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72-601: Little Horton (population 17,368 – 2001 UK census ) is a ward in the City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council in the county of West Yorkshire , England, named after the de Horton family, who were once Lords of the Manor . The population at the 2011 Census was 21,547. As well as the area of Little Horton, the electoral ward includes the area of West Bowling, Marshfields and the Canterbury housing estate. Little Horton

144-509: A Unitarian church, a Quaker Meeting House and a range of chapels in the Little Horton area. The changes in the population during the late 19th and 20th century have had a major impact on the character of Little Horton. The area is home to a very diverse, multi-ethnic, multicultural, multi-faith community Distinct, close-knit communities of Poles , Ukrainians , Hungarians and Lithuanians settled in Little Horton during and after

216-571: A Bible, that he would campaign for better conditions for children and other employees in the mills and factories of industrial Britain. This Oastler duly did, campaigning under the banner of ‘Yorkshire Slavery’. As a result, eventually the Factories Act 1844 was passed, which limited the hours that could be worked by children in the mills. There were many business people and land owners in the Little Horton area, who as well as employing Oastler's 'Yorkshire Slaves' also traditionally had links with

288-466: A box describing themselves as Scottish or Irish, an option not available for English respondents. With an absence of an English tick-box, the only other tickbox available was "white-British", "Irish", or "other". However, if 'English' was written in under the "any other white background" it was not clear whether it would be counted as an ethnic group in same the way as the Welsh. Following criticism, English

360-501: A box describing themselves as Scottish or Irish, an option not available for Welsh respondents. Prior to the census, Plaid Cymru backed a petition calling for the inclusion of a Welsh tickbox and for the National Assembly for Wales to have primary law-making powers and its own National Statistics Office. With an absence of a Welsh tickbox, the only other tickbox available was "white-British", "Irish", or "other". For

432-493: A change in the law forbade the erection of this style of house. The advent of council housing after the First World War resulted in councils organising programmes of statutory slum clearances as part of post-war housing redevelopment programmes. Such initiatives gathered pace in the 1920s, with the beginning of mass demolition of back-to-back houses and the construction of "homes fit for heroes" . In Leeds during

504-410: A man called Samuel Swaine in the 18th century. The house and barn, with the date stone 1755, were used for the manufacture and sale of cotton by a Mr Kay in the late 18th and very early 19th centuries. In the pre-industrial age, each manor had a poorhouse where the destitute could go for poor relief. The poorhouse at Little Horton was one of the first buildings in the area and can still be seen today. It

576-595: A moderate health pass by Neville Chamberlain 's Unhealthy Areas Committee. Other cities had smaller numbers, such as Bradford (33,000) and Nottingham (5,000) respectively. MP Sir John Birchall described Leeds in 1930 as having "an unenviable notoriety for its back-to-back houses", although popularity among residents had increased. He unsuccessfully proposed in 1930 to permit the construction of back-to-back houses in blocks of four, given that back-to-backs were generally cheaper to build than standard through houses and that having two external walls per property would alleviate

648-781: A new property built in Sunderland would have been provided with its own water closet , while a new property in Leeds may have had one shared, up until 1912. By the turn of the 20th century, back-to-back houses had become unpopular with residents and the government, who sought to ban their construction and eradicate existing properties nationwide due to concerns about health and ventilation. Residents of back-to-back houses had poor health, with increased mortality rates, infectious diseases, and diarrhoea. In Manchester, Dr James Niven noted that mortality rates among those living in back-to-back houses exceeded those from through-houses by 40%. In 1909,

720-851: A public water supply from intermittent standpipes . Initially, houses were built around a communal courtyard, but later they were built onto streets. Houses of this type had become common in inner city areas of Victorian England, especially in Birmingham , Bradford , Leeds , Liverpool , Manchester , Salford and in Nottingham , where about 7,500 of their 11,000 houses (roughly 68 per cent) were built back-to-back. Town authorities were well aware that back-to-backs were undesirable, but seemed unable to prevent their construction. The Building and Improvement Committee reported to Bradford Council that more than three-quarters of new dwellings were "laid out upon that objectionable principle". The passage of

792-483: A true back-to-back. Back-to-back houses can also be known as blind-backs, particularly when built up against factory walls, or occasionally as a terrace of houses standing on its own. Population in the city of Leeds was around 30,000 by 1800, which later doubled and then tripled, creating a problem of insufficient housing. The first back-to-back houses were built by 1790 in Briggate, Leeds , by opportunists who realised

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864-551: A ‘myth of return’ as they were joined by wives and families, and like earlier migrants made Bradford their home. All these migrant groups established places of worship, often taking over old buildings. The Polish Catholic Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Jamia Masjid for example, were all established in buildings that had once had other uses. Food shops and restaurants in Little Horton reflect

936-590: Is evidence of German cloth merchants coming to the area. People from the rural areas of Britain and immigrants from Ireland were drawn to Bradford and the Little Horton area in the mid-19th century, during the Industrial Revolution , to work in the growing industries. In the 20th century, people from the former Eastern Bloc countries, for example Poland, Latvia, Serbia and Russia, as well as people from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Caribbean countries, settled in Little Horton. Some of these, for example

1008-556: Is located on gently sloping land to the southeast of Bradford. The area has an ancient history and is a pre-industrial settlement. It was originally an area of farmland, but the soil was so poor that arable crop farming was nearly impossible, making manufacturing and trade the keystone of the economy. The place-name Horton is a common one in England. It derives from Old English horu 'dirt' and tūn 'settlement, farm, estate', presumably meaning 'farm on muddy soil'. The ‘Little’ part of

1080-522: Is now a house and was replaced by the much larger Bradford Workhouse (now St Luke's Hospital ) in 1855. There were two manor houses in Little Horton, Horton Old Hall and Horton Hall. The two halls existed, because the Sharp family who had ownership of Little Horton for many years, were on different sides during the English Civil War (1642–1655) and as a result erected a second major dwelling in

1152-498: Is often some distance from the house and usually common to two or more houses. This convenience is frequently in a revolting condition because of its common user. There is no bath or means of taking a bath in many of the houses. The whole outlook from these houses is sullied by soot besmirched in a soot-laden atmosphere. Many of those houses, I am sorry to say, are in my constituency [i.e. Birmingham Small Heath ]. They are houses from which men went out more than forty years ago to fight in

1224-545: The Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act 1875 gave councils permission to compulsory purchase slum housing, but few took advantage of the opportunity. During the 18th and 19th centuries, owners of mills and mines built significant numbers of back-to-backs to maximize the number of workers that could live in the least amount of space, while keeping costs low. Advocates of the design suggested that they were easier to keep warm owing to their single outside wall, but

1296-539: The Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890 ( 53 & 54 Vict. c. 70). However, Leeds was an exception, with figures from 1899 showing 72 percent of all houses constructed annually in the city being back-to-back, similar to 15 years prior, which didn't decrease until 1914. Small families with children in the city had little choice but to live in back-to-back houses as they were more affordable. Although

1368-491: The Museum of Liverpool and Bradford Industrial Museum . Low quality houses were constructed for working class people at a high density, with scant regard for space, comfort or quality of life. Most back-to-backs were small: early examples had just a single room on each floor, while later houses were two-up two-down . Every house shared a rear wall, whether with a house directly behind or with an industrial building. Given that

1440-687: The Second World War . Some were refugees, others European Voluntary Workers , who though they came initially as temporary workers, soon made their home in Bradford. The first migrants from South Asia also arrived after the Second World War . A group of Pakistani men who had been merchant seamen were amongst the first in 1944, and they initially lodged with Eastern European migrants in Howard Street. Gujarati Indian, Pakistani, East African and African Caribbean migrants also settled in

1512-523: The Serbian Orthodox Church. The Anglican church of All Saints' was built in 1894, with the money of F. S. Powell who lived at Horton Hall. This elaborate building is an example of the wealth and success of Bradford's Victorian industrialists. Today the history of religious diversity continues. There are Muslim mosques , Hindu mandirs , a Moravian church , black Pentecostal churches , Eastern European churches, an Orthodox church,

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1584-420: The foot-and-mouth crisis , which led to extra precautions being adopted by the field staff, and suggestions that the census may have to be postponed. However, it was reported that the disease outbreak did not affect the effectiveness of the collection process. The census was estimated to cost £259m over its 13-year cycle from the start of planning in 1993 to the delivery of final results in 2006. Printing of

1656-594: The rapidly increasing population of expanding factory towns . Back-to-backs share party walls on two or three of their four sides, with the front wall having the only door and windows. As back-to-backs were built as the cheapest possible housing for the impoverished working class, their construction was usually sub-standard. Their configuration did not allow for sufficient ventilation or sanitation. Toilets and water supplies were shared with multiple households in enclosed courtyards. Back-to-backs gained an unfavourable reputation for poor levels of health and hygiene. Around

1728-481: The 'other' heading. 26 per cent did not specify an ethnicity, but of the remainder 23 per cent wrote Filipino , 21 per cent Japanese , 11 per cent Vietnamese , 11 per cent Arab , 6 per cent Middle Eastern and 4 per cent North African . Controversy surrounding the classification of ethnic groups began as early as 2000, when it was revealed that respondents in Scotland and Northern Ireland would be able to check

1800-414: The 1914–1918 war. They were told that they were to have homes for heroes, yet the sons of those men went out from the same houses in 1939 to fight for their country, and many of those houses are still standing today. Nationwide demolition continued through the 1960s and 1970s. Towards the end of the 1970s, Leeds was the second largest city outside London that still had around 30,000 back-to-back houses. By

1872-495: The 1930s. Most back-to-backs were demolished in waves of slum clearances , although many remain in Leeds and Bradford. The cities of Birmingham and Liverpool, where thousands of back-to-backs were built, both chose to retain a single example as a tourist attraction. The Birmingham Back to Backs are now operated as a historic house museum by the National Trust ; other museum examples of back-to-back houses are managed by

1944-494: The 1980s, most towns had few or no back-to-backs remaining. Leeds and its surrounding region is the only area where back-to-back houses still exist in large numbers, having been refurbished to include "mod cons" such as indoor bathrooms and central heating. These modernised back-to-backs are popular with residents because they are easier to maintain than typical houses. The houses have proved to be popular with buy to let investors, who helped to increase prices significantly during

2016-474: The 19th century, Little Horton was still a very rural area, and a place where wealthy merchants and entrepreneurs chose to live to escape the increasing industrialisation of the city centre. However, by the end of the 19th century most of the fields had disappeared and the area was surrounded by row upon row of back to back terrace housing, for the people who flocked to Bradford to work in the manufacturing industries. The population of Bradford increased hugely in

2088-532: The 19th century. This huge increase in numbers brought with it disease, hardship and a short life expectancy for most of the population. Young children in particular had a terrible time, few survived infancy and those in the poorer families who did, were sent to work long shifts in the mills as soon as they were able to do so, which was usually around four years of age. Conditions were terrible, fifteen-hour days were common, with no food breaks and little rest. Many children suffered from deformities caused by hard labour in

2160-765: The 2001 census was organised by the three statistical agencies, ONS, GROS, and NISRA, and coordinated at the national level by the Office for National Statistics. The Orders in Council to conduct the census, specifying the people and information to be included in the census, were made under the authority of the Census Act 1920 in Great Britain, and the Census Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 in Northern Ireland. In England and Wales these regulations were made by

2232-469: The 30 million census forms was subcontracted to Polestar Group, and processing of the returned census forms was subcontracted to Lockheed Martin in a contract worth £54m. The forms were initially scanned into digital format, then read with OMR and OCR , with manual entry where the automatic process could not read the forms. The forms were then pulped and recycled, and the digital copies printed onto microfilm for storage and release after 100 years. Once

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2304-493: The BBC, this is the last example of such housing grouped around a court. In Liverpool , back-to-back court housing was once home to more than 40 per cent of its population, before demolition during the 1960s and 1970s as part of slum house clearance programmes. A set of nine pairs of these houses survived and were restored as part of a museum attraction. A proposal to preserve and restore the city's last surviving court housing block

2376-562: The Census Coverage Survey (sample size 320,000 households), resulting in a single set of population estimates. Although the 1851 census had included a question about religion on a separate response sheet, whose completion was not compulsory, the 2001 census was the first in Great Britain to ask about the religion of respondents on the main census form. An amendment to the 1920 Census Act (the Census (Amendment) Act 2000 )

2448-585: The Census Order 2000 (SI 744/2000), in Scotland by the Census (Scotland) Order 2000 (SSI 68/2000), and in Northern Ireland by the Census Order (Northern Ireland) 2000 (SRNI 168/2000). The census was administered through self-completion forms, in most cases delivered by enumerators to households and communal establishments in the three weeks before census night on 29 April. For the first time return by post

2520-411: The Little Horton area from the mid-1950s onwards. The initial migrants tended to settle in areas in close proximity to one another, living with people who shared a common culture, heritage, language and often religion. These migrants filled the post-war labour shortages in the mills and factories in the city. Typically most were young men who expected to earn money and then return home. For many this became

2592-597: The Manor of Horton about 1294. Robert de Stapleton took the name Horton, when King Henry II granted him the land as a reward for services to the Crown. The title Lord of the Manor passed to several eminent Bradford families over the years, finally returning to the Horton family in 1640. The last of the Horton family to have the title ‘Lord of the Manor’ was Charles Horton Rhys in the early 19th century. In more recent times there

2664-486: The Serbs, came as refugees and asylum seekers, others came solely to achieve economic advancement by working in the mills and related industries. In the area known as ‘Little Horton Green’ there are still a number of farmhouses and out buildings, indicating that this was once a farming district. Typical three-storey weavers' cottages may be seen opposite the farms. These were used initially to weave not wool, but cotton, by

2736-707: The UK census relies on self-completion, the composition of the other ethnic group category is not fixed. Analysis by the Office for National Statistics of the 220,000 people in England and Wales who ticked the other ethnic group box in the 2001 census reveals that 53 per cent were born in the Far East , 10 per cent in the UK, 10 per cent in the Middle East , and 7 per cent in Africa . People could write in an ethnic group under

2808-581: The absence of rear yards meant there was no space for exterior toilets, only communal ones that spread diseases rapidly. In the oldest parts of Birmingham, early back-to-back houses were associated with filth, poor ventilation and pools of stagnant water, despite being home to the greatest number of working-class people within the city. Rapid urbanisation led to fields and allotments disappearing in favour of cheaply built houses, often packed tight into minimal space. Houses were built on inadequate foundations with substandard materials to reduce costs. Each house

2880-511: The area, divided from the ‘Old Hall’ by a huge wall. In the early 20th century Horton Hall was used as the residence of the Bishop of Bradford . Both halls were situated opposite All Saints' Church and were demolished amid much public outcry in the 1960s. All Saints’ Church was built in 1864, by the local landowner and MP Sir Francis Sharp-Powell , who once lived in Horton Hall. Prior to

2952-448: The byelaw terraced house regulation was expected to prevent the construction of back-to-back houses, Leeds Council initially chose not to enforce it, allowing contractors to prioritize their interests ahead of build quality. This adversely affected the density and construction of housing in some areas, resulting in lower sale and rental prices compared to other towns that offered houses with greater space and improved sanitation. For instance,

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3024-414: The curriculum and in convincing the local school board to provide school meals for children in their care. Margaret McMillan was committed to promoting the benefits of nursery education and established the first nurseries in the country in Bradford. She argued that the early years of a child's life were the most important in education. The Teacher Training College , situated in Little Horton on Trinity Road,

3096-499: The data were returned to the statistics agencies it underwent further processing to ensure consistency and to impute missing values. The overall response rate for the census, that is the proportion of the population who were included on a census form, was estimated to be 94% in England and Wales, 96.1% in Scotland and 95.2% in Northern Ireland. This was due to a number of factors: households with no response, households excluding residents from their returns, and addresses not included in

3168-425: The demolition to be accelerated. William Wheeldon , a Labour and Co-operative MP, pointed out that "the most distressing thing" was that little had changed in generations: Its chief defect, in addition to its lack of size, its dampness and its dilapidation, is that it is not self-contained. There is no water supply inside the house, no adequate provision for discharging slop water, and the only sanitary convenience

3240-725: The diverse nature of the people presently resident in the area. The close proximity of the University and College, with their international student populations also has an influence on the area, for example the emergence of a student quarter at the bottom of Morley Street and Great Horton Road. Little Horton electoral ward is represented on Bradford Council by two Labour Party councillors, Fareeda Mir and Taj Salam and one Bradford Independent Group councillors, Talat Sajawal.   indicates seat up for re-election.   indicates councillor defection. United Kingdom Census 2001 A nationwide census , known as Census 2001 ,

3312-620: The early 20th century, the local council had spent about £1 million (equivalent to £130 million in 2023 ) in acquiring older, inadequate back-to-back houses for demolition, while continuing to build improved ones of a similar style until 1937, despite being outlawed in 1909 when it was decided that houses should be of an overall higher quality. By 1926, Leeds had 72,000 of these houses, of which 32,000 were described by Dr Christoper Addison as being "abominations", having been condemned as unfit for many years by that time, despite still being lived in; only 12,000 (less than 17 per cent) were given

3384-541: The early-mid 2000s. The house style is also popular among student populations, as little exterior maintenance is required and they are often close to universities and colleges, particularly in the areas of Headingley , Burley and Kirkstall . Although banned by existing building regulations for new builds, architects are keen for the regulations to be relaxed, particularly as many of the historical health concerns associated with back to-back-housing, such as open sewers and communal toilets, are no longer relevant. A study

3456-465: The enumeration. In Manchester for example 25,000 people from 14,000 addresses were not enumerated because the address database was two years out of date. The Local Authority with the lowest response was Kensington and Chelsea with 64%. Hackney had the next lowest response at 72%. Out of all local authorities, the ten lowest response rates were all in London. The results still represent 100 per cent of

3528-405: The feedback, there was insufficient recognition that the properties should be protected because of their perceived heritage value. The Birmingham Back to Backs are a historic house museum created by The National Trust for the city's last remaining back-to-back houses. The dwellings are furnished as they would have been in the 19th century and are now Grade II listed buildings . According to

3600-498: The first time in a UK census, those wishing to describe their ethnicity as Cornish were given their own code number (06) on the 2001 UK census form, alongside those for people wishing to describe themselves as English, Welsh , Irish or Scottish. About 34,000 people in Cornwall and 3,500 people in the rest of the UK wrote on their census forms in 2001 that they considered their ethnic group to be Cornish. This represented nearly 7% of

3672-464: The house usually shared three of its four walls with neighbouring buildings, back-to-back houses were notoriously ill-lit and poorly ventilated. Such was the initial lack of consideration for hygiene, that some houses were found to have been built over open drains covered only with boards. The term "back-to-back" should not be confused with "through" terraced houses , the backs of which face each other across an alleyway, and are thus not contiguous like

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3744-470: The late 19th century, the introduction of the byelaw terraced house to comply with the Public Health Act 1875 ( 38 & 39 Vict. c. 55) marked a significant change in housing design. In 1890, further improvements were introduced, including a basement or ground-floor kitchen, a small garden, and a private toilet for each household, as imposed by the Housing of the Working Classes Act 1885 and

3816-472: The mid-19th century, this form of housing was deemed unsatisfactory and a hazard to health. The passage of the Public Health Act 1875 ( 38 & 39 Vict. c. 55) permitted municipal corporations to ban new back-to-backs, replaced in the next phase of building by byelaw terraced houses . Leeds City Council opted not to enforce the ban, however; the popularity of back-to-back houses with builders and residents led to their continued construction in Leeds until

3888-475: The mills. Education was not an option for the majority of children. The mill owner John Wood was exceptional among employers in the district, in that he provided health care, basic schooling and limited the hours a child could work in his factories. Richard Oastler stayed at Horton Hall with John Wood in September 1830 and Wood made Oastler (who was also instrumental in the fight to abolish slavery) swear on

3960-535: The population of Cornwall. Various Cornish organisations were campaigning for the inclusion of the Cornish tick box on the next census in 2011. Back-to-back houses Back-to-backs are a form of terraced houses in the United Kingdom , built from the late 18th century through to the early 20th century in various forms. Many thousands of these dwellings were built during the Industrial Revolution for

4032-477: The population, however, because some individuals not completing their forms were instead identified by census enumerators, and through the use of cross-matching with a follow-up survey. The results from the 2001 census were produced using a methodology known as the One Number Census. This was an attempt to adjust the census counts and impute answers to allow for estimated under-enumeration measured by

4104-488: The quality was sub-standard and 16,000 of these were inhabited during 1951, compared to a further 28,000 slightly better houses, which had been constructed between 1844 and 1874. The pre-1844 houses were by that time in a state of disrepair and overcrowding was a concern, particularly when families were occupying what was originally intended for single or dual occupancy. By 1959, Leeds and Birmingham each had 60,000 back-to-back houses, and Members of Parliament were calling for

4176-405: The question. The census ethnic groups included White ( White British , White Irish , Other White ), Mixed ( White and Black Caribbean , White and Black African , White and Asian , Other Mixed ), Asian or Asian British ( Indian , Pakistani , Bangladeshi , Other Asian ), Black or Black British ( Black Caribbean , African , Other Black ) and Chinese or Other Ethnic Group . Since

4248-456: The structural setup allowed for a cost saving by not requiring roads or drainage, with population density housing up to 300 people in 60–75 properties per acre. There was no universally accepted blueprint for how the houses should be constructed; the worst (and often earliest) had a single room on each floor and no damp proofing . Sanitation comprised earth toilets in whatever available space existed, which may have been underneath bedrooms, and

4320-449: The task of establishing ‘board schools’ to supplement the schools provided by the church authorities. School boards were elected by people in the local area. One of the elected members of the school board in Bradford was Margaret McMillan . Margaret McMillan was responsible for setting up a system that checked the health of children in the elementary schools, she was also instrumental in encouraging physical education to be included as part of

4392-499: The title only refers to the fact that ‘Little Horton’ covered a smaller area of land than ‘Great Horton’. The two areas together made up the Manor of Horton. Little Horton has a multi-cultural history dating back to the 11th century. The area known as Horton has been populated in the distant past by the Angles , Norse , Danish and Norman French , as well as possibly before this by people of Celtic origin. The de Hortons became Lords of

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4464-517: The transatlantic slave trade . Mary Skelton of Little Horton left her share in a plantation, Yorkshire Hall, in Demerara , along with all its negroes and slaves, to her three sons. This was in 1823, ten years before an Act was passed that outlawed slavery in the British colonies. Next to All Saints' Church on Little Horton Green is All Saints' School. This is an early church elementary school, which

4536-662: The ventilation concerns that plagued earlier residences. Following the Second World War and the Blitz aerial bombing of industrial cities, Britain was ready for a new wave of slum demolition and construction of more suitable housing. For example, Birmingham had about 40,000 back-to-backs in 1931 but only 29,182 by September 1946. In Leeds around 1953, there were 30,000 people waiting for council housing, of which 16,000 comprised back-to-back housing built before 1844 that were pending clearance as slum housing. Prior to 1844,

4608-558: Was conducted in 2008 to canvas the views of the communities living in these properties, to help ensure that they could continue in use into the 21st century. Seventy-five per cent of those questioned suggested that the heritage value of the houses was important to the identity of Leeds. Overall, 51 per cent of respondents were positive, and 45 per cent felt negatively towards them. Residents of these back-to-backs generally felt strongly about their heritage value, but their opinions were not valued as highly as non-residents or professionals. Despite

4680-718: Was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday, 29 April 2001. This was the 20th UK census and recorded a resident population of 58,789,194. The 2001 UK census was organised by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in England and Wales , the General Register Office for Scotland (GROS) and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). Detailed results by region, council area, ward and output area are available from their respective websites. Similar to previous UK censuses,

4752-458: Was established as a result of Forster's 1870 Education Act . The Act encouraged both the Church of England and local councils to provide schools for all children of elementary age (under fourteen years of age). Forster was MP for Bradford, and his efforts to make schooling compulsory for all children helped make Bradford a pioneer in education. Bradford Council formed a school board which had

4824-459: Was included as a tick-box option in the 2011 census. It is sometimes claimed that the 2001 census revealed that two-thirds of the population of Wales described themselves as of Welsh nationality . In fact, the 2001 census did not collect any information on nationality. Controversy surrounding the classification of ethnic group began as early as 2000, when it was revealed that respondents in Scotland and Northern Ireland would be able to check

4896-411: Was made in 2016, with structural work taking place to secure the building, as well as a new roof to prevent further water damage. The project would complement the existing court dwellings at the Museum of Liverpool which opened in 2011 and recreates a former street from 1870 in the area around Scotland Road . The Bradford Industrial Museum has a block of back-to-backs decorated as dwellings of 1875,

4968-690: Was named in memory of this pioneer of education and is known as the Margaret McMillan Building. Even in the pre-industrial age, Little Horton had a reputation for religious diversity. There were many Presbyterian and other non-conformist chapels and churches in the area, for example the Methodist Church and the Baptist Church on Little Horton Lane. An old church now houses the YMCA , and the Methodist Church has become

5040-589: Was passed by Parliament to allow the question to be asked, and to allow the response to this question to be optional. The inclusion of the question enabled the Jedi census phenomenon to take place in the United Kingdom. In England and Wales 390,127 people stated their religion as Jedi , as did 14,052 people in Scotland. The percentages of religious affiliations were: 15% declared themselves of no religion (including Jedi at 0.7%, more than those who declared themselves as Sikh, Jewish or Buddhist) and 8% did not respond to

5112-736: Was separated by a single brick depth with a small room on each floor; ground-floor rooms served multiple purposes, while the remaining space was used for bedrooms. By the 1830s, back-to-back houses had a reputation nationwide for spreading disease, and major cities including Manchester and Liverpool prohibited their construction during the mid-19th century. The Leeds Improvement Act 1866 ( 29 & 30 Vict. c. clvii) imposed regulations on new houses, to include gated yards, wider streets and improved interior design. The Medical Officer for Health unsuccessfully sought to abolish back-to-back construction in about 1880, by which time population density had improved to 200 people living in 50–60 houses per acre. In

5184-466: Was used as the main collection method, with enumerators following up in person where the forms were not returned. The postal response rate was 88% in England and Wales, 91% in Scotland, and 92% in Northern Ireland. A total of 81,000 field staff were employed across the UK (70,000 in England and Wales, 8,000 in Scotland and 3,000 in Northern Ireland). The census was conducted at the height of

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