Brookes. On his return to France, Coubertin gave a glowing account of his stay in an article, "Les Jeux Olympiques à Much Wenlock", and referred to his host's efforts to revive

3784-569: The cases seen by a judge in a second term if any of the parties disputes the verdict. For special cases, there are magistrados superiores (superior magistrates) who review the verdicts of special court and tribunal magistrates. In Germany, the magistrational roles of the judge were transferred to a newly established legal body of the judiciary in 1942, which is that of the Rechtspfleger or judicial magistrate. Magistrates hear ' summary offences ' and some ' triable-either-way offences ' in

3870-618: The class and driving force behind the Olympian Games was Dr William Penny Brookes who was inspired to create these events through his work as a doctor and surgeon in the sprawling borough of Wenlock which consisted mainly of Madeley , Broseley and Much Wenlock. The first meeting was held at Much Wenlock racecourse on 22–23 October 1850. These first Games were a mixture of athletics and traditional country sports such as quoits , football and cricket . Events also included running, hurdles and cycling on penny farthings . Some of

3956-583: The disputed amount does not exceed A$ 40,000 to A$ 100,000 (depending on the state). In some states, such as Queensland and NSW , the magistrate may appear robed; although, some magistrates are known to prefer a business suit. Magistrates presiding in the Koori Court (which deals with Aboriginal defendants ) were originally of a mind not to appear robed; however, elders within the Indigenous community urged magistrates to continue wearing robes to mark

4042-565: The door for the working classes to enter competitive sport which, in the United Kingdom, had previously been the privilege of only the elite. Following the 1860 Games, the Olympian Class separated from WARS due to an irrevocable difference of opinion between the two organisations, and it changed its name to Wenlock Olympian Society (WOS) to emphasise that it was now independent. His lifelong campaign to get Physical Education on

4128-540: The early Games included "fun events" such as the blindfolded wheelbarrow race and, one year (1851) an 'Old Women's Race' with the prize of a pound of tea. In 1859 Wenlock Olympian Class sent £10 to Athens as a prize for the best runner in the Long Foot Race at the Zappas Olympics which was held in November that year – open only to Greek-speaking athletes. The Wenlock Prize, the largest prize on offer

4214-688: The executive magistrates of the district, except the ADM, are under the control of the DM. These magistrates are normally conferred on the officers of the Revenue Department, although an officer can be appointed exclusively as an executive magistrate. Normally, the collector of the district is appointed as the DM. Similarly, the sub-collectors are appointed as the SDMs. Tehsildars and deputy/additional tehsildars are appointed as executive magistrates. Under

4300-499: The first class, metropolitan magistrate in metropolitan areas), magistratem of the second class and magistrates of the third class. According to section 10(6 )of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) 1898, members of the Bangladesh Civil Service (Administration) Cadre in the capacity of assistant commissioner, upozila mirbahi officer and additional deputy commissioner shall be executive magistrates and may exercise

4386-723: The following executive magistrates: There are two classifications of magistrates: judicial magistrates, who are part of the judiciary (court), and executive magistrates, who are government administrative officials and belong to the executive branch of the government. There are four categories of magistrates in the judiciary of India. This classification is given in the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (CrPC). It stipulates that in each sessions district , there shall be: The chief judicial magistrate [CJM] (including additional chief judicial magistrates) hear all types of criminal cases. All magistrates' courts are controlled by

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4472-583: The highest official, in sovereign entities the head of state and/or head of government . Under the civil law systems of European countries, such as Belgium , France , Italy and the Netherlands , magistrat (French), magistrato (Italian) and magistraat (Dutch) are generic terms which comprise both prosecutors and judges, distinguished as the 'standing' versus 'sitting' magistrature, respectively. In France and Italy, and several other European countries, examining magistrate judges have represented

4558-689: The inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood of Wenlock and especially of the working classes, by the encouragement of outdoor recreation, and by the award of prizes annually at public meetings for skill in Athletic exercise and proficiency in Intellectual and industrial attainments". The first Games meeting was held in October 1850, and included competitions in classic athletics and also country sports such as quoits, football and cricket. When these first Wenlock Olympian Games were staged in 1850, there

4644-413: The law. The term was maintained in most feudal successor states to the western Roman Empire . However, it was used mainly in Germanic kingdoms, especially in city-states, where the term magistrate was also used as an abstract generic term denoting the highest office, regardless of the formal titles (e.g. Consul, Mayor , Doge), even when that was actually a council. The term " chief magistrate " applied to

4730-458: The legislature of which they generally were members, ex officio , often a combination of judicial and executive power, constituting one jurisdiction. In Rome itself, the highest magistrates were members of the so-called cursus honorum , 'course of honors'. They held both judicial and executive power within their sphere of responsibility (hence the modern use of the term "magistrate" to denote both judicial and executive officers), and also had

4816-498: The magistracy are now addressed as "Your Honour" in all states. This was partly to recognize the increasing role magistrates play in the administration of justice, but also to recognize the archaic nature of "Your Worship", and the tendency for witnesses and defendants to incorrectly use "Your Honour" in any event. It is also acceptable to address a magistrate simply as Sir or Madam. There are currently seven magistrates' courts in Hong Kong. Magistrates exercise criminal jurisdiction over

4902-450: The magistrates' court. A wide range of other legal matters are within the remit of magistrates, such as matters relating to licensing and debt collection, for example. In the past, magistrates have been responsible for granting licences to sell alcohol; this function is now exercised by local councils, although there is a right of appeal to the magistrates' court. Magistrates are also responsible for granting orders such as search warrants to

4988-420: The old CrPC , there was no distinction between the executive and judicial magistrates and some states still follow the old CrPC. The position of stipendiary magistrate in New Zealand was renamed in 1980 to that of district court judge . The position was often known simply as "magistrate" or with the postnominal initials "SM" in newspapers' court reports. In the late 1990s, a position of community magistrate

5074-707: The organisers of an Olympic Games revival in Athens sponsored by Greek businessman Evangelis Zappas . The Olympian Class sent a prize of £10 which was awarded to the winner of the Seven-Fold Foot Race, Petros Velissariou (an ethnic Greek from Smyrna , the former Greek city which at this time was in the Ottoman Empire ). Velissariou was made the first Honorary Member of the Wenlock Olympian Class. The 1859 Wenlock Olympian Games were much expanded following nine years of work to build up subscriptions and attracted more competitors with new competitions and brought in spectators through more organised pageantry and better advertising. The following year, even more people came as there

5160-418: The peace undergo comprehensive training before sitting. There is a mentoring programme to help guide new appointees (mentors are magistrates with at least three years' service). The training, delivered by the Judicial College , covers the necessary law and procedure required for their role. They continue to receive training throughout their judicial career, and are appraised every four years (every two years for

5246-441: The police and other authorities. It used to be a requirement that they live within a 15-mile (24 km) radius of the area they preside over (the commission area ) in case they are needed to sign a warrant after hours. However, commission areas were replaced with Local Justice Areas by the Courts Act 2003 , meaning magistrates no longer need to live within 15 miles (24 km); although, in practice, many still do. Section 7 of

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5332-404: The police are to assist the executive magistrate. Executive magistrates can dictate to the police the manner of force ( baton charge , tear gas, blank fire, firing) and how much force should be used. They can also seek the assistance of the armed forces to quell a riot . There are, in each revenue district (as opposed to a sessions district) the following kinds of executive magistrates: All of

5418-416: The power of executive magistrates within their existing respective local areas. Besides this, according to the provision of the section 10(5), the government may, if it thinks it expedient or necessary, appoint any persons employed in the Bangladesh Civil Service (Administration) to be an executive magistrate and confer the powers of an executive magistrate on any such member. Every administrative district has

5504-498: The power to issue ius honorarium , or magisterial law. The Consul was the highest Roman magistrate. The Praetor (the office was later divided into two, the Urban and Peregrine Praetors) was the highest judge in matters of private law between individual citizens, while the Curule Aediles , who supervised public works in the city, exercised a limited civil jurisdiction in relation to the market . Roman magistrates were not lawyers, but were advised by jurists who were experts in

5590-427: The promotion and diffusion of useful information". From these endeavours evolved various interest groups called "classes" including art, music, botany and subsequently an Olympian Class. All the WARS "classes", the lectures they held and the library were open to "every grade of man", at Brookes' insistence. "The Olympian Class" was set up in 1850 "for the promotion of the moral, physical and intellectual improvement of

5676-475: The revived Greek Olympic Games, Brookes added "throwing the javelin" and writing an "Ode to the Olympian Games" to the Wenlock Olympian games programme. In the November following the 1860 Games, the Olympian Class separated from WARS and changed its name to Wenlock Olympian Society (WOS), due to an irrevocable difference of opinion between some members of the WARS Committee and Brookes (who was supported by his Olympian Committee). In that same year, Brookes instigated

5762-441: The school curriculum brought him into contact with Baron Pierre de Coubertin . In 1890, the young French aristocrat visited Much Wenlock and stayed with Dr Brookes at his lifelong home in Wilmore Street. The Society staged a games especially for the baron and, inspired by the event and his discussions with Brookes, Coubertin wrote: "If the Olympic Games that Modern Greece has not yet been able to revive still survives there today, it

5848-458: The school were likely to be employed in jobs that required physical strength, such as farming or quarrying, development of their physical strength was equally as important as their mental ability. In 1889, he invited Baron Pierre de Coubertin , the organiser of an International Congress on Physical Education, to Much Wenlock. He accepted, and in October 1890, he went to stay at the Brookes family home in Wilmore Street for several days. A meeting of

5934-450: The senior lawyers of the local bar. There are four types of magistrate Magistrates are somewhat less common in the United States than in Europe, but the position does exist in some state jurisdictions and in federal courts. The term "magistrate" is often used (chiefly in judicial opinions) as a generic term for any independent judge who is capable of issuing warrants , reviewing arrests , etc. When used in this way, it does not denote

6020-445: The setting up of the annual Shropshire Olympian Games which were intended rotate venue from town to town around the county. In 1865, Brookes was instrumental in setting up the National Olympian Association based in Liverpool . Their first Olympian Games, a national event, held in 1866 at The Crystal Palace , London, was a surprising success and attracted a crowd of over ten thousand people. W.G. Grace , who would later gain fame as

6106-443: The solemnity of the court process to defendants. Robing is being considered for magistrates in other states; however, neither counsel nor solicitors appear robed in any Australian magistrates' court. Robing in summary courts is unlikely to extend to the legal profession. Historically, magistrates in Australia have been referred to as "Your Worship". (From Old English weorthscipe , meaning being worthy of respect.) However, members of

6192-401: The state, called magistrates' courts, Local Court , or courts of petty sessions. Magistrates hear bail applications, motor licensing applications, applications for orders restraining a given individual from approaching a specific person ("intervention orders" or "apprehended violence orders"), summary criminal matters , the least serious indictable criminal matters , and civil matters where

6278-602: The terms "magistrate" or "chief magistrate" were sometimes used in the early days of the republic to refer to the president of the United States , as in President John Adams 's message to the U.S. Senate upon the death of George Washington : "His example is now complete, and it will teach wisdom and virtue to magistrates, citizens, and men, not only in the present age, but in future generations, as long as our history shall be read" (19 December 1799). In

6364-405: The terms of the warrant . The executive magistrate also can pass orders restraining persons from committing a particular act or preventing persons from entering an area ( Section 163 , BNSS). There is no specific provision to order a " curfew ". The executive magistrates alone are authorised to use force against people. In plain language, they alone can disperse an " unlawful assembly ". Technically,

6450-421: The total assets are A$ 700,000 or less and consumer law matters (trade practices) where the amount claimed is less than $ 750,000. The first Chief Federal Magistrate , Diana Bryant left the court in 2004 when she was appointed Chief Justice of the Family Court of Australia, the third person to be appointed that position since the establishment of the Family Court. Eventually, the Federal Magistrates' Court assumed

6536-462: The unexpected death of President Roy Rogers, triple jump world record holder and Olympic gold medallist Jonathan Edwards, CBE , was elected President of the WOS in 2011. In 2017 the games included the following: William Penny Brookes William Penny Brookes (13 August 1809 – 11 December 1895) was an English surgeon, magistrate , botanist , and educationalist especially known for founding

6622-401: The victim and are part of overseeing investigations from the beginning of a case, in consultation with police and prosecutors. In France they are titled investigative judge ( juge d'instruction , "judge of inquiry"). Italy and some other nations have ended this practice. In Portugal, besides being used in the scope of the judiciary to designate prosecutors and judges, the term magistrado

6708-655: Was a misconception as only free-born adult male citizens (approximately 20% of the population) were permitted to vote, etc. (see also ( Athenian democracy ). In nineteenth century Britain it was usually young men educated at public schools or the sons of professionals who had the opportunities to enter competitive sport. Brookes applied what was commonly thought to be the ethos of the ancient Olympic Games – that they were open to "every grade of man," and added to this mediaeval chivalry: he wanted working-class men to compete in sport but to exercise fair play/chivalry at all levels of competition. In 1858, Brookes established contact with

6794-552: Was a social reformer, who campaigned to give opportunities for what he termed "every grade of man" to expand their knowledge and become mentally and physically fit. He established the Wenlock Agricultural Reading Society (WARS) in 1841 to provide the opportunity of acquiring knowledge but especially to provide opportunities for the working classes. He promoted athletic exercises, ranging from running to football, by holding an annual games offering prizes for sports competitions. Later, competitions for "cultural" events were added. This opened

6880-516: Was a well-publicised opening celebration for the laying of the first stone for Much Wenlock's first railway which was another of Brookes' projects. This, coupled with the discovery of the Roman city of Viroconium in the village of Wroxeter and the inclusion of a whole range of spectacular competitions open to regiments from the newly instigated national Volunteer Rifle Corps encouraged a further increase in competitors and spectators. Also, inspired by

6966-556: Was again in contact with the Greek government, when he tried to instigate an Olympic Games in Athens open to international competitors. Sadly this attempt failed as Greece had many pressing political problems. Brookes was also heavily involved in many other local activities. He became Chairman of the Wenlock Gas Company in 1856, which first brought lighting to the town. He was a Commissioner for Roads and Taxes, Overseer of

7052-603: Was also used to designate certain government officials, like the former civil governors of district . These were referred as "administrative magistrates", to distinguish them from the judiciary magistrates. The President of Portugal is considered the Supreme Magistrate of the Nation. In Finland, maistraatti (the Finnish-language cognate of "magistrate", officially translated as "local register office" )

7138-506: Was created for District Courts on a trial basis. A community magistrate sits in the hierarchy just below a district court judge. They only have criminal case jurisdiction. They are lay judicial officers, not needing to hold a law degree, although many do. In Sri Lanka, a magistrate is a judicial officer appointed to preside over a magistrate's court to a particular jurisdiction under the Judicature Act No 02 of 1978 . The post

7224-429: Was formally known as police magistrate when the courts were known as police magistrate courts. Magistrates have jurisdiction over the criminal cases filed under the penal code. They carry out first mortem and post mortem examinations, issue search warrants and arrest warrants, produce suspected persons and grant bail. In many cases, magistrates preside over primary courts Unofficial magistrates can be appointed from among

7310-470: Was heavy criticism of Brookes's insistence that the Games was open to the working classes and thus have a large number of scantily-dressed young men performing in front of women. It was felt that such an event would cause drunkenness, rioting, lewd behaviour, and that men would leave their wives. The Games were a huge success and none of the threatened disturbances occurred. The Games quickly expanded, and within

7396-513: Was won by Petros Velissarios of Smyrna (now İzmir ) in the Ottoman Empire , one of the first international Olympians. In 1860, Brookes introduced the Shropshire Olympian Games, with their first games held at Much Wenlock, despite 'vile weather'. Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Edwardes , who Brookes had invited to speak at the games, praised their founder and the WARS's work but disagreed with

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