30-472: (Redirected from White Spruce ) White spruce is a common name for several species of spruce ( Picea ) and may refer to: [REDACTED] White spruce cones Picea glauca , native to most of Canada and Alaska with limited populations in the northeastern United States Picea engelmannii , native to the Rocky Mountains and Cascade Mountains of
60-471: A 3-year-old seedling may be considered established; in moist habitats, seedlings may need 4 or 5 years to become established on mineral soil, possibly longer on litter seedbeds. Growth remains very slow for several to many years. Three years after shelterwood felling in subalpine Alberta, dominant regeneration averaged 5.5 cm in height in scarified blocks, and 7.3 cm in non-scarified blocks (Day 1970), possibly reflecting diminished fertility with
90-460: A degree, these classification procedures have important limitations; genetic composition of the seeds produced by a stand is determined by both the seed trees and the pollen parents, and species classification of hybrid seedlots and estimates of their level of introgression on the basis of seed-tree characteristics can be unreliable when hybrid seedlots vary in their introgressiveness in consequence of spatial and temporal variations in contributions from
120-483: A lesser degree. The insects complete two generations within the year. They require two different trees for its life cycle , the second being the Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir . They may also attack Sitka , Engelmann , or white spruce . The many different species of adelgids produce different galls on different spruce species. The Cooley spruce gall adelgid ( Adelges cooleyi Gillette) is mainly
150-503: A tree is a spruce is not difficult; evergreen needles that are more or less quadrangled, and especially the pulvinus , give it away. Beyond that, determination can become more difficult. Intensive sampling in the Smithers/Hazelton/Houston area of British Columbia showed Douglas (1975), according to Coates et al. (1994), that cone scale morphology was the feature most useful in differentiating species of spruce;
180-410: A western species that usually alternates between white spruce and Douglas fir . It is rare in eastern Canada. In Ontario, the galls are found mostly on Colorado spruce . The infection is most noticeable on Cooley spruce in the spring, May to June, when the galls appear. This infection may be mistakenly diagnosed to be caused by worms, grubs, or even as a sex organ of the spruce. Spruce pollen, however,
210-558: Is a subjective concept based on the idea that once a seedling has successfully reached a certain size, not much is likely to prevent its further development. Criteria vary, of course, but Noble and Ronco (1978), for instance, considered that seedlings four to five years old, or 8 cm to 10 cm tall, warranted the designation "established", since only unusual factors such as snow mold , fire , trampling , or predation would then impair regeneration success. Eis (1967) suggested that in dry habitats on either mineral soil or litter seedbeds
240-672: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Picea About 35; see text. A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea ( / p aɪ ˈ s iː . ə / py- SEE -ə ), a genus of about 40 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae , found in the northern temperate and boreal ( taiga ) regions of the Earth. Picea is the sole genus in the subfamily Piceoideae . Spruces are large trees, from about 20 to 60 m (about 60–200 ft) tall when mature, and have whorled branches and conical form. Spruces can be distinguished from other genera of
270-421: Is released from a smaller structure that lacks needles. The galls are characterized by this pineapple-like form, with a length of 0.5 cm to 8 cm depending on the growth capacity of the tree. Most galls take on a pink, red, or even deep purple colour while the needles usually remain green. The segments of the new bud that have this gall form will die after the aphids leave in the summer. Once on Douglas fir,
300-434: The larvae of some Lepidoptera (moth and butterfly) species, such as the eastern spruce budworm . They are also used by the larvae of gall adelgids ( Adelges species). In the mountains of western Sweden , scientists have found a Norway spruce , nicknamed Old Tjikko , which by reproducing through layering , has reached an age of 9,550 years and is claimed to be the world's oldest known living tree. Determining that
330-601: The United States and Canada Picea pungens , native to the central and southern Rocky Mountains of the United States Ranges of trees called white spruce [REDACTED] Range of Picea glauca [REDACTED] Range of Picea engelmannii [REDACTED] Range of Picea pungens [REDACTED] Index of plants with the same common name This page is an index of articles on plant species (or higher taxonomic groups) with
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#1732790107829360-558: The World Online accepted 37 species. The grouping is based on Ran et al. (2006). There are also a number of extinct species identified from fossil evidence: Gall adelgid The gall adelgid ( Adelges cooleyi ) is an adelgid species that produces galls in spruce trees . They infect the new buds of native spruce trees in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in the spring. They also attack blue spruce to
390-455: The adelgids consume the needles, but do not form galls. In the fall, the immature female adelgid, small, globular, and wingless (1.2-1.7 mm), finds a spruce on which to overwinter. In the spring when the winter thaw occurs, the female matures and lays some eggs in what resembles sacks (totalling several hundred eggs) on the branches near the developing buds. These, in fact, are not sacks, but individual tufts of white waxy threads that protect
420-445: The eggs. The females prefer areas on the spruce where they have greater protection from the elements, especially wind. These female individuals have an obvious patch of white wax wool as a covering. Their mouthparts consist of thread-like stylets which are used to penetrate into vascular bundles for feeding. Once hatched, the young nymphs begin feeding around the base of the needles in a new bud. The nymphs' saliva introduced into
450-464: The family Pinaceae by their needles (leaves), which are four-sided and attached singly to small persistent peg-like structures ( pulvini or sterigmata ) on the branches, and by their cones (without any protruding bracts ), which hang downwards after they are pollinated. The needles are shed when 4–10 years old, leaving the branches rough with the retained pegs. In other similar genera, the branches are fairly smooth. Spruce are used as food plants by
480-563: The following spring. More than half of spruce seedling mortality probably occurs during the first growing season and is also very high during the first winter, when seedlings are subjected to freezing damage, frost heaving and erosion, as well as smothering by litter and snow-pressed vegetation. Seedlings that germinate late in the growing season are particularly vulnerable because they are tiny and have not had time to harden off fully. Mortality rates generally decrease sharply thereafter, but losses often remain high for some years. "Establishment"
510-1606: The fossil record is from the Early Cretaceous ( Valanginian ) of western Canada, around 136 million years old. P. sitchensis (Bongard) Carrière P. breweriana Watson P. likiangensis (Franchet) Pritzel P. farreri Page & Rushforth P. spinulosa (Griffith) Henry P. schrenkiana Fischer & Meyer P. smithiana (Wallich) Boiss. P. glauca (Moench) Voss P. engelmannii Parry ex Engelmann P. martinezii T.F.Patt. P. chihuahuana Martínez P. alcoquiana (Veitch ex Lindley) Carrière P. brachytyla (Franchet) Pritzel P. neoveitchii Masters P. morrisonicola Hayata P. purpurea Masters P. wilsonii Masters P. orientalis (von Linné) Peterm. P. maximowiczii Regel ex Masters P. polita (Siebold & Zuccarini) Carrière P. pungens Engelmann P. glehnii (Schmidt) Masters P. jezoensis (Sieb. & Zuccarini) Carrière P. rubens Sargent P. mariana (Miller) Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg P. omorika (Pančić) Purkyne P. obovata Ledeb. P. abies (von Linné) Karsten P. koyamae Shiras. P. asperata Masters P. koraiensis Nakai P. torano (Siebold ex Koch) Koehne P. retroflexa Masters P. shirasawae Hayashi P. crassifolia Komarov P. meyeri Rehder & Wilson As of April 2022 , Plants of
540-578: The gall. This differentiates this infection from that caused by the woolly adelgid genus Pineus , where the chambers are interconnected. The nymphs are light brown when first hatched, becoming black when settled in gall chamber; they are flattened oval in shape and secrete a fringe of white wax. If a gall is opened in June, this white wax will be easily visible. The lifecycle of the gall adelgid requires six generations to complete, only two of which cause damage (nymph stages) and has two migration phases between
570-435: The galls begin to dry out, the chambers open and winged forms of the adelgids emerge. These winged adult females have dark red-brown colour, with a heavily sclerotized thorax . , These leave the original tree and most migrate to Douglas-fir trees. The abandoned galls continue to dry out and harden as the plant tissue dies. These dead galls are remnants that are never used again. The gall portion of partial infections dies, while
600-418: The length, width, length: width ratio, the length of free scale (the distance from the imprint of the seed wing to the tip of the scale), and the percentage free scale (length of free scale as a percentage of the total length of the scale) were most useful in this regard. Daubenmire (1974), after range-wide sampling, had already recognized the importance of the two latter characters. Taylor (1959) had noted that
630-424: The midsection of each of ten cones from each of five trees in the population of interest. Without cones, morphological differentiation among spruce species and their hybrids is more difficult. Species classification for seeds collected from spruce stands in which introgressive hybridization between white and Sitka spruces ( P. sitchensis ) may have occurred is important for determining appropriate cultural regimens in
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#1732790107829660-436: The most obvious morphological difference between typical Picea glauca and typical P. engelmannii was the cone scale, and Horton (1956,1959) found that the most useful diagnostic features of the two spruces are in the cone; differences occur in the flower, shoot and needle, "but those in the cone are most easily assessed" (Horton 1959). Coupé et al. (1982) recommended that cone scale characters be based on samples taken from
690-818: The nursery. If, for instance, white spruce grown at container nurseries in southwestern British Columbia are not given an extended photoperiod, leader growth ceases early in the first growing season, and seedlings do not reach the minimum height specifications. But, if an extended photoperiod is provided for Sitka spruce, seedlings become unacceptably tall by the end of the first growing season. Species classification of seedlots collected in areas where hybridization of white and Sitka spruces has been reported has depended on (i) easily measured cone scale characters of seed trees, especially free scale length, (ii) visual judgements of morphological characters, e.g., growth rhythm, shoot and root weight, and needle serration, or (iii) some combination of (i) and (ii) (Yeh and Arnott 1986). Useful to
720-441: The plant trigger the changes in development of the plant, distinguished by the thickening and expansion of the basal portion of needles towards the characteristic gall form. When infections are incomplete, the side of the bud facing the ground will be infected first. Only partially afflicted buds can support new growth after the affected tissue has died. The chamber at the base of each needle is not connected with any other chamber in
750-727: The pollen parent (Yeh and Arnott 1986). Secondly, morphological characters are markedly influenced by ontogenetic and environmental influences, so that to discern spruce hybrid seedlot composition with accuracy, hybrid seedlots must differ substantially in morphology from both parent species. Yeh and Arnott (1986) pointed out the difficulties of estimating accurately the degree of introgression between white and Sitka spruces; introgression may have occurred at low levels, and/or hybrid seed lots may vary in their degree of introgression in consequence of repeated backcrossing with parental species. Spruce seedlings are most susceptible immediately following germination , and remain highly susceptible through to
780-484: The removal of the A horizon. DNA analyses have shown that traditional classifications based on the morphology of needle and cone are artificial. A 2006 study found that P. breweriana had a basal position, followed by P. sitchensis , and the other species were further divided into three clades , suggesting that Picea originated in North America. The oldest record of spruce that has been found in
810-424: The same common name ( vernacular name). If an internal link led you here, you may wish to edit the linking article so that it links directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_spruce&oldid=1192861989 " Category : Set index articles on plant common names Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
840-458: The spruce and the Douglas fir. On Douglas fir, adults are about 0.1 cm long, oval, and light to dark brown in colour. At maturity, they are completely covered with white, waxy wool and appear, from spring to fall, as stationary wool tufts on the underside of needles. While the chambers of the galls are closed, the nymphs actively feed and increase in size. By midsummer (August to September),
870-453: The summer, some of the woolly adelgids develop wings and fly back to spruce to deposit eggs, which produce the overwintering population. Others are wingless and remain on Douglas fir trees, where they produce other overwintering forms. Natural predators, such as ladybirds/ladybugs , hoverfly and lacewing larvae , spiders , and mites do reduce adelgid and aphid populations to some degree. Spraying against these adelgids with chemicals
900-478: The uninfected segment can continue growth, resulting in curved and convoluted shapes. On Douglas fir, eggs are laid on the needles and several generations of adelgids are produced. Yellow spots and bent needles result from feeding damage. The needles of lightly to moderately infested trees exhibit chlorotic mottling where individual adults have fed. Attacked needles may also be twisted. Severely infested foliage may be completely chlorotic and drop prematurely. Late in
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