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97-549: The West Anglia Main Line is one of the two main line railways that operate out of Liverpool Street (the other being the Great Eastern Main Line to Ipswich and Norwich ). It runs generally north through Cheshunt , Broxbourne , Harlow , Bishop's Stortford and Audley End (near Saffron Walden ) to Cambridge , with branches between serving Stratford , Hertford and Stansted Airport . The line runs along

194-467: A loading gauge of W8 except for the Stansted branch, which is W6. Line-side train monitoring equipment includes hot axle box detectors (HABD) on the up main south of Newport (39 miles 48 chains from Liverpool Street) and on the down main north of Shepreth Branch Junction (53 miles 10 chains). There are no wheel impact load detectors (WILD) ‘Wheelchex’ on the line. Major civil engineering structures on

291-440: A variable voltage, variable frequency inverter using IGBTs with pulse-width modulation ) to run the motors. The system works in reverse for regenerative braking . The choice of 25 kV was related to the efficiency of power transmission as a function of voltage and cost, not based on a neat and tidy ratio of the supply voltage. For a given power level, a higher voltage allows for a lower current and usually better efficiency at

388-478: A 10-acre (4.0 ha) site previously occupied by the Bethlem Royal Hospital , adjacent to Broad Street station , west of Bishopsgate and facing onto Liverpool Street to the south. The development land was compulsorily purchased , displacing around 3,000 residents of the parish of St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate . Around 7,000 people living in tenements around Shoreditch were evicted to complete

485-834: A 20   kV   50 Hz AC system. This part of Germany was in the French zone of occupation after 1945. As a result of examining the German system in 1951 the SNCF electrified the line between Aix-les-Bains and La Roche-sur-Foron in southern France, initially at the same 20   kV but converted to 25   kV in 1953. The 25   kV system was then adopted as standard in France, but since substantial amounts of mileage south of Paris had already been electrified at 1.5   kV DC , SNCF also continued some major new DC electrification projects, until dual-voltage locomotives were developed in

582-517: A British railway station until its replacement in November 2007. In 1991, an additional entrance was constructed on the east side of Bishopsgate with a subway under the road. The station was "twinned" with Amsterdam Centraal railway station on 2 December 1993, with a plaque marking this close to the entrance to the Underground station. The station was badly damaged on 24 April 1993 by

679-534: A bus interchange in the south west corner. The Broadgate development was constructed between 1985 and 1991, with 330,000 m (3,600,000 sq ft) of office space on the site of the former Broad Street station and above the Liverpool Street tracks. Proceeds from the Broadgate development were used to help fund the station modernisation. In 1988, The Arcade above the underground station on

776-404: A carriage on a train about to depart, another hit carriages used by army doctors; the death toll at the station itself was 16 dead and 15 injured. It was the deadliest single raid on Britain during the war. Over 1,000 GER employees who died during the war were honoured on a large marble memorial installed in the booking hall, unveiled on 22 June 1922 by Sir Henry Wilson . On his return home from

873-580: A connection with the Dutchflyer ferry to Hook of Holland . Stansted Express trains provide a link to Stansted Airport and Southend Victoria-bound services stop at Southend Airport . Most passenger services on the Great Eastern Main Line are operated by Greater Anglia . Since 2015, the Shenfield stopping service has been operated by Transport for London (first under the TfL Rail brand, now

970-606: A plaque commemorating mariner Charles Fryatt who was executed in 1916 for ramming a German U-boat with the GER steamer SS Brussels . By the early 1900s, the success of deep-bore electric trains on the Underground suggested that local services out of London could also be electrified. Following the war, the GER needed more capacity out of Liverpool Street as it was at capacity (serving almost 230,000 passengers daily in 1921), but they could not afford electrification. They considered high-powered and high-tractive steam locomotives including

1067-519: A result of the COVID-19 pandemic , Liverpool Street was the third-busiest railway station in the United Kingdom, after London Waterloo and London Victoria , with an estimated 66 million passenger entries and exits. Patronage fell by 83% in the 12 months to 31 March 2021, to 11.2 million entries and exits, as a result of the pandemic. In 2022 / 2023, it was ranked as the busiest station in

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1164-551: A route from coalfields in Yorkshire , and there are still freight trains which run occasionally to Harlow and Rye House Power Station , along with a Network Rail base at Broxbourne . The first section was built for the Northern and Eastern Railway from Stratford to Broxbourne and opened in 1840. It was extended northwards in stages, reaching Spellbrook , 3 miles (5 km) short of Bishops Stortford, in 1842. In 1843

1261-422: A specialised glass case with original objects and a bronze sculpture of a girl, a direct descendant of a child rescued by Nicholas Winton , who unveiled the work. The objects included in the sculpture began to deteriorate in bad weather, and a replacement bronze memorial, Kindertransport – The Arrival by Frank Meisler was installed as a replacement at the main entrance in November 2006. The child statue from

1358-479: Is corrected by connecting each feeder station to a different combination of phases. To avoid the train pantograph bridging together two feeder stations which may be out-of-phase with each other, neutral sections are provided at feeder stations and track sectioning cabins. SVCs are used for load balancing and voltage control. In some cases dedicated single-phase AC power lines were built to substations with single phase AC transformers. Such lines were built to supply

1455-427: Is doubled to 50 kV to obtain greater power and increase the distance between substations. Such lines are usually isolated from other lines to avoid complications from interrunning. Examples are: The 2 × 25   kV autotransformer system is a split-phase electric power system which supplies 25   kV power to the trains, but transmits power at 50   kV to reduce energy losses. It should not be confused with

1552-483: Is in fare zone 1. There is no wheelchair access to the tube lines, except from the eastbound Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines, which have a ramp leading to the platform. Liverpool Street had been designed to integrate with the expanding London Underground network, and served as a new terminus for the Metropolitan Railway (MR) which extended east from Moorgate . From 1874 to 1875,

1649-670: Is part of the Network Rail Strategic Route 5 , which comprises SRS 05.01 and part of 05.05. It is classified as a London and South East commuter line. In London, the line forms the Tottenham Hale branch of the Lea Valley Lines . The line was initially 5 ft ( 1,524 mm ) gauge, but between 5 September and 7 October 1844 it was converted to 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge . Currently,

1746-400: Is then fed, sometimes several kilometres away, to a railway feeder station located beside the tracks. Switchgear at feeder stations, and at track sectioning cabins located halfway between feeder stations, provides switching to feed the overhead line from adjacent feeder stations if one feeder station loses grid supply. Since only two phases of the high-voltage supply are used, phase imbalance

1843-521: The A10 ). The main train shed was to be a two-span wood construction with a central void providing light and ventilation to the lower station, and the station buildings were to be in an Italianate style to the designs of the GER's architect. The line and station construction were authorised by the Great Eastern Railway (Metropolitan Station and Railways) Act 1864. The station was built on

1940-574: The Bishopsgate bombing and was temporarily closed as a result. About £250,000 of damage was caused to the station, primarily to the glass roof. The station re-opened on 26 April 1993. In 2013, during excavation work for the Crossrail project, a 2-acre (0.8 ha) mass burial ground dating from the 17th century was uncovered a few feet beneath the surface at Liverpool Street, the so-called Bedlam burial ground or New Churchyard . It contained

2037-533: The Elizabeth line ), and the Lea Valley Lines to Enfield Town, Cheshunt (via Seven Sisters) and Chingford are operated by London Overground . A small number of late-evening and weekend services operated by c2c run via Barking . The station is split into two “halves”: the "west" side for the Lea Valley Lines services and the "east" side for services via Shenfield. Trains on the central section of

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2134-643: The GER Class A55 as a possible alternative, but these were rejected because of high track loadings. An alternative scheme was introduced, using a combination of automatic signalling and modifications to the layout at Liverpool Street. The station introduced coaling, watering, and other maintenance facilities directly at the station, as well as separate engine bays and a modified track and station layout that reduced turnaround times and increased productivity. Services began on 2 July 1920 with trains to Chingford and Enfield running every 10 minutes. The cost of

2231-674: The Great Eastern Railway (GER) was formed by amalgamation. The opening of the Great Northern and Great Eastern Joint Railway in 1882 saw the Great Eastern open up a direct link with coal-producing areas in Nottinghamshire and South Yorkshire joining the line north of Cambridge at Chesterton Junction, generally routed to the large marshalling yards at Temple Mills . Following the grouping in 1923

2328-667: The Great Eastern Railway 's main London terminus. By 1895, it had the most platforms of any London terminal station. During the First World War , an air raid on the station killed 16 on site, and 146 others in nearby areas. In the build-up to the Second World War , the station served as the entry point for thousands of child refugees arriving in London as part of the Kindertransport rescue mission. The station

2425-732: The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) as part of the reorganisation of railway companies in 1923 . Liverpool Street came under ownership of the LNER, and suffered from a general lack of attention and neglect throughout the 1930s. The station master in 1935 was H C R Calver and he had 395 staff under him with his direct reports, including ticket office, parcels staff, signalmen, platform inspectors and porters. Of this number, 75 were passed for fogging duties for when additional staff were required for safe operation of trains in foggy conditions. In addition to this there were many other staff employed at

2522-544: The Metropolitan Railway ; the tube station is now served by the Central , Circle , Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines . It is in fare zone 1 and is managed directly by Network Rail . With 94.5 million passengers between April 2023 and March 2024, it was the busiest station in the United Kingdom, according to the Office of Rail and Road. The new London Overground line names and colours were introduced across

2619-615: The North London Line . In September 2019, the Lea Valley Rail Project was completed between Lea Bridge, and the new station at Meridian Water . This removed the level crossing at Northumberland Park , and added a new third platform for both there and Tottenham Hale , along with a third track. As a result of the new 720 and 745 , platform extensions are necessary at many stations to allow for ten/twelve car trains to stop at stations respectively. However,

2716-673: The Tory Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool in 1829) was to be built for the use of the GER and of the East London Railway on two levels, with the underground East London line around 37 ft (11 m) below this, and the GER tracks supported on brick arches. The station was planned to be around 630 by 200 ft (192 by 61 m) in area, with its main façade onto Liverpool Street and an additional entrance on Bishopsgate-Street (now called Bishopsgate and forming part of

2813-472: The 1950s. One of the reasons it was not introduced earlier was the lack of suitable small and lightweight control and rectification equipment before the development of solid-state rectifiers and related technology. Another reason was the increased clearance required under bridges and in tunnels, which would have required major civil engineering in order to provide the increased clearance to live parts. Where existing loading gauges were more generous, this

2910-520: The 1960s. The main reason why electrification using utility frequency had not been widely adopted before was the lack of reliability of Mercury arc rectifiers that could fit on the train. This in turn related to the requirement to use DC series motors , which required the current to be converted from AC to DC and for that a rectifier is needed. Until the early 1950s, mercury-arc rectifiers were difficult to operate even in ideal conditions and were therefore unsuitable for use in railway locomotives. It

3007-797: The 1969 electrification Class 305 and Class 308 units. Other units from the GE section such as Class 302 and 306 also operated services during this period, with Class 310s temporarily operating once electrification to Cambridge was complete. These first-generation units were replaced soon after by Class 315 and Class 317 units . In 2011, new Bombardier Class 379s began operation mainly to replace class 317 from Stansted Express duties to mainline services (which in-turn relocated class 315s to inner suburban routes). Class 170 DMUs operate from Stansted Airport north through Cambridge to Birmingham on CrossCountry services. In 2020, new Class 745s were introduced on Stansted Express services, cascading

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3104-438: The 1990s, as they can be controlled by voltage, and have an almost ideal torque vs speed characteristic. In the 1990s, high-speed trains began to use lighter, lower-maintenance three-phase AC induction motors. The N700 Shinkansen uses a three-level converter to convert 25 kV single-phase AC to 1,520 V AC (via transformer) to 3 kV DC (via phase-controlled rectifier with thyristor) to a maximum 2,300 V three-phase AC (via

3201-413: The 50   kV system. In this system, the current is mainly carried between the overhead line and a feeder transmission line instead of the rail. The overhead line (3) and feeder (5) are on opposite phases so the voltage between them is 50   kV, while the voltage between the overhead line (3) and the running rails (4) remains at 25   kV. Periodic autotransformers (9) divert the return current from

3298-543: The Abercon Rooms was built in 1901, designed by Colonel Robert William Edis . The hotel includes the Hamilton Rooms, named after former GER chairman Lord Claud Hamilton . Although initially viewed as an expensive white elephant , within 10 years the station was working at capacity (about 600 trains per day) and the GER was acquiring land to the east of the station for expansion. An Act of Parliament

3395-509: The Arcade at the time. In 1989, the first visual display unit-controlled signalling operation on British Rail (known as an Integrated Electronic Control Centre ) became operational at Liverpool Street. The redeveloped Liverpool Street was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 5 December 1991. At that time a giant departures board was installed above the concourse; it was one of the last remaining mechanical 'flapper' display boards at

3492-525: The Britannia 4-6-2 class on some main line services until succeeded by diesels in the late 1950s. East Anglia was the first area to be worked completely by diesel trains with Class 31s taking over some express workings. These were succeeded by more powerful Class 37 and Class 47 until full electrification to King's Lynn in the 1980s when Class 86 locomotives took over. Suburban services from about 1958 were operated by Class 125 DMUs, and following

3589-624: The Broadgate development, with links to the existing Underground station, and a pedestrian link via the new platforms to the ticket hall of Moorgate , providing direct access to London Underground's Northern line and the National Rail Northern City Line at Moorgate. Thus, Liverpool Street appears on the Tube map as an interchange with Moorgate, similarly to Bank and Monument . In the 12 months to 31 March 2020, immediately before travel restrictions were introduced as

3686-593: The Chingford line) through Tottenham Hale to Cheshunt and from Broxbourne to Bishops Stortford was electrified on 9 March 1969 and from there to Cambridge in 1987. Stratford to Coppermill Junction was electrified in 1989. The power supply is 25 kV AC overhead line . In 1991, a single-track branch line to Stansted Airport was opened, and services to London Liverpool Street commenced. In early 2011, ticket barriers were installed at Bishop's Stortford , Harlow Town , Broxbourne, Cheshunt and Hackney Downs, some of

3783-520: The Class 379s to other WAML services. The delayed Class 720s began to replace both class 317s & class 379s on the route on 25 August 2021, with full fleet replacement on this route completed in August 2022. It seems likely that two tracks will be built alongside the line to Cheshunt as part of Crossrail 2 . Intermediate stations from Tottenham Hale will transfer to Crossrail 2 releasing capacity on

3880-805: The Elizabeth line run west towards Paddington and east to Abbey Wood in south-east London. The typical off-peak weekday service pattern from Liverpool Street is: Liverpool Street Underground station is served by the Central , Circle , Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines , and is the sixth-busiest on the London Underground network. On the Central line it is between Bank and Bethnal Green stations, on Circle and Metropolitan lines between Aldgate and Moorgate and, on Hammersmith and City, between Aldgate East and Moorgate. In common with other tube stations serving Central London termini, it

3977-613: The French TGV . Railway electrification using 25 kV , 50 Hz AC has become an international standard. There are two main standards that define the voltages of the system: The permissible range of voltages allowed are as stated in the above standards and take into account the number of trains drawing current and their distance from the substation. This system is now part of the European Union's Trans-European railway interoperability standards (1996/48/EC "Interoperability of

West Anglia Main Line - Misplaced Pages Continue

4074-401: The GER (still a railway office in 1935) was adjacent to Liverpool Street and some departments in that building also had roles in the operation of the station. Further to that the newspaper companies provided their own staff to load newspaper trains. In 1935 the approaches to Liverpool Street and the station itself, were controlled by seven signal boxes, which fell under the responsibility of

4171-508: The Kent memorial was re-erected separately in 2011. During the war, the station's structure sustained damage from a nearby bomb, particularly the Gothic tower at the main entrance on Liverpool Street and its glass roof. As a precautionary measure the large and weighty West Side hanging clock was brought down to platform level and served as an enquiry office for the duration of the war. After

4268-459: The Liverpool Street station master. The boxes were: Thousands of Jewish refugee children arrived at Liverpool Street in the late 1930s as part of the Kindertransport rescue mission to save them in the run up to the Second World War . The Für Das Kind Kindertransport Memorial sculpture by artist Flor Kent was installed at the station in September 2003 commemorating this event. It consisted of

4365-569: The Liverpool Street-Shenfield stopping "metro" service from 2015. At the same time, services on the Lea Valley Lines out of Liverpool Street to Enfield Town, Cheshunt (via Seven Sisters) and Chingford transferred to London Overground . The central section of the Elizabeth line opened on 24 May 2022 between Paddington and Abbey Wood. The Elizabeth line platforms are to the south-west of the existing tube station building. A new ticket hall with step-free access opened next to

4462-401: The London rail network in November 2024 Liverpool Street station was built as the new London terminus of the Great Eastern Railway (GER) which served Norwich and King's Lynn . The GER had been formed from the merger of several railway companies, inheriting Bishopsgate as its London terminus. Bishopsgate was inadequate for the company's passenger traffic; its Shoreditch location was in

4559-467: The MR used the Liverpool Street main line station as a terminus; the company opened its own station on 12 July 1875, initially named Bishopsgate . Subsurface platforms 1 and 2 were opened in 1875. A west-facing bay platform, platform 3, was formerly located to the south of platform 2; this was used by terminating Metropolitan line trains from the west. It was in use by 1896, and was still in use in 1974, but

4656-714: The Trans-European high-speed rail system" and 2001/16/EC "Interoperability of the Trans-European Conventional rail system"). Systems based on this standard but with some variations have been used. In countries where 60 Hz is the normal grid power frequency, 25 kV at 60 Hz is used for the railway electrification. In Japan, this is used on existing railway lines in Tohoku Region , Hokuriku Region , Hokkaido and Kyushu , of which Hokuriku and Kyushu are at 60   Hz . Some lines in

4753-629: The UK, with 80.4 million entries and exits, the increase being attributed to the opening of the Elizabeth line in May 2022. Trains depart from the main line station for destinations across the east of England , including Norwich , Southminster , Ipswich , Clacton-on-Sea , Colchester , Chelmsford , Southend Victoria , Cambridge , Harlow Town , Hertford East , Broxbourne and many suburban stations in north and east London, Essex and Hertfordshire . A few daily express trains to Harwich International provide

4850-480: The United States have been electrified at 12.5 kV 60 Hz or converted from 11 kV 25 Hz to 12.5 kV 60 Hz . Use of 60 Hz allows direct supply from the 60   Hz utility grid yet does not require the larger wire clearance for 25 kV 60 Hz or require dual-voltage capability for trains also operating on 11 kV 25 Hz lines. Examples are: Early 50   Hz AC railway electrification in the United Kingdom

4947-685: The West Anglia Main Line include the following. Throughout the steam era trains were predominantly hauled by Great Eastern Railway (or its constituent companies') locomotives: when steam ended in East Anglia in the 1960s some of these locomotives were still operated – see Stratford TMD and Great Eastern Railway . After the grouping of 1923 LNER-designed locomotives were used with the B17 4-6-0 class working many main line services. Following nationalisation in 1948 British Railways introduced

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5044-465: The boundary between Hertfordshire and Essex for much of its length. In the early years, the line was the main route from London to Cambridge. Following the opening of the Cambridge Line between Hitchin and Cambridge , the West Anglia Main Line is now primarily a commuter route for stations between Cambridge and London. It was an important goods route for many years as the southern end of

5141-507: The busiest stations on the line, to reduce the need for ticket inspectors on the Stansted Express service and reduce fare evasion. In May 2015, services from Liverpool Street to Chingford , Enfield Town and Cheshunt via Seven Sisters transferred to London Overground , along with a new station opening at Lea Bridge . In August the same year, a direct covered walkway opened between Hackney Downs and Hackney Central on

5238-465: The city authorities did not permit the more southerly location. By 1865, plans changed to include a circa 1-mile (1.6 km) long line branching from the main line east of the company's existing terminus in Shoreditch, and a new station at Liverpool Street as the main terminus, with Bishopsgate station to be used for freight traffic. The station at Liverpool Street (the street had been named after

5335-490: The class 720 has selective door opening , allowing for some platforms not having to be extended. Services from Liverpool Street to Cambridge, Hertford East and Stansted Airport are operated by Greater Anglia . Express services from Liverpool Street to Stansted Airport are operated by Stansted Express , a sub-brand of Greater Anglia. Services from Stansted Airport to Cambridge (and onward to Birmingham New Street via Peterborough ) are operated by CrossCountry . The line

5432-426: The corner of Liverpool Street and Old Broad Street was due to be completely demolished by London Regional Transport and MEPC, who wanted to develop the site into a five-storey block of offices and shops. More than 6,000 people signed a petition to "Save the Arcade", and the historic Victorian building still stands today. The campaign against the development was led by Graham Horwood, who owned an employment agency within

5529-629: The early 1960s under British Rail in sections. Electrification to Chingford included the Stratford – Lea Bridge – Hall Farm Junction section (although this was never completed), and the line from Liverpool Street to Broxbourne via Seven Sisters and the Southbury Loop was electrified. The route via Tottenham Hale was still operated by diesel traction, the British Rail Class 125 'Lea Valley' DMUs. The line from Clapton Junction (on

5626-424: The eastern main lines, and 450 ft (140 m) long over the local platforms; the station had 10 platforms, two of which were used for main-line trains and the remainder for suburban trains. The station was built with a connection to the sub-surface Metropolitan Railway , with the platform sunk below ground level; consequently there are considerable gradients leaving the station. The Metropolitan Railway used

5723-494: The formation of the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933, work to electrify the line from Liverpool Street to Shenfield began in association with the LNER. Progress had been halted by the war but work resumed after the end of hostilities. The line between Liverpool Street and Stratford was electrified from 3 December 1946, and the full electrification of the Shenfield line at 1500   V DC

5820-447: The greater cost for high-voltage equipment. It was found that 25 kV was an optimal point, where a higher voltage would still improve efficiency but not by a significant amount in relation to the higher costs incurred by the need for larger insulators and greater clearance from structures. To avoid short circuits , the high voltage must be protected from moisture. Weather events, such as " the wrong type of snow ", have caused failures in

5917-513: The heart of one of the poorest slums in London and hence badly situated for the City of London commuters the company wanted to attract. Consequently, the GER planned a more central station. The original intention was to build a terminus which reached as far south as the road London Wall , and which would be as tall as the Broad Street station which was being planned at the same time, however

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6014-424: The initial First World War biplane air raid on London, took place on 13 June 1917, when 20 Gotha G.IV bombers attacked the capital. The raid struck a number of sites including Liverpool Street. Seven tons of explosives were dropped on the capital, killing 162 people and injuring 432. Three bombs hit the station, of which two exploded, having fallen through the train shed roof, near to two trains. One of these hit

6111-444: The line became part of the London & North Eastern Railway . In 1948 following nationalisation the line passed to British Railways Eastern Region . In 1952 the branch from Elsenham to Thaxted (known as the "Gin & Toffee Line") closed to passengers, and goods services were withdrawn a year later. The Saffron Walden line closed to passengers on 7 September 1964 and to freight three months later. Electrification first came in

6208-404: The line has double track for most of its length, with two exceptions at Stansted Airport Tunnel and at Ware . There is also a short section of quadruple track between Hackney Downs and Bethnal Green , from which the West Anglia Main Line runs alongside the Great Eastern Main Line to London Liverpool Street as two of six tracks into the terminus. The line is electrified at 25 kV AC and has

6305-732: The line reached Bishops Stortford , and in the following year the Northern and Eastern Railway was leased by the Eastern Counties Railway . It was this railway company opened the section from Bishops Stortford to Cambridge as part of its extension to Ely and Brandon in 1845. By the 1860s the railways in East Anglia were in financial trouble, and most were leased to the Eastern Counties Railway. Although they wished to amalgamate formally, they could not obtain government agreement for this until 1862, when

6402-582: The line towards Liverpool Street, while the City of London Theatre and City of London Gasworks were both demolished. To manage the disruption caused by rehousing, the company was required by the 1864 Act to run daily low-cost workmen's trains from the station. The station was designed by GER engineer Edward Wilson and built by Lucas Brothers ; the roof was designed and constructed by the Fairburn Engineering Company. The overall design

6499-607: The local people forced entry, others that staff decided to open the gates to everyone without asking for tickets, something which would have been technically illegal. 25 kV AC railway electrification This electrification is ideal for railways that cover long distances or carry heavy traffic. After some experimentation before World War II in Hungary and in the Black Forest in Germany , it came into widespread use in

6596-482: The mainline for additional trains. In August 2019, it was announced that funding had been approved for four-tracking and related platform construction work between Tottenham Hale and Meridian Water to enable up to 8 trains per hour to make local stops in this section at peak times. Liverpool Street station Liverpool Street station , also known as London Liverpool Street , is a major central London railway terminus and connected London Underground station in

6693-599: The modifications was £80,000 compared to an estimated £3 million for electrification. The service was officially called the Intensive Service (as it allowed a 50% increase in capacity on peak services), but became popularly known as the Jazz Service. It lasted until the General Strike of 1926, following which services generally declined. The GER amalgamated with several other railways to form

6790-606: The neutral rail, step it up, and send it along the feeder line. This system was initially deployed on France's then new Paris-Lyon High speed rail line in 1981, and has gone on to be used by New Zealand Railways in 1988, Indian Railways , Russian Railways , Italian High Speed Railways, UK High Speed 1 , most of the West Coast Main Line and Crossrail , with some parts of older lines being gradually converted, French lines (LGV lines and some other lines ), most Spanish high-speed rail lines, Amtrak and some of

6887-534: The north-eastern corner of the City of London , in the ward of Bishopsgate Without . It is the terminus of the West Anglia Main Line to Cambridge , the Great Eastern Main Line to Norwich , commuter trains serving east London and destinations in the East of England , and the Stansted Express service to Stansted Airport . The station opened in 1874, as a replacement for Bishopsgate station as

6984-469: The office development, known as Broadgate , began. Railway work included the construction of a short link from the North London Line to the Cambridge main line, allowing trains that had previously used Broad Street to terminate at Liverpool Street. The station was reconstructed with a single concourse at the head of the station platforms, and entrances from Bishopsgate and Liverpool Street, as well as

7081-429: The parish boundary with Bishopsgate-Street Without. A new roof was built over the new construction. The outer wall was constructed with Staffordshire blue brick and Ruabon bricks . The four train shed roofs were carried out by Messrs. Handyside and Co. , supervised by a Mr Sherlock, the resident engineer; all the foundations, earthwork and brickwork were carried out by Mowlem & Co . Electric power (for lighting)

7178-542: The past. An example of atmospheric causes occurred in December 2009, when four Eurostar trains broke down inside the Channel Tunnel . Electric power for 25 kV AC electrification is usually taken directly from the three-phase transmission system . At the transmission substation, a step-down transformer is connected across two of the three phases of the high-voltage supply and lowers the voltage to 25 kV . This

7275-476: The remains of several hundred people and it is thought that the interments were of a wide variety of people, including plague victims, prisoners and unclaimed corpses. A 16th-century gold coin, thought to have been used as a sequin or pendant, was also found. In early 2015 full scale excavation of the burials began, then estimated at 3,000 interments. In advance of the full opening of the Elizabeth line , precursor operator TfL Rail took over from Greater Anglia

7372-408: The site. Liverpool Street had a number of design and access issues, many of which derived from the 1890 extension which had effectively created two stations on one site, with two concourses linked by walkways, booking halls, and inefficient traffic flows within the station. Additionally the rail infrastructure presented limitations; only seven of the platforms could accommodate 12-carriage trains, and

7469-444: The standard supply of 25   kV AC. The inquiry recommended that the western (1875) train shed roof should be retained in new development; consequently it was repaired and reinforced between 1982 and 1984, followed by repairs to the main roof completed in 1987. Initial plans included adding two additional tracks, with 22 platforms in a layout similar to that of Waterloo station ; the combined Broad Street and Liverpool Street station

7566-492: The station as a terminus from 1 February 1875 until 11 July 1875; their own underground station opened on 12 July 1875, and the Metropolitan Railway connection was closed in 1904. Local trains began serving the partially completed station from 2 October 1874, and it was fully opened on 1 November 1875, at a final cost of over £2 million. The original City terminus at Bishopsgate closed to passengers and

7663-404: The station on a variety of duties including policemen (uniformed and plain clothes), locomotive staff, permanent way staff, carriage and wagon examiners, steam heat examiners, electric and gas examiners, telegraph staff, linemen, signal fitters, Goods Manager's Despatch Office staff, outside porters, hotel porters, staff from the continental office and GPO staff. The former headquarters building of

7760-496: The track exit layout was a bottleneck. In 1975 British Railways announced plans to demolish and redevelop both stations. The proposed demolition met considerable public opposition and prompted a campaign led by the Poet Laureate Sir John Betjeman , leading to a public inquiry from November 1976 to February 1977. In autumn 1980 conversion of the overhead electrification from 6.25   kV AC to

7857-498: The unveiling ceremony, Wilson was assassinated by two Irish Republican Army members. He was commemorated by a memorial plaque adjoining the GER monument, unveiled one month after his death. The GER memorial was relocated during the modification of the station and now incorporates both the Wilson and Fryatt memorials, as well as a number of railway related architectural elements salvaged from demolished buildings. The station also has

7954-456: The works, with 137 put into existing property and the remaining 600 into tenements constructed at the company's expense. By the turn of the 20th century, Liverpool Street had one of the most extensive suburban rail services in London, including branches to Southend Victoria and Woodford , and was one of the busiest in the world. In 1912, around 200,000 passengers used the station daily on around 1,000 separate trains. Operation Turkenkreuz ,

8051-626: Was Budapest–Dunakeszi–Alag. The first fully electrified line was Budapest–Győr–Hegyeshalom (part of the Budapest–Vienna line). Although Kandó's solution showed a way for the future, railway operators outside of Hungary showed a lack of interest in the design. The first railway to use this system was completed in 1936 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn who electrified part of the Höllentalbahn between Freiburg and Neustadt installing

8148-430: Was approximately Gothic , built using stock bricks and bath stone dressings. The building incorporated booking offices as well as the company offices of the GER, including chairman's, board, committee, secretary and engineers' rooms. The roof was spanned by four wrought iron spans, two central spans of 109 ft (33 m) and outer spans of 46 and 44 ft (14 and 13 m), 730 ft (220 m) in length over

8245-494: Was completed in September 1949. At the same time, electrification of London Underground services in Essex and in northeast and east London led to the withdrawal of some services from Liverpool Street, being replaced with LU operations. Electrification continued with the line to Chingford electrified by November 1960. In 1960-61 conversion of the 1500   V DC route to Shenfield which had been extended to Southend and Chelmsford

8342-459: Was converted for use as a goods station from 1881. This continued until it was destroyed by fire in 1964. The Great Eastern Hotel adjoining the new Liverpool Street station opened in May 1884. It was designed by Charles Barry Jr. (son of the celebrated architect Charles Barry who designed the Houses of Parliament ). Upon opening, it was the only hotel in the City of London. An extension called

8439-591: Was converted to 6.25   kV AC. In 1973 the British Railways Board , London Transport Executive , Greater London Council and the Department of the Environment produced a report examining the modernisation of London transport. It recommended high priority given to reconstructing Liverpool Street and Broad Street stations and recommended financing this through property development on

8536-489: Was damaged by the 1993 Bishopsgate bombing and, during the 7 July 2005 bombing , seven passengers were killed when a bomb exploded aboard an Underground train, just after it had departed from Liverpool Street. New platforms for the Elizabeth line opened in 2022 as part of the Crossrail project. Liverpool Street was built as a dual-level station, with provision for the Underground . A tube station opened in 1875 for

8633-415: Was done using a steam engine beneath a bridge at Crewe . A section of 25 kV overhead line was gradually brought closer to the earthed metalwork of the bridge whilst being subjected to steam from the locomotive's chimney. The distance at which a flashover occurred was measured and this was used as a basis from which new clearances between overhead equipment and structures were derived. Occasionally 25 kV

8730-565: Was less of an issue. Railways using older, lower-capacity direct-current systems have introduced or are introducing 25 kV AC instead of 3 kV DC/ 1.5 kV DC for their new high-speed lines. The first successful operational and regular use of a utility frequency system dates back to 1931, tests having run since 1922. It was developed by Kálmán Kandó in Hungary, who used 16 kV AC at 50 Hz , asynchronous traction, and an adjustable number of (motor) poles. The first electrified line for testing

8827-399: Was obtained in 1888 and work started in 1890 on the eastward expansion of Liverpool Street by adding eight new tracks and platforms. This gave the station the most platforms of any London terminus until Victoria station was expanded in 1908. The main station was extended about 230 ft (70 m) eastwards; additional shops and offices were constructed east of the new train shed up to

8924-623: Was one of the first to use the Moore Vacuum Tube, a new system of lighting that produced three times as much as a normal bulb. The tube station became one of the principal shelters during the Blitz . The station was not initially open to the public as a shelter, but during heavy raids on the East End on 7 September 1940, many sought refuge at the station, which was the safest and most practical shelter for many. Some sources suggest that

9021-425: Was planned to use sections at 6.25 kV AC where there was limited clearance under bridges and in tunnels. Rolling stock was dual-voltage with automatic switching between 25 kV and 6.25 kV . The 6.25 kV sections were converted to 25 kV AC as a result of research work that demonstrated that the distance between live and earthed equipment could be reduced from that originally thought to be necessary. The research

9118-404: Was possible to use AC motors (and some railways did, with varying success), but they have had less than ideal characteristics for traction purposes. This is because control of speed is difficult without varying the frequency and reliance on voltage to control speed gives a torque at any given speed that is not ideal. This is why DC series motors were the most common choice for traction purposes until

9215-532: Was redundant by 1994. The underground station was renamed Liverpool Street on 1 November 1909. In 1912, after the completion of an extension project from Bank , the underground station became a new terminus of the Central London Railway (CLR). The platforms that are now the deep-level Central line platforms 4 and 5 opened as the eastern terminus of the CLR on 28 July 1912. The tube station

9312-489: Was supplied from an engine house north of the station. Additional civil works included three iron bridges carrying road traffic over the railway on Skinner, Primrose and Worship Streets. The bridge ironwork was supplied and erected by the Horseley Company . John Wilson was chief engineer, with W. N. Ashbee as architect. As part of the works, the GER was obliged by Parliament to rehouse all tenants displaced by

9409-452: Was to be at the level of the latter, with relatively low-rise office developments. The development was reassessed in 1983/4, when it was decided to retain the existing six-road exit throat and 18-platform layout, in combination with resignalling; this resulted in a station confined to the Liverpool Street site, with ground space released for development. British Railways signed an agreement with developers Rosehaugh Stanhope in 1985, and work on

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