52-602: WhatsOnStage.com is a London-based website that provides information about, and offers tickets for, theatrical performances in the United Kingdom . It also organizes the annual WhatsOnStage Awards . Founded in 1996, it has been owned by the American company TheaterMania.com since January 2013. Its chief operating officer is Sita McIntosh. This website-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Website A website (also written as
104-510: A Document type declaration (informally, a "doctype"). In browsers, the doctype helps to define the rendering mode—particularly whether to use quirks mode . The original purpose of the doctype was to enable the parsing and validation of HTML documents by SGML tools based on the Document type definition (DTD). The DTD to which the DOCTYPE refers contains a machine-readable grammar specifying
156-407: A classic website , a five-page website or a brochure website are often static websites, because they present pre-defined, static information to the user. This may include information about a company and its products and services through text, photos, animations, audio/video, and navigation menus. Static websites may still use server side includes (SSI) as an editing convenience, such as sharing
208-517: A web site ) is one or more web pages and related content that is identified by a common domain name and published on at least one web server . Websites are typically dedicated to a particular topic or purpose, such as news, education, commerce, entertainment, or social media . Hyperlinking between web pages guides the navigation of the site, which often starts with a home page . The most-visited sites are Google , YouTube , and Facebook . All publicly-accessible websites collectively constitute
260-899: A common menu bar across many pages. As the site's behavior to the reader is still static, this is not considered a dynamic site. A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically. Server-side dynamic pages are generated "on the fly" by computer code that produces the HTML (CSS are responsible for appearance and thus, are static files). There are a wide range of software systems, such as CGI , Java Servlets and Java Server Pages (JSP), Active Server Pages and ColdFusion (CFML) that are available to generate dynamic Web systems and dynamic sites . Various Web application frameworks and Web template systems are available for general-use programming languages like Perl , PHP , Python and Ruby to make it faster and easier to create complex dynamic websites. A site can display
312-407: A contractor at CERN , proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE , a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internet -based hypertext system. Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in late 1990. That year, Berners-Lee and CERN data systems engineer Robert Cailliau collaborated on a joint request for funding, but
364-474: A large series of static pages. Early websites had only text, and soon after, images. Web browser plug-ins were then used to add audio, video, and interactivity (such as for a rich Web application that mirrors the complexity of a desktop application like a word processor). Examples of such plug-ins are Microsoft Silverlight , Adobe Flash Player , Adobe Shockwave Player , and Java SE . HTML 5 includes provisions for audio and video without plugins. JavaScript
416-971: A milestone confirmed by Netcraft in its October 2014 Web Server Survey and that Internet Live Stats was the first to announce—as attested by this tweet from the inventor of the World Wide Web himself, Tim Berners-Lee—the number of websites in the world have subsequently declined, reverting to a level below 1 billion. This is due to the monthly fluctuations in the count of inactive websites. The number of websites continued growing to over 1 billion by March 2016 and has continued growing since. Netcraft Web Server Survey in January 2020 reported that there are 1,295,973,827 websites and in April 2021 reported that there are 1,212,139,815 sites across 10,939,637 web-facing computers, and 264,469,666 unique domains. An estimated 85 percent of all websites are inactive. A static website
468-400: A pair is the start tag , and the second is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags ). Another important component is the HTML document type declaration , which triggers standards mode rendering. The following is an example of the classic "Hello, World!" program : The text between < html > and </ html > describes the web page, and
520-425: A start tag) and do not use an end tag. Many tags, particularly the closing end tag for the very commonly used paragraph element < p > , are optional. An HTML browser or other agent can infer the closure for the end of an element from the context and the structural rules defined by the HTML standard. These rules are complex and not widely understood by most HTML authors. The general form of an HTML element
572-596: A user can give input/s like: Comments: Comments can help in the understanding of the markup and do not display in the webpage. There are several types of markup elements used in HTML: Most of the attributes of an element are name–value pairs , separated by = and written within the start tag of an element after the element's name. The value may be enclosed in single or double quotes, although values consisting of certain characters can be left unquoted in HTML (but not XHTML). Leaving attribute values unquoted
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#1732794201703624-492: Is also built into most modern web browsers, and allows for website creators to send code to the web browser that instructs it how to interactively modify page content and communicate with the web server if needed. The browser's internal representation of the content is known as the Document Object Model (DOM). WebGL (Web Graphics Library) is a modern JavaScript API for rendering interactive 3D graphics without
676-464: Is considered unsafe. In contrast with name-value pair attributes, there are some attributes that affect the element simply by their presence in the start tag of the element, like the ismap attribute for the img element. There are several common attributes that may appear in many elements : The abbreviation element, abbr , can be used to demonstrate some of these attributes: This example displays as HTML ; in most browsers, pointing
728-456: Is for HTML5. If a declaration is not included, various browsers will revert to " quirks mode " for rendering. HTML documents imply a structure of nested HTML elements . These are indicated in the document by HTML tags , enclosed in angle brackets thus: < p > . In the simple, general case, the extent of an element is indicated by a pair of tags: a "start tag" < p > and "end tag" </ p > . The text content of
780-516: Is generally non-interactive. This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors. Similar to handing out a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent, standard information for an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos, and other content and may require basic website design skills and software. Simple forms or marketing examples of websites, such as
832-495: Is one that has Web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent to a client Web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML); Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are used to control appearance beyond basic HTML. Images are commonly used to create the desired appearance and as part of the main content. Audio or video might also be considered "static" content if it plays automatically or
884-446: Is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser . It defines the content and structure of web content . It is often assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript, a programming language. Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes
936-401: Is therefore: < tag attribute1 = "value1" attribute2 = "value2" > ''content'' </ tag > . Some HTML elements are defined as empty elements and take the form < tag attribute1 = "value1" attribute2 = "value2" > . Empty elements may enclose no content, for instance, the < br /> tag or
988-589: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the mid-1993 publication of the first proposal for an HTML specification, the "Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)" Internet Draft by Berners-Lee and Dan Connolly , which included an SGML Document type definition to define the syntax. The draft expired after six months, but was notable for its acknowledgment of the NCSA Mosaic browser's custom tag for embedding in-line images, reflecting
1040-518: The Web 2.0 community of sites and allow for interactivity between the site owner and site visitors or users. Static sites serve or capture information but do not allow engagement with the audience or users directly. Some websites are informational or produced by enthusiasts or for personal use or entertainment. Many websites do aim to make money using one or more business models, including: Hypertext Markup Language Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML )
1092-603: The World Wide Web . There are also private websites that can only be accessed on a private network , such as a company's internal website for its employees. Users can access websites on a range of devices, including desktops , laptops , tablets , and smartphones . The app used on these devices is called a web browser . The World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1989 by the British CERN computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee . On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that
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#17327942017031144-434: The de facto web standard for some time. HTML markup consists of several key components, including those called tags (and their attributes ), character-based data types , character references and entity references . HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like < h1 > and </ h1 > , although some represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example < img > . The first tag in such
1196-456: The IETF's philosophy of basing standards on successful prototypes. Similarly, Dave Raggett 's competing Internet Draft, "HTML+ (Hypertext Markup Format)", from late 1993, suggested standardizing already-implemented features like tables and fill-out forms. After the HTML and HTML+ drafts expired in early 1994, the IETF created an HTML Working Group. In 1995, this working group completed "HTML 2.0",
1248-687: The World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone, contributing to the immense growth of the Web. Before the introduction of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), other protocols such as File Transfer Protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a simple directory structure in which the user navigates and where they choose files to download. Documents were most often presented as plain text files without formatting or were encoded in word processor formats. While "web site"
1300-596: The XML syntax for HTML and is no longer being developed as a separate standard. On 28 May 2019, the W3C announced that WHATWG would be the sole publisher of the HTML and DOM standards. The W3C and WHATWG had been publishing competing standards since 2012. While the W3C standard was identical to the WHATWG in 2007 the standards have since progressively diverged due to different design decisions. The WHATWG "Living Standard" had been
1352-473: The attribute value itself. If document authors overlook the need to escape such characters, some browsers can be very forgiving and try to use context to guess their intent. The result is still invalid markup, which makes the document less accessible to other browsers and to other user agents that may try to parse the document for search and indexing purposes for example. Escaping also allows for characters that are not easily typed, or that are not available in
1404-574: The browser, and these characteristics can be altered or enhanced by the web page designer's additional use of CSS . Many of the text elements are mentioned in the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537 Techniques for using SGML , which describes the features of early text formatting languages such as that used by the RUNOFF command developed in the early 1960s for the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system. These formatting commands were derived from
1456-433: The characters < and & (when written as < and & , respectively) to be interpreted as character data, rather than markup. For example, a literal < normally indicates the start of a tag, and & normally indicates the start of a character entity reference or numeric character reference; writing it as & or & or & allows & to be included in
1508-441: The characters of the world's writing systems. HTML defines several data types for element content, such as script data and stylesheet data, and a plethora of types for attribute values, including IDs, names, URIs , numbers, units of length, languages, media descriptors, colors, character encodings, dates and times, and so on. All of these data types are specializations of character data. HTML documents are required to start with
1560-451: The commands used by typesetters to manually format documents. However, the SGML concept of generalized markup is based on elements (nested annotated ranges with attributes) rather than merely print effects, with separate structure and markup. HTML has been progressively moved in this direction with CSS. Berners-Lee considered HTML to be an application of SGML. It was formally defined as such by
1612-539: The content of an element or in the value of an attribute. The double-quote character ( " ), when not used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as " or " or " when it appears within the attribute value itself. Equivalently, the single-quote character ( ' ), when not used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as ' or ' (or as ' in HTML5 or XHTML documents ) when it appears within
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1664-407: The current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of the individual user. For example, when the front page of a news site is requested, the code running on the webserver might combine stored HTML fragments with news stories retrieved from a database or another website via RSS to produce a page that includes
1716-664: The cursor at the abbreviation should display the title text "Hypertext Markup Language." Most elements take the language-related attribute dir to specify text direction, such as with "rtl" for right-to-left text in, for example, Arabic , Persian or Hebrew . As of version 4.0, HTML defines a set of 252 character entity references and a set of 1,114,050 numeric character references , both of which allow individual characters to be written via simple markup, rather than literally. A literal character and its markup counterpart are considered equivalent and are rendered identically. The ability to " escape " characters in this way allows for
1768-589: The document's character encoding , to be represented within the element and attribute content. For example, the acute-accented e ( é ), a character typically found only on Western European and South American keyboards, can be written in any HTML document as the entity reference é or as the numeric references é or é , using characters that are available on all keyboards and are supported in all character encodings. Unicode character encodings such as UTF-8 are compatible with all modern browsers and allow direct access to almost all
1820-445: The element, if any, is placed between these tags. Tags may also enclose further tag markup between the start and end, including a mixture of tags and text. This indicates further (nested) elements, as children of the parent element. The start tag may also include the element's attributes within the tag. These indicate other information, such as identifiers for sections within the document, identifiers used to bind style information to
1872-517: The first HTML specification intended to be treated as a standard against which future implementations should be based. Further development under the auspices of the IETF was stalled by competing interests. Since 1996, the HTML specifications have been maintained, with input from commercial software vendors, by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). In 2000, HTML became an international standard ( ISO / IEC 15445:2000). HTML 4.01
1924-412: The head, for example: HTML headings are defined with the < h1 > to < h6 > tags with H1 being the highest (or most important) level and H6 the least: The effects are: CSS can substantially change the rendering. Paragraphs: < br /> . The difference between < br /> and < p > is that < br /> breaks a line without altering
1976-425: The hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by SGMLguid , an in-house Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)-based documentation format at CERN. Eleven of these elements still exist in HTML 4. HTML is a markup language that web browsers use to interpret and compose text, images, and other material into visible or audible web pages. Default characteristics for every item of HTML markup are defined in
2028-402: The inline < img > tag. The name of an HTML element is the name used in the tags. The end tag's name is preceded by a slash character, / , and that in empty elements the end tag is neither required nor allowed. If attributes are not mentioned, default values are used in each case. Header of the HTML document: < head > ... </ head > . The title is included in
2080-435: The latest information. Dynamic sites can be interactive by using HTML forms , storing and reading back browser cookies , or by creating a series of pages that reflect the previous history of clicks. Another example of dynamic content is when a retail website with a database of media products allows a user to input a search request, e.g. for the keyword Beatles . In response, the content of the Web page will spontaneously change
2132-465: The look and layout of content. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), former maintainer of the HTML and current maintainer of the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997. A form of HTML, known as HTML5 , is used to display video and audio, primarily using the < canvas > element, together with JavaScript. In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee ,
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2184-413: The page. Other tags such as < p > and </ p > surround and provide information about document text and may include sub-element tags. Browsers do not display the HTML tags but use them to interpret the content of the page. HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript , which affects the behavior and content of web pages. The inclusion of CSS defines
2236-483: The permitted and prohibited content for a document conforming to such a DTD. Browsers, on the other hand, do not implement HTML as an application of SGML and as consequence do not read the DTD. HTML5 does not define a DTD; therefore, in HTML5 the doctype declaration is simpler and shorter: An example of an HTML 4 doctype This declaration references the DTD for the "strict" version of HTML 4.01. SGML-based validators read
2288-412: The presentation of the document, and for some tags such as the < img > used to embed images, the reference to the image resource in the format like this: < img src = "example.com/example.jpg" > Some elements, such as the line break < br /> do not permit any embedded content, either text or further tags. These require only a single empty tag (akin to
2340-491: The project was not formally adopted by CERN. In his personal notes of 1990, Berners-Lee listed "some of the many areas in which hypertext is used"; an encyclopedia is the first entry. The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991. It describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Except for
2392-471: The semantic structure of the page, whereas < p > sections the page into paragraphs . The element < br /> is an empty element in that, although it may have attributes, it can take no content and it may not have an end tag. This is a link in HTML. To create a link the < a > tag is used. The href attribute holds the URL address of the link. There are many possible ways
2444-602: The structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for its appearance. HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and other objects such as interactive forms may be embedded into the rendered page. HTML provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links , quotes, and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags , written using angle brackets . Tags such as < img > and < input > directly introduce content into
2496-517: The text between < body > and </ body > is the visible page content. The markup text < title > This is a title </ title > defines the browser page title shown on browser tabs and window titles and the tag < div > defines a division of the page used for easy styling. Between < head > and </ head > , a < meta > element can be used to define webpage metadata. The Document Type Declaration <!DOCTYPE html>
2548-522: The use of plug-ins. It allows interactive content such as 3D animations, visualizations and video explainers to presented users in the most intuitive way. A 2010-era trend in websites called "responsive design" has given the best viewing experience as it provides a device-based layout for users. These websites change their layout according to the device or mobile platform, thus giving a rich user experience. Websites can be divided into two broad categories—static and interactive. Interactive sites are part of
2600-419: The way it looked before, and will then display a list of Beatles products like CDs, DVDs, and books. Dynamic HTML uses JavaScript code to instruct the Web browser how to interactively modify the page contents. One way to simulate a certain type of dynamic website while avoiding the performance loss of initiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis is to periodically automatically regenerate
2652-515: Was published in late 1999, with further errata published through 2001. In 2004, development began on HTML5 in the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG), which became a joint deliverable with the W3C in 2008, and was completed and standardized on 28 October 2014. XHTML is a separate language that began as a reformulation of HTML 4.01 using XML 1.0. It is now referred to as
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#17327942017032704-867: Was the original spelling (sometimes capitalized "Web site", since "Web" is a proper noun when referring to the World Wide Web), this variant has become rarely used, and "website" has become the standard spelling. All major style guides, such as The Chicago Manual of Style and the AP Stylebook , have reflected this change. In February 2009, Netcraft , an Internet monitoring company that has tracked Web growth since 1995, reported that there were 215,675,903 websites with domain names and content on them in 2009, compared to just 19,732 websites in August 1995. After reaching 1 billion websites in September 2014,
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