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69-577: Westendstraße 1 is a 53- storey , 208 m (682 ft) skyscraper in the Westend-Süd district of Frankfurt , Germany. The structure was completed in 1993 and together with the nearby City-Haus , forms the headquarters of DZ Bank . In 1995, it won the "Best Building of the Year" award by the American Chamber of Architects in the multifunctional skyscraper category. As of 2023, the tower

138-481: A bungalow . The tallest skyscraper in the world, the Burj Khalifa , also has the greatest number of storeys with 163. The height of each storey is based on the ceiling height of the rooms plus the thickness of the floors between each pane. Generally this is around 3.0 m (10 ft) total; however, it varies widely from just under this figure to well over it. Storeys within a building need not be all

207-660: A five-pointed star (★) additionally appears beside the button for the main entry floor. In the United States , the five-pointed-star marking is mandated by Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) , as described in Section 4.10.12(2) of the ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities (ADAAG). However this may be used to simply indicate a way out, such as to indicate

276-431: A raised floor . A concave or barrel-shaped ceiling is curved or rounded upward, usually for visual or acoustical value, while a coffered ceiling is divided into a grid of recessed square or octagonal panels, also called a "lacunar ceiling". A cove ceiling uses a curved plaster transition between wall and ceiling; it is named for cove molding, a molding with a concave curve. A stretched ceiling (or stretch ceiling) uses

345-510: A sky lobby . As an example, the residential elevators at the John Hancock Center all have their main floors labeled as the 44th as in order to get from a residential floor to the ground one would need to take two elevators: one from the residences to the sky lobby, and the other from the sky lobby to the ground. In the event more than one floor could be considered main floor, such as when a building has exits on more than one floor,

414-609: A "1st floor" and a "ground floor", they may be labelled 1 and G, or M (for "Main") and LM (for "Lower Main"), the latter two being more common in Canada outside Quebec. M or MZ may also be used to designate a mezzanine level, when it is not counted as a separate floor in the building's numbering scheme. If an elevator has two doors, floors on one side might end up getting an R suffix for "rear", especially if on one floor both doors open. In modern signage, at least in North America,

483-665: A 7-storey building is called une maison à 6 (six) étages . Mezzanines may or may not be counted as storeys. This convention can be traced back to Medieval European usage. In countries that use this system, the floor at ground level is usually referred to by a special name, usually translating as "ground floor" or equivalent. For example, Erdgeschoss ("ground floor") in Germany (sometimes however, Parterre , adopted from French), piano terra or pianterreno (lit. "ground floor") in Italy, begane grond (lit. "trodden ground") in

552-620: A circumevention of construction regulations of the 19th and early 20th centuries), rez-de-chaussée (from French street level , where rez is the old French of ras ("scraped"), chaussée ("street"). ) in France, parter in Poland and Romania, prízemie ("by the ground") in Slovakia, and pritličje ("close to the ground") in Slovenia. In some countries that use this scheme,

621-400: A convention where there may be an "upper" and "lower" level of the same floor number, (e.g.: "1U/U1" = Upper 1st, "L2/2L" = "Lower 2nd" and so on), although the elevators will typically only serve one of the two levels, or the elevator lobby for each floor pair may be between the two levels. In 19th-century London, many buildings were built with the main entrance floor a meter above ground, and

690-518: A garden (called rez-de-jardin ). Buildings which have two "ground floors" at different levels (on two opposite faces, usually) might have both. The same differentiation is used as well in some buildings in Croatia. The lower level is called razizemlje (abbr. RA ), and the upper prizemlje (PR). If there is only one ground floor, it is called prizemlje . The latter usage is standard for smaller buildings, such as single-family homes. In

759-466: A given building's floor designations are unregulated. Thus, some apartment buildings in the largest city, Ho Chi Minh City , have posted floor numbers according to the northern scheme, while others label the ground floor as "G" or the thirteenth floor as "12  bis ". An extremely small number of American high-rise buildings follow the British/European system, often out of a desire on

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828-536: A hallway, even numbers for rooms on the other side. An offset may be used to accommodate unnumbered floors. For example, in a building with floors labelled G, M, 1, 2, ..., 11 and 12, the fourth room in each of those floors could be numbered 1004, 1104, 1204, 1304, ..., 2204 and 2304, respectively—with an offset of 11 in the floor numbers. This trick is sometimes used to make the floor number slightly less obvious, e.g. for security or marketing reasons. In some buildings with numbered rooms, UK-like G, 1, ... floor numbering

897-401: A number of individual panels using material such as PVC fixed to a perimeter rail. Ceilings have frequently been decorated with fresco painting, mosaic tiles and other surface treatments. While hard to execute (at least in place) a decorated ceiling has the advantage that it is largely protected from damage by fingers and dust. In the past, however, this was more than compensated for by

966-465: A relatively common solution is to simply have no star and have other indications to indicate a main floor. A less commonly used solution has more than one star. There is no particular standard convention for the numbering of levels below ground. In English-speaking countries, the first level below ground may be labelled B for "Basement", LL for "Lower Level" or "Lower Lobby", C for "Cellar", or U for "Underground". In British buildings, LG for "Lower Ground"

1035-488: A white and bright appearance from afar. The building was designed by architect William Pedersen. The characteristic ring beam at the top of the tower (known commonly as the crown ) is intended as a reminder to Frankfurt's history as the city where German emperors were crowned. The crown faces towards the old part of Frankfurt where the coronations were held at the Frankfurt Cathedral . The 95 tonne steel crown

1104-479: Is also often used to indicate Street), C for "Casino" or "Concourse", R for "Restaurant" or Roof, PH for "Penthouse", OD for " observation deck ", W for Walkway, T for Tunnel, Ticketing or Trains, etc. In some US buildings, the label G on the elevator may stand for the building's "Garage", which need not be located on the "Ground" floor. Sometimes GR might be used instead. Fairmont Royal York Hotel in Toronto marks

1173-403: Is any level part of a building with a floor that could be used by people (for living, work, storage, recreation, etc.). Plurals for the word are storeys (UK) and stories (US). The terms floor , level , or deck are used in similar ways (i.e. "the 16th floor "), but to refer to buildings it is more usual to speak of a "16- storey building". The floor at ground or street level is called

1242-439: Is any tall ceiling area similar to those in a church . A dropped ceiling is one in which the finished surface is constructed anywhere from a few inches or centimeters to several feet or a few meters below the structure above it. This may be done for aesthetic purposes, such as achieving a desirable ceiling height; or practical purposes such as acoustic damping or providing a space for HVAC or piping . An inverse of this would be

1311-489: Is commonly encountered. If there is more than one basement, either the next level down may be marked SB for "Sub-Basement" or all lower levels can be numbered B1, B2, B3, B n . Negative numbers are sometimes used, this being more common in Europe: −1 for the first level below ground, −2 for the second one, and so on. Letters are sometimes used: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, etc. There can also be split-level parking levels with

1380-466: Is ever used it means the ground-level floor (although primer piso is used mainly for indoor areas, while planta baja is also used for areas outside the building). Most parts of East and Southeast Asia — including China (except for Hong Kong ), Japan, Korea, and Singapore — follow the American system. Indonesia uses both the American and European systems. In the grammar of the respective languages,

1449-547: Is heated in winter to prevent the forming of icicles which could endanger pedestrians or cars on the street below. The design for Moshe Aviv Tower , also called "City Gate" skyscraper in Ramat Gan , Israel, was inspired by the building. A sculpture by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, called Inverted Collar and Tie is set up in front of the entrance. Storey A storey ( Commonwealth English ) or story ( American English ; see spelling differences ),

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1518-418: Is often pitched and/or at a different height from that of other floors. A penthouse is a luxury apartment on the topmost storey of a building. A basement is a storey below the main or ground floor; the first (or only) basement of a home is also called the lower ground floor. Split-level homes have floors that are offset from each other by less than the height of a full storey. A mezzanine , in particular,

1587-612: Is reflected in newer buildings. Some buildings in Singapore do use SL (Street Level) for ground level, while others such as Nex and West Coast Plaza uses the European scheme, albeit using "Basement 1" for ground level storey. Vietnam uses both the North American and European schemes, generally depending on the region. In northern and central Vietnam, including the capital Hanoi , tầng refers to any floor, including

1656-400: Is sometimes used to separate the floor from the room (2.15 refers to 2nd floor, 15th room and 21.5 refers to 21st floor, 5th room) or a leading zero is placed before a single-digit room number (i.e. the 5th room of floor 21 would be 2105). Letters may be used, instead of digits, to identify the room within the floor—such as 21E instead of 215. Often odd numbers are used for rooms on one side of

1725-603: Is the third-tallest skyscraper in Frankfurt and also in Germany . The building, designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox , is similar in style to an older building by the same architects, 1250 René-Lévesque in Montreal, Quebec , Canada. The building is a reinforced concrete structure with a perforated façades and flat slabs. Each floor height is around 3.6 metres (12 ft) with a floor area of 950 m (10,200 sq ft). The façade consists of fine, golden granite, giving it

1794-515: Is typically a floor halfway between two floors. Floor numbering is the numbering scheme used for a building's floors. There are two major schemes in use across the world. In the first system, used in such countries as the United States, Canada, China, Japan, Norway, Russia, and other ex-Soviet states, the number of floors is counted literally; that is, when one enters a building through the ground-level front door, one walks quite literally on

1863-447: Is used, but with rooms numbered from 200 on the "first floor" (above the ground floor), 300 on the 2nd floor, and so on (which actually resembles US-like floor numbering). Ceiling The most common type of ceiling is the dropped ceiling , which is suspended from structural elements above. Panels of drywall are fastened either directly to the ceiling joists or to a few layers of moisture-proof plywood which are then attached to

1932-588: The entresuelo or entresòl and principal are marked E and P, respectively. In France, floors are usually marked the same way as in Spain; however, the letters for the ground floor are RDC ( rez-de-chaussée ), seldom simplified to RC. This scheme is also found in some buildings in Quebec. Where these exist, there are high ground RCH ( rez-de-chaussée haut ) and lower ground RCB ( rez-de-chaussée bas ), or garden ground RJ ( rez-de-jardin ) and former ground RC. In Portugal,

2001-399: The thirteenth floor in their floor numbering because of triskaidekaphobia , a common superstition surrounding this number. The floor numbering may either go straight from 12 to 14, or the floor may be given an alternative name such as "Skyline" or "14A". Due to a similar superstition in east Asia, some mainland Chinese, Taiwanese, and Indonesian buildings (typically high-rises) omit or skip

2070-460: The "ground floor" (i.e. it needs no number; the floor below it is called "basement", and the floor above it is called "first") in many regions. However, in some regions, like the US, ground floor is synonymous with first floor , leading to differing numberings of floors, depending on region – even between different national varieties of English. The words storey and floor normally exclude levels of

2139-420: The "upper" or "lower" level from each intermediate landing. This halves any building costs associated with elevator shaft doors. Where the total traffic necessitates a second elevator the alternate floors strategy is sometimes still applied, not only for the doorway reduction but also, provisionally upon the passengers preferring no particular floor beyond capacity, it tends toward halving the total delay imposed by

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2208-448: The 4th floor along with other floor numbers ending in 4 such as 14 and 24. The floor above the third would be numbered as the fifth, and so on. This is because of tetraphobia : in many varieties of Chinese, the pronunciation of the word for "four" is very similar to the pronunciation of the word for "to die". Through Chinese cultural and linguistic influence, tetraphobia is common in many countries of East Asia. For this reason, apartments on

2277-621: The 4th floor in Asian countries such as Taiwan have traditionally been cheaper to rent. In Hong Kong, the British numbering system is now generally used, in English and Chinese alike. In some older residential buildings, however, the floors are identified by signs in Chinese characters that say " 二樓 " ("2 floor") at the floor just above ground, as in the North American system. For those buildings,

2346-586: The Chinese phrase " 三樓 " or its English equivalent "3rd floor" may refer either to the storey three levels above ground (as in the modern numbering), which is actually labelled " 四樓 " ("4 floor"), or to the storey with the sign " 三樓 " ("3 floor"), which is only two levels above ground. This confusing state of affairs has led, for example, to numerous errors in utility billing. To avoid ambiguity, business forms often ask that storey numbers in address fields be written as accessed from an elevator . In colloquial speeches,

2415-510: The European scheme was formerly used (as in France), but by now it has been mostly replaced by the US system, so that rez-de-chaussée and premier étage ("first stage") are now generally equivalent in Quebec. Mexico, on the other hand, uses the European system. The North American scheme is used in Finland , Norway , and Iceland . The Icelandic term jarðhæð ("ground floor") refers to

2484-678: The Hawaiian-language floor label uses the British system, but the English-language floor label uses the American system. For example, Papa akolu (P3) is equivalent to Level 4 (4 or L4). In Greenland, the Greenlandic-language floor label uses the American system, but the Danish-language floor label uses the British system. Plan pingasut (P3) is equivalent to Level 2 ( Plan to or P2). In most of

2553-754: The Netherlands, planta baja (Castilian) or planta baixa (Catalan) in Spain (both meaning "bottom floor"), beheko solairua in Basque, andar térreo ("ground floor") in Brazil, rés-do-chão ("adjacent to the ground") in Portugal, földszint ("ground level") in Hungary (although in Budapest the félemelet ("half floor", i.e. mezzanine ) is an extra level between the ground and first floors, apparently

2622-511: The UK, while one storey is referred to as single-storey . Houses commonly have only one or two floors, although three- and four-storey houses also exist. Buildings are often classified as low-rise , mid-rise and high-rise according to how many levels they contain, but these categories are not well-defined. A single-storey house is often referred to, particularly in the United Kingdom, as

2691-462: The United States, the first floor and ground floor are usually equivalent, being at ground level, and may also be called the "lobby" or "main floor" to indicate the entrance to the building. The storey just above it is the second floor, and so on. The English-speaking parts of Canada generally follow the American convention, although Canada has kept the Commonwealth spelling "storey". In Quebec ,

2760-456: The building that are not covered by a roof , such as the terrace on the rooftops of many buildings. Nevertheless, a flat roof on a building is counted as a floor in other languages, for instance dakvloer in Dutch , literally "roof-floor", simply counted one level up from the floor number that it covers. A two-storey house or home extension is sometimes referred to as double-storey in

2829-448: The building) and a "ground floor" below it. This typically happens when both floors have street-level entrances, as is often the case for hillside buildings with walkout basements . In the UK, the lower of these floors would be called the "lower ground floor", while the upper would be called either the "upper ground floor" or simply the "ground floor". Multi-storey car parks which have a staggered arrangement of parking levels sometimes use

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2898-410: The case of a dropped ceiling, the rating is achieved by the entire system , which is both the structure above, from which the ceilings is suspended, which could be a concrete floor or a timber floor, as well as the suspension mechanism and, finally the lowest membrane or dropped ceiling. Between the structure that the dropped ceiling is suspended from and the dropped membrane, such as a T-bar ceiling or

2967-485: The character " 唐 " maybe added before the number to emphasize it refers to the Chinese style of numbering, e.g. " 唐三樓 " (literally "Chinese 3 floor"), or the character " 字 " added after the number to refer to the British style of numbering as shown in an elevator, e.g. 2 字樓 (literally "2 digit floor", floor with number 2), while in writing in Chinese, Chinese numerals are used for Chinese style numbering, and Arabic numerals are used for British style numbering. In Hawaii,

3036-477: The damage from smoke from candles or a fireplace. Many historic buildings have celebrated ceilings. Perhaps the most famous is the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo . Ceiling height, particularly in the case of low ceilings, may have psychological impacts. The most common ceiling that contributes to fire-resistance ratings in commercial and residential construction is the dropped ceiling . In

3105-420: The difference from the original scheme, reference is frequently made to storeys rather than floors, where the third (3rd) floor becomes either the fourth (4th) storey/level (storey/level 4). Many buildings continue to label storeys or levels rather than floors. However, in the absence of clear official distinction between the terms, the meaning of "floors" and "levels" have become interchangeable with "storey"; this

3174-460: The drywall and then replacing it. Other types of ceiling include the cathedral ceiling, the concave or barrel-shaped ceiling, the stretched ceiling and the coffered ceiling. Coving often links the ceiling to the surrounding walls. Ceilings can play a part in reducing fire hazard, and a system is available for rating the fire resistance of dropped ceilings. Ceilings are classified according to their appearance or construction. A cathedral ceiling

3243-467: The first floor ; the storey above it therefore counts as the second floor . In the other system, used in the majority of European countries, floor at ground level is called the "ground floor", frequently having no number (or "0"); the next floor up is assigned the number 1 and is the first floor (first elevation ), the first basement level gets '−1', and so on. In both systems, the numbering of higher floors continues sequentially as one goes up, as shown in

3312-591: The first six floors as A, L, MM, C, H and 1 (for "Arcade", "Lobby", "Main Mezzanine", "Convention", "Health Club" and "1st floor"). The North Carolina Museum of Art , whose entrance is on the third floor up, has the floors lettered C, B, A (the main floor) and O (for "Office"). The Festival Walk mall in Hong Kong has floors labelled LG2 and LG1 ("Lower Ground 2" and "1"), G ("Ground") and UG ("Upper Ground"). In The Landmark Annex of TriNoma , DSn (n=floor) denotes

3381-444: The floor at ground level. European scheme: In many Latin American countries (including Argentina, Mexico, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela) the ground floor is called planta baja and the next floor is primer piso . In Brazil the ground floor is called térreo and the next floor is primeiro andar . In other countries, including Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, the ground floor is called primer piso (first floor). If planta baja

3450-415: The floor below that being two meters below ground. This was done partly for aesthetics, and partly to allow access between the lower level and the street without going through the main floor. In this situation, the lower level is called Lower Ground, the main floor is called Upper Ground, and floors above it are numbered serially from 1. Sometimes, floor number 1 may be the lowest basement level; in that case

3519-430: The floor label of the department store area. In modern buildings, especially large ones, room numbers are usually tied to the floor numbers, so that one can figure out the latter from the former. Typically one uses the floor number with one or two extra digits appended to identify the room within the floor. For example, room 215 could be the 15th room of floor 2 (or 5th room of floor 21), but to avoid this confusion one dot

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3588-643: The following table: Each scheme has further variations depending on how one refers to the ground floor and the subterranean levels. The existence of two incompatible conventions is a common source of confusion in international communication. However, in all English-speaking countries, the storeys in a building are counted in the same way: a "seven-storey building" is unambiguous, although the top floor would be called "6th floor" in Britain and "7th floor" in America. This contrasts, for example, with French usage, where

3657-428: The ground floor ( parter ) and S for basement ( suterena ). Elevators installed since 1990 have 0 for parter and −1, −2 etc. for underground floors. In countries using the North American system, where "floor 1" is the same as "ground floor", the corresponding button may be marked either with 1 or with a letter, as in the European scheme. In either case, the next button will be labelled 2. In buildings that have both

3726-476: The ground floor button is marked with a letter, some digital position indicators may show 0 when the elevator is on that floor. If the building also contains floors below ground, negative numbers are common. This then gives a conventional numbering sequence −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... In Spain and other countries whose official language is Spanish or Portuguese, the ground floor is usually marked PB ( planta baja , planta baixa , etc.), and in buildings where these exist,

3795-399: The ground floor may be numbered 2 or higher. Sometimes two connected buildings (such as a store and its car park) have incongruent floor numberings, due to sloping terrain or different ceiling heights. To avoid this, shopping centers may call the main floors by names such as Upper Mall, Lower Mall, Lower Ground, with the parking floors being numbered P n . In some instances, buildings may omit

3864-415: The ground floor, which is called tầng 1 . Meanwhile, in southern Vietnam, trệt refers to the ground floor and lầu refers to any floor above it, starting at lầu 1 directly above the ground floor. A national standard, TCVN  6003-1:2012 ( ISO 4157 -1:1998), requires architectural drawings to follow the northern scheme. It also refers to a crawl space as tầng 0 . However,

3933-628: The higher floors may be explicitly qualified as being above the ground level, such as in Slovenian prvo nadstropje (literally "first floor above ceiling (of the ground storey)"). In many countries in Europe, the second storey is called the "first floor", for being the first elevation. Besides Europe, this scheme is mostly used in some large Latin American countries (including Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay), and British Commonwealth nations (except Singapore and Canada ). In Spain,

4002-413: The joists, forming a series of rectangular spaces. Individual pieces of cardboard are then placed inside the bottom of those spaces so that the outer side of the cardboard, interspersed with aluminum rails, is seen as the ceiling from below. This makes it relatively easy to repair the pipes and insulation behind the ceiling, since all that is necessary is to lift off the cardboard, rather than digging through

4071-400: The joists. Pipework or ducts can be run in the gap above the ceiling, and insulation and fireproofing material can be placed here. Alternatively, ceilings may be spray painted instead, leaving the pipework and ducts exposed but painted, and using spray foam . A subset of the dropped ceiling is the suspended ceiling, wherein a network of aluminum struts, as opposed to drywall, are attached to

4140-504: The letters corresponding to the ground floor are R/C ( rés-do-chão ) or simply R. For example, in the Polish language there is a clear distinction: the word parter means ground floor and piętro means a floor above the parter , usually with an ordinal: 1st piętro , 2nd piętro etc. Therefore, a parter is the zeroth piętro . Older elevators in Poland have button marked P for

4209-481: The level above ground level (the mezzanine ) is sometimes called entresuelo ( entresòl in Catalan, etc., which literally means "interfloor"), and elevators may skip it. When the next level is different from the others, usually with higher ceiling and better decorations, then it is called principal (main floor) . This is because before elevators the apartments in the floor that required less stairs to reach

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4278-551: The lower one having the suffix "A" and the upper having the suffix "B", like "1A", "1B", "2A", "2B", etc. Elevators in split-level buildings normally stop at either the lower or upper level, and the levels in elevators may be named just "1", "2", etc. Elevator buttons may also be labelled according to their main function. In English-speaking countries, besides the common L for "Lobby", one may find P for " Platform " (in train stations), "Pool" or " Parking " (and P1, P2, P3, P n for multiple parking floors), S for "Skyway" or "Street" (ST

4347-482: The numbers precede the word "floor", and are cardinals rather than ordinals , so they would translate literally as "1 floor (1F), 2 floor (2F)" (etc.), rather than "1st floor, 2nd floor", or "floor 1, floor 2". In Singapore, the British system of numbering originally prevailed. This was replaced in March 1983 with the North American scheme to create a simplified and consistent standard of numbering storeys. To emphasize

4416-484: The ones beneath them (e.g., the Willis Tower ). In English the principal floor or main floor of a house is the floor that contains the chief apartments ; it is usually the ground floor, or the floor above. In Italy the main floor of a home was traditionally above the ground level and was called the piano nobile ("noble floor"). The attic or loft is a storey just below the roof of the building; its ceiling

4485-424: The part of the building's architect or owners. An arrangement often found in high rise public housing blocks , particularly those built in the United Kingdom during the 1960s and 1970s, is that elevators would only call at half the total number of floors, or at an intermediate level between a pair of floors; for example an elevator of a 24-storey building would only stop at 12 levels, with staircases used to access

4554-449: The same height—often the lobby is taller, for example. One review of tall buildings suggests that residential towers may have 3.1 m (10 ft 2 in) floor height for apartments, while a commercial building may have floor height of 3.9 m (12 ft 9.5 in) for the storeys leased to tenants. In such tall buildings (60 or more storeys), there may be utility floors of greater height. Additionally, higher levels may have less floor area than

4623-402: The stops en route. Sometimes, two elevators are divided so that all floors are served, but one elevator only serves odd floors and the other even, which would often be less efficient for passengers, but cheaper to install because the group control of elevators was more complex than single control. A few buildings in the United States and Canada have both a "first floor" (usually the main floor of

4692-419: The world, elevator buttons for storeys above the ground level are usually marked with the corresponding numbers. In many countries, modern elevators also have Braille numbers—often mandated by law. In countries using the European system, the ground floor is either marked 0, or with the initial letter of the local word for ground floor (G, E, etc.), successive floors are then marked 1, 2, etc. However, even when

4761-445: Was the most expensive and usually also the most luxurious one. In those cases the "first floor" can therefore be two or three levels above ground level. In Italy, in the ancient palaces the first floor is called piano nobile ("noble floor"), since the noble owners of the palace lived there. In France, there are two distinct names for storeys at ground level, depending on whether it faces the street (called rez-de-chaussée , ) or

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